表达HIV-1 gag蛋白的重组乳酸乳球菌诱导小鼠产生体液免疫应答

目的分析表达HIV-1 gag蛋白的重组乳酸乳球菌通过口服、滴鼻、皮下注射以及上述3种方式联合免疫小鼠诱导的体液免疫反应。方法将50只BALB/c小鼠随机分成5组,每组10只。表达gag的重组乳酸乳球菌分别通过口服、滴鼻、皮下注射以及上述3种方式联合免疫小鼠,对照组口服含PMG36e空载体的乳酸乳球菌,接种菌量均为109菌落形成单位(CFU),连续免疫3次,每次间隔2周,其中口服和滴鼻每次连续免疫3 d。采集免疫前和每次免疫后2周小鼠的血清,ELISA检测gag特异性的IgG水平。结果表达gag的重组乳酸乳球菌经口服、滴鼻、皮下注射以及3种方式联合免疫均诱导小鼠产生了gag特异性IgG,且联合免疫组gag IgG水平显著高于其他各实验组(P0.01)。初次免疫后6周,口服和皮下注射免疫组gag IgG水平显著高于滴鼻免疫组(P0.01)。免疫3次后各组血清中gag抗体的阳性率:口服免疫组分别为40%、40%、90%;滴鼻免疫组分别为10%、20%、20%;皮下免疫组分别为10%、60%、90%;联合免疫组的阳性率在初次免疫后2周已达到100%。结论表达HIV-1 gag的重组乳酸乳球菌载体疫苗经口服、滴鼻、皮下注射及3种方式联合免疫均能诱导小鼠产生特异性的体液免疫反应,多种途径联合免疫可增强乳酸乳球菌载体疫苗的免疫效果。     

乳酸乳球菌同时发送外源性蛋白质/DNA到哺乳动物细胞

目的:建立乳酸乳球菌同时发送外源蛋白/DNA到哺乳动物细胞的系统.方法:分别将红色荧光蛋白基因、绿色荧光蛋白真核表达框整合于乳酸菌穿梭载体pMG36e中相关部位.重组质粒电转乳酸乳球菌后,经甘氨酸消弱乳酸乳球菌细胞膜后与哺乳动物细胞293T细胞共培养.结果:红色和绿色荧光蛋白均能在293T细胞表达.结论:借助乳酸乳球菌成功实现同时发送蛋白质/DNA到哺乳动物细胞.     

大鼠脂联素基因的克隆、载体构建及其在嗜酸乳杆菌中的表达

目的构建大鼠脂联素基因(AdipoQ)乳杆菌原核表达载体,为脂联素及重组益生菌的进一步研究奠定基础。方法用TRIzol试剂从大鼠脂肪组织提取总RNA,经RT-PCR方法扩增全长的AdipoQ cD-NA片段,将PCR产物亚克隆入质粒pMG36e载体,对重组质粒pMG36e-AdipoQ进行序列验证后,将重组子经电穿孔转化嗜酸乳杆菌,经SDS-PAGE初步分析重组菌Lb-PMG36e-AdipoQ对目的基因AdipoQ的表达情况。结果从大鼠脂肪组织中扩增得到735bp片段AdipoQ基因,经双酶切鉴定及测序分析,证明AdipoQ已插入pMG36e载体中。构建的pMG36e-AdipoQ原核表达载体被成功转入乳杆菌,并成功表达出分子量约为30ku的蛋白质,与核苷酸序列推断的蛋白大小相符。结论成功构建了大鼠脂联素基因乳杆菌原核表达载体,并在乳杆菌中获得蛋白表达,为脂联素及重组益生菌的进一步研究提供了可能。     

Stxl-A亚单位的原核表达、复性及抗原性鉴定

目的 构建志贺毒素1-A亚单位(Stxl-A)原核表达质粒,使其在大肠埃希菌中表达,对表达的重组蛋白进行纯化,并探讨其抗原性及应用价值.方法 以大肠埃希菌0157 DNA为模板扩增Stxl-A基因,重组克隆入原核表达载体pET32a( ),转化大肠埃希菌B121(DE3),异丙基硫代-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达,包涵体经镍柱柱上复性和纯化,并对纯化产物进行Western印迹鉴定.结果 重组质粒经双酶协鉴定和测序分析后证实构建成功.重组蛋白经十二烷基磺酸钠一聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)显示,其表达量占细菌总蛋白量的15%左右,主要以包涵体形式存在,通过镍柱柱上复性获得纯化的可溶性Stxl-A蛋白,纯度达95%以上,Western印迹检测显示特异性条带.结论 成功构建了pET32a( )/Stxl-A重组质粒,并获得了具有抗原特异性的可溶性Stxl-A蛋白,为进一步制备抗Stxl-A抗体和研究其生物学功能奠定了基础.     

