外周导入中心静脉置管与中心静脉置管输入化疗药物对照试验的Meta分析

目的评价经外周导入中心静脉置管(PICC)和中心静脉置管(CVC)使用化疗药物的安全性和效果。方法采用Meta分析方法,对国内外有关经外周导入中心静脉置管与中心静脉置管进行化疗的对照试验进行综合定量分析。采用RevMan 4.2软件进行数据处理,计算两组相关研究指标的比值比(OR)及其95%可信区间(CI)。结果共纳入22个研究,总样本量2943例次。PICC组在一次穿刺成功率、穿刺操作时间、血气胸发生率、血肿发生率等共8项指标方面优于CVC组;在脉管炎发生率、血栓发生率方面CVC组则较优;堵管发生率、导管渗漏率、局部动静脉损伤率、导管漂移率4项指标在两组间差异无显著意义。结论输入化疗药物时,PICC较CVC有明显优势。     

Colonization of central venous catheters

We studied etiologic factors important in colonization of 179 central venous catheters (CVCs) in patients randomized into group 1 (who received daily topical applications of povidone-iodine) or group 2 (who received only dry dressing changes). Colonization rates of CVC tips were similar between group 1 (18/84 or 21%) and group 2 (22/95 or 23%). Peripheral blood cultures grew Candida in eight hyperalimented patients (evenly divided between groups 1 and 2), S epidermidis in four other patients (also evenly divided), and gram-negative bacteria in three patients. Colonization rates for CVCs in place for 0 to seven days was 15.6% (17/109) and 76.7% (23/30) if used from eight to 30 days. Inflammatory signs at CVC sites were often absent when CVCs became colonized or produced bacteremia. Unimportant determinants of CVC colonization included skin securement of CVCs, antibiotic infusions through CVC lines, and masking and gowning of physicians before CVC placement. Daily applications of povidone-iodine did not reduce colonization of CVCs as compared to dry dressing changes.     

Central venous catheters and central venous pressure

Central venous catheters are increasingly being used in a variety of clinical areas outside critical care. Philip Woodrow examines the indications, measuring techniques and complications associated with central venous pressure monitoring.     

Peripherally inserted central venous catheters and central venous catheters related thrombosis in post-critical patients

Background  

Peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC) have been proposed as an alternative to central venous catheters (CVC). The aim of this study was to determine the thrombosis rate in relation to PICC placement in patients discharged from the intensive care unit (ICU).     

Long-term use of peripherally inserted central venous catheters for cancer chemotherapy in children

Background Peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) have been increasingly used in pediatric patients. However, little is known about the incidence and risk of complications when using this device in children with cancer. The purposes of this study are to assess the feasibility of PICCs and to determine the risk factors for PICC-related complications in pediatric patients with various types of malignancies.Patients and methods We attempted to place PICCs in 53 patients with a median age of 5 years ranging from 2 months to 20 years. PICCs were used to administer fluid, parenteral nutrition, anticancer agents, antibiotics, and blood products and also for the through-line blood sampling. The duration of catheterization and the incidence of PICC-related complications requiring removal were retrospectively evaluated in association with the diagnosis, sex, age and body weight of the patients, size, insertion site and tip location of the catheters, type of treatment, and duration of leukopenia.Results PICCs were successfully placed in 109 of 112 attempts (97.3%) in 53 patients, and they were followed for a total of 11,797 catheter days (median placement, 87 days; range, 3 to 512 days). Fifty five PICCs (50.5%) were removed as a result of PICC-related complications with a rate of 4.66 per 1,000 catheter days. The most common reasons for catheter removal were occlusion (n=18), breakage/leakage (15), and infection (10). More than 70% of such complications occurred more than 30 days after placement. The catheter tip location in the superior vena cava or the right atrium might decrease the risk of complications. Other parameters did not influence the incidence of complications.Conclusions PICCs were found to provide a reliable access for prolonged intravenous administration and blood sampling in children intensively treated for hematologic and solid malignancies, thus leading to a reduction of physical pain and psychological stress in such patients. However, the long-term placement of PICCs may also be related to an increased risk of complications.     

Management of malpositioned central venous catheters

Through research and clinical trials at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, central venous catheters have gained wide acceptance and are being used for an increasing number of applications. More than 30,000 patients have had a CVC placed since the inception of the M. D. Anderson program in 1976. The soft and less thrombogenic silicone elastomer catheter is the most commonly used catheter in the institution. This study found that most commonly observed malpositions are related to the puncture site and technique, venous anatomy, and catheter characteristics. The study also indicated that the majority of malpositioned central venous catheters need not be removed but can be safely repositioned using rapid flushing, patient positioning, partial withdrawal, or simple or deflective guidewire techniques. Early recognition and management of malpositioned central venous catheters not only guard against serious complications but also allow proper catheter function and prevent delay of intravenous therapy.     

