抗生素骨水泥间隔体在全膝关节置换术后感染二期翻修中的疗效分析

目的分析抗生素骨水泥间隔体技术治疗全膝关节置换术后迟发感染二期翻修的临床疗效。方法 2010年1月至2013年10月,我院采用抗生素水泥间隔体技术治疗16例全膝关节置换术后感染患者,均采用二期翻修术。一期手术清创、摘取假体,采用含万古霉素抗生素骨水泥间隔体植入膝关节内,敏感抗生素静脉滴注6¹0周感染控制后二期翻修手术植入假体。对翻修膝关节功能进行评估,并统计感染控制率。结果除2例患者二期翻修术后发生再次感染,其余19例患者感染均得到有效控制,总体感染控制率达93.5%。手术前后膝关节评分比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论采用抗生素骨水泥间隔体技术能有效控制全膝关节置换术后感染,二次翻修并发症少,能较好促进患膝功能恢复。     

人工关节置换术后并发感染2例

人工关节置换术后感染发病较少见,但一旦发生则病程长且难治愈,临床上处理比较棘手。本组2例均为男性,年龄分别为55岁和58岁。1例行人工股骨头置换,1例行全髋置换术。均在术后2～6个月开始,出现髋部持续胀痛,无放射,髋关节屈曲、内旋、外展活动均受限,体温38.0～38.8℃,血常WBC     

VSD技术加骨水泥抗生素链在胫腓骨骨折术后早期感染中的应用

目的:探究负压封闭引流(VSD)技术加骨水泥抗生素链在胫腓骨骨折术后早期感染中的应用。方法:选取2013年6月~2014年6月来某院就诊的胫腓骨骨折患者50例,随机分为治疗组和对照组。对照组患者在手术后采取正常的换药处理措施,治疗组采取VSD技术结合骨水泥抗生素链的处理措施,对比两组的术后感染和治疗效果。结果:治疗组患者在治疗时间,换药数和康复程度上都明显优于对照度。结论:VSD技术加骨水泥抗生素链应用于胫腓骨骨折术后早期感染的治疗,治疗时间短,疗效显著,值得在临床上推广使用。     

四种抗生素骨水泥物理和力学性能的实验研究

目的探讨头孢类抗生素加入国产骨水泥后，对骨水泥物理和力学性能的影响，以期指导临床应用。方法分别在40克骨水泥中加入1克硫酸庆大霉素、2克硫酸庆大霉素、1克头孢拉啶、1、5克头孢呋辛、1克头孢曲松。分别测定骨水泥的面团时间、挤嵌值、压缩强度、弯曲模量和弯曲强度。结果在40克国产骨水泥中加入1-1．5克抗生素粉剂对骨水泥的面团时间、挤嵌值（充填松质骨孔隙的能力）、压缩强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量无明显影响（P〉0．05），并且其抗生素骨水泥的物理和力学特性符合国际标准ISO5833的要求。但是，当庆大霉素的量为2克时，骨水泥的压缩强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量将受到明显影响。结论在40克国产骨水泥中加入少于2克的抗生素粉剂不会影响骨水泥的物理和力学特性，不会因此引起人工关节的无菌性松动。     

去甲万古霉素关节骨水泥对全膝关节置换术患者术后抗感染的疗效评价

目的:评价去甲万古霉素关节骨水泥对全膝关节置换术患者术后抗感染的疗效。方法:选取2014年1月—2016年12月间收治的全膝关节置换术患者80例,采用随机分组法将其分为观察组和对照组,每组40例;观察组患者给予去甲万古霉素关节骨水泥间隔治疗,对照组患者给予传统骨水泥(不含抗菌药物)间隔治疗,评价两组患者治疗后术后的总有效率,以及采用膝关节功能评分量表(KSS)评分的变化情况和术后感染的发生率。结果:观察组患者治疗后术后无感染,治愈率为62.50%高于对照组为25.00%(P<0.05),而对照组患者术后发生1例感染导致治疗失败。结论:采用去甲万古霉素关节骨水泥间隔治疗全膝关节置换术患者,能有效控制术后感染,治愈率较高,能有效控制感染的发生。     

四种抗生素骨水泥的洗提特性

目的 探讨头孢类抗生素加入国产骨水泥后的析出情况,以期指导临床应用。方法 分别在40g骨水泥中加入1g硫酸庆大霉素、1g头孢拉啶、1．5g头孢呋辛或1g头孢曲松进行洗提试验。结果 各组抗生素骨水泥均能有效释放抗生素,头孢拉啶的洗提总量明显高于其它各组（P〈0．01）,且洗提时间最长。结论 抗生素能有效地从骨水泥中持续释放;在抗生素种类的选择方面,可将头孢拉啶作为首选抗生素,而且全身应用的抗生素最好与骨水泥中应用的抗生素一致。     