HIV-2 gag rFPV与rDNA疫苗的联合免疫研究

目的 探讨HIV-2核心蛋白基因gag重组DNA疫苗与重组鸡痘病毒进行联合免疫引起小鼠的免疫应答，为研究HIV-2基因重组疫苗的免疫策略提供实验基础。方法 大量制备并纯化HIV-2 gag重组DNA疫苗和重组鸡痘病毒，以肌肉注射的方式免疫BALB／c小鼠，ELISA法检测小鼠血清HIV-2抗体，流式细胞仪测定CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞亚类数量，乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放法检测脾CTL对HIV-2靶细胞的杀伤活性。结果 重组DNA疫苗和重组鸡痘病毒单独免疫及二者联合免疫均刺激小鼠产生HIV-2特异性抗体，脾T细胞亚类数量增加，并产生针对HIV-2靶细胞的特异性CTL杀伤活性，但联合免疫组在各项指标上均高于单独免疫组。结论 以HIV-2gag重组DNA疫苗进行基础免疫、以HIV-2gag重组鸡痘病毒进行加强免疫能诱导小鼠产生更强的特异性细胞和体液免疫应答。     

Stx1-A亚单位的原核表达、复性及抗原性鉴定

目的构建志贺毒素1-A亚单位(Stx1-A)原核表达质粒,使其在大肠埃希菌中表达,对表达的重组蛋白进行纯化,并探讨其抗原性及应用价值。方法以大肠埃希菌O157DNA为模板扩增Stx1-A基因,重组克隆入原核表达载体pET32a( ),转化大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3),异丙基硫代-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达,包涵体经镍柱柱上复性和纯化,并对纯化产物进行Western印迹鉴定。结果重组质粒经双酶切鉴定和测序分析后证实构建成功。重组蛋白经十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)显示,其表达量占细菌总蛋白量的15%左右,主要以包涵体形式存在,通过镍柱柱上复性获得纯化的可溶性Stx1-A蛋白,纯度达95%以上,Western印迹检测显示特异性条带。结论成功构建了pET32a( )/Stx1-A重组质粒,并获得了具有抗原特异性的可溶性Stx1-A蛋白,为进一步制备抗Stx1-A抗体和研究其生物学功能奠定了基础。     

含HIV-1 gag基因的重组腺病毒5型与35型嵌合病毒免疫效果研究

目的探讨含HIV-1 gag基因的重组腺病毒5型与35型嵌合病毒(rAd5/F35)在BALB/c小鼠中的免疫效果。方法PCR,间接免疫荧光鉴定HIV-1gag基因在重组腺病毒(rAd5/F35-mod.gag)的正确插入和体外细胞水平的表达,用rAd5/F35-mod.gag以不同的方式免疫BALB/c小鼠,ELISA检测小鼠血清中的p24特异性抗体,细胞内细胞因子染色法检测小鼠的特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)应答。结果重组腺病毒rAd5/F35-mod.gag在体外细胞水平可以很好的表达目的基因gag;在小鼠体内重组腺病毒rAd5/F35-mod.gag可诱导特异性的CTL应答和血清IgG抗体反应,用rAd5/F35单独免疫2次,所诱发的CTL和血清IgG反应最强。但Ad5初次感染后,产生的抗Ad5抗体可以抑制rAd5/F35疫苗的特异性免疫反应。结论重组腺病毒rAd5/F35-mod.gag单独免疫可在小鼠体内诱导特异性的CTL应答和血清IgG抗体反应。只改变Ad5纤突蛋白Fiber,不能避免抗Ad5抗体的抑制作用。     