Mechanical complications of central venous catheters

We analyzed 385 consecutive central venous catheter (CVC) attempts over a 6-month period. All critically ill patients 18 years of age or older requiring a CVC were included. The rate of mechanical complications not including failure to place was 14%. Complications included failure to place the CVC (n = 86), arterial puncture (n = 18), improper position (n = 14), pneumothorax (n = 5 in 258 subclavian and internal jugular attempts), hematoma (n = 3), hemothorax (n = 1), and asystolic cardiac arrest of unknown etiology (n = 1). Male patients had a significantly higher complication rate than female patients (37% vs 27%, P = .04). The subclavian approach had a higher complication rate than the internal jugular or the femoral approach (39% vs 33% vs. 24%, P = .02). The complication rate increased with the number of percutaneous punctures, with a rate of 54% when more than 2 punctures were required.     

Small gauge central venous catheters and right atrial catheters

In conclusion, the silastic catheters are viable alternatives to peripheral venous access in patients with impaired peripheral venous integrity secondary to prior chemotherapy, extravasation, circulatory impairment, and/or phlebitis. Careful planning in anticipation of the patient's long-term vascular access needs will enable earlier placement and may reduce complications secondary to chemotherapy administration via impaired peripheral veins.The oncology nurse has a primary role in the assessment of the patient's need for central venous access. Frequency of blood sampling, chemotherapy administration schedules, requirements for blood products and intravenous medications and fluids are all influencing factors. Providing information to the patient and family about the various vascular access devices is an important role of the oncology nurse as well. Assessment of the patient and family member's abilities to care for the catheter, the home environment, and follow-up needed will help plan later care. Early patient and family education, once a vascular access device is selected, will promote patient independence at home. Meticulous catheter care by the oncology nurse when the patient is hospitalized and careful follow-up of the patient's management of the catheter will help ensure the greatest longevity and lessen the incidence of complications. They are, in one patient's words, a “life-line,” and should always be respected. Oncology nurses are in the forefront of role-modeling this respect.     

Infections related to central venous catheters

Infection is a potentially life-threatening complication of central venous catheterization. Although line-related bacteremias and sepsis are relatively uncommon, the frequent use of central lines in the intensive-care unit makes these infections a common consideration. Semiquantitative culture techniques for analysis of the catheter tip provide evidence for the diagnosis of catheter-related infections. Bacterial growth of more than 15 colony-forming units/plate is typically considered significant. Preventive measures include using sterile insertion techniques, providing meticulous care for the local site, and minimizing the duration of catheter use. The practice of changing lines over a guidewire is controversial. For treatment of most catheter-related infections, the catheter should be removed and antibiotics should be administered if associated systemic infection occurs.     

Pleural drainage using central venous catheters

Introduction  

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of a single lumen 16 G central venous catheter for the drainage of uncomplicated pleural effusions in intensive care unit patients.     

The safe removal of central venous catheters

Many nurses working in general wards and departments are caring for patients with central venous catheters and are increasingly responsible for their removal. This article outlines the basis of good practice and the possible complications, focusing on air embolism.     

Partial occlusion of indwelling central venous catheters

Partial occlusion of indwelling central venous catheters (CVCs) developed as a clinical problem following the trend to leave CVCs in place for the duration of intravenous therapy, which can last for more than 1 year in some cases. The primary manifestation of partial catheter occlusion is the ability to infuse but not aspirate fluids through an indwelling CVC. There is evidence that the problem is at least partially related to a residue of blood products deposited within some CVCs and implanted ports each time blood is aspirated or infused. Over time, these deposits may act as a ball valve when aspiration from the CVC is attempted while still allowing fluid or drug infusions. A preliminary investigation has indicated that this partial occlusion can be corrected by the use of a fibrinolytic drug to "cleanse" the CVC of residual blood products through lysis, thus restoring full CVC patency. Controlled studies are still needed to determine how often the CVC should be cleansed to prevent buildup of blood products in the indwelling CVC.     

Prevention of infection: central venous catheters

This article demonstrates how with set protocols, training and meticulous attention to detail, sepsis can be almost eradicated in central venous catheters.     

Preventing infections associated with central venous catheters

CR-BSI is one of the most serious complications in an already seriously ill patient. Incorporation of these recommendations into local protocols and routine clinical practice will help to bring about a significant reduction in the incidence of CR-BSI in all NHS acute care trusts. The evidence base will be reviewed in 2002.