万古霉素骨水泥在开放性跟骨骨折患者术后感染中的应用

目的 探讨万古霉素骨水泥在开放性跟骨骨折患者术后感染治疗中的临床效果。方法 选取2016年1月至2020年12月沈阳医学院附属中心医院骨科和手足外科收治的46例开放性跟骨骨折术后感染患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组与观察组,每组各23例。对照组患者采用常规治疗,彻底清创、清除坏死组织和抗生素持续灌注冲洗。观察组患者在对照组的基础上根据药敏试验结果选择万古霉素骨水泥填塞骨缺损位置。比较两组患者的治疗总有效率、换药次数、创面愈合时间、感染控制时间、住院时间、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平、中性粒细胞、白细胞计数以及红细胞沉降率。结果 观察组患者的治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组患者的换药次数少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。观察组患者的创面愈合时间、感染控制时间以及住院时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。治疗后,观察组患者的TNF-α、IL-6、中性粒细胞、白细胞计数、CRP以及红细胞沉降率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01...     

VSD负压持续吸引+抗生素骨水泥链珠治疗31例骨折术后感染

目的探索抗生素骨水泥链珠联合VSD负压引流在治疗骨折术后感染中的应用效果。方法选择2010年9月～2012年3月采用抗生素骨水泥链珠联合VSD负压引流治疗的骨折术后染31例,术后均随访3个月。结果使用抗生素骨水泥链珠联合VSD负压引流治疗31例骨折术后感染,创面愈合时间短,创面清洁,肉芽组织生长良好。结论抗生素骨水泥链珠联合VSD负压引流能减轻患者痛苦,降低患者费用,操作简便,易于掌握,在治疗骨折术后感染效果显著。     

抗生素骨水泥治疗骨科感染的利与弊探讨

目的研究分析抗生素骨水泥治疗骨科感染的优势以及弊端。方法分析2010年12月至2015年2月来抗生素骨水泥作用的相关研究,借此判断抗生素骨水泥治疗骨科感染的优势以及弊端。结果抗生素骨水泥的使用可以使难以治愈的骨科感染取得非常显著的治疗效果,但是也存在严重并发症。结论在后期的抗生素骨水泥使用过程中需要着重观察以及注意其使用存在的风险,与此同时需要有针对性的提出相应的防范策略,为在骨科感染治疗中抗生素骨水泥的安全使用以及有效使用提高相应的借鉴以及参考。     

Effectiveness of antibiotic-loaded bone cement in total joint arthroplasty at a tertiary medical center: A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundData regarding the effectiveness of antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) in preventing prosthetic joint infections (PJI) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the routine use of ALBC influenced the risk of revision surgery due to PJI.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study performed between January 2018 and September 2020. Adult patients aged ≥ 18 years who underwent TJA (knee or hip) and received either ALBC or plain cement (PC) were included. The outcome of this study was the rate of revision due to PJI. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was used to identify factors that may be associated with increased risk of PJI, using STATA 15.1 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA).ResultsA total of 844 patients were screened and 319 patients were included. There were 247 patients in ALBC group and 72 patients in the PC group. Only vancomycin powder was used in all ALBC cases, with a 2 g dose in 50% of the cases (dose ranged between 1 g and 8 g). The status of the prosthetic joint was assessed and recorded up to 2 years of the TJA. Overall, the difference in the rates of PJI between the two groups after primary arthroplasty was not statistically significant (5.6% vs 1.4%; p = 0.173; OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 0.5–33).ConclusionALBC was not associated with a reduction in PJI rates after primary TJA. More research is needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of ALBC in preventing PJI.     

手术后恶心呕吐及其防治的研究近况

<正>手术后恶心呕吐(Postoperative nausea and vomiting, PONV)仍旧是手术后常见的并发症之一,其发生率约为20％～30％。轻者可以引起患者不适感,重者可致误吸,乃至病死,PONV已倍受人们关注。现就其概况及防治的研究近况综述如下。     

Validation and in vitro characterization of antibiotic-loaded bone cement release

Antibiotic-loaded polymeric bone cement is used in orthopedic surgery to deliver local high concentrations of antibiotics to the tissues. The precise mechanism by which antibiotic is released from the polymeric matrix is still not very well known. This research was conducted to investigate the in vitro drug release behavior of antibiotic from acrylic bone cement. A spectrophotometric method for the quantitative analysis of gentamicin sulfate using o-phtaldialdehyde as a derivatizing reagent was thoroughly validated, in order to assure a minimum quality level of the measures. The method proved to be quick, reliable, less expensive than methods such as polarization fluorescence immunoassay and others, and therefore more