幽门螺杆菌hp1188基因的原核表达及免疫学鉴定

目的:构建高效表达Hp1188重组蛋白的基因工程菌pQE30-hp1188-DH5α,提纯重组蛋白,鉴定其抗原性和免疫原性.通过小鼠灌胃试验,验证Hp1188蛋白阻止幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)在胃内定植的作用.方法:构建重组质粒pQE30-hp1188,DNA测序分析正确后,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,IPTG诱导表达.表达蛋白用Ni2+-NTA树脂纯化,SDS-PAGE分析纯度,Bradford法测定浓度,Western blot鉴定对相应抗原的特异性,双向琼脂扩散实验检测效价.纯化重组蛋白和粘膜佐剂霍乱毒素B亚单位(Cholera toxin subunit B,CTB)的混合液灌胃免疫接种预防组BALB/c小鼠,同时设阴性对照组和阳性对照组,免疫4周后用H.pylori NCTC 11637攻击3次,末次攻击4周后处死小鼠,进行胃组织H.pylori 培养;H.pylori 定植半定量、炎症程度及其炎症活动度的评分,以评价重组蛋白对胃组织H.pylori 感染的免疫保护作用.结果:构建的重组表达质粒pQE30-hp1188经DNA测序证实序列完整,插入的基因片段全长810 bp,与基因文库中的hp1188基因同源性达98%,并在大肠杆菌DH5α中表达出分子量约为30 kD大小的可溶性目的蛋白,表达量占全菌总量的47%,表达蛋白纯化后纯度达90%,浓度为1.0 mg/ml.Western blot证实有良好抗原结合特异性,双向琼脂扩散效价为1∶16.预防组H.pylori 感染率、定植及炎症程度评分均明显低于阳性对照组(P＜0.05).预防组不仅可以降低H.pylori 的定植,而且能减轻H.pylori造成的小鼠胃组织的局部慢性炎症反应.结论:成功构建了基因工程菌pQE30-hp1188-DH5α,并高效表达了Hp1188重组蛋白,表达蛋白具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性,在小鼠体内能阻止H.pylori 的定植.     

HIV-1中国流行株gag与hIL-2在重组痘苗病毒中的共表达及其与核酸疫苗的实验免疫研究

目的：将HIV-1中国流行株B亚型gag基因、gag和hIL-2基因在天坛株痘苗病毒中进行共表达，以期获得重组痘苗病毒，观察细胞因子的佐剂作用，与核酸疫苗混合免疫，评价免疫效果，为新型艾滋病疫苗研制开发打下基础。方法：将HIV-1中国流行株 gag基因、gag和hIL-2基因片段插入到 pJ38载体启动子下游，经同源重组和血凝素阴性空斑筛选重组痘苗病毒，SDS-PAGE、Western blot检测目的蛋白。以重组病毒和核酸疫苗免疫Balb/c小鼠，进行淋巴细胞转化实验、CTL、CD4 、CD8 T细胞数目以及血清抗体的细胞免疫和体液免疫指标检测。结果：获得了重组痘苗病毒 vJ38gag和 vJ38gag-IL-2。与 vJ38-gag相比，vJ38gag-IL-2，具有更好的免疫原性，重组痘苗病毒免疫3次的效果好于重组病毒免疫2次，以2rVV-DNA混合免疫效果最好。结论：重组痘苗病毒vJ38gag和vJ38gag-IL-2能够表达外源蛋白并诱导机体产生细胞免疫和体液免疫。细胞因子IL-2发挥了免疫佐剂的作用。     

043 乳酸乳球菌分泌的IL-10治疗鼠结肠炎

炎症性肠疾病 (ＩＢＤ)是影响公众健康的一种重要疾病 ,其主要特征为大肠或 /和小肠的慢性炎症 ,目前其病因不明。ＩＬ 10在下调炎症反应中起关键作用 ,有望用于ＩＢＤ的治疗。该文研究了基因工程细菌 (乳酸乳球菌Ｌ .ｌａｃｔｉｓ)产生的ＩＬ 10对两种小鼠疾病模型的作用 ;一是治疗由 5 %葡聚糖硫酸钠 (ＤＳＳ)诱生的慢性结肠炎 ,一是阻止ＩＬ 10 / 小鼠结肠炎的自然发展。首先 ,构建重组乳酸乳球菌。构建的ＬＬ ｍＩＬ 10株 (Ｌ .ｌａｃｔｉｓ) ,分泌具有生物活性的小鼠ＩＬ 10 (ｍＩＬ 10 )。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ确定其蛋白质表达 ,…     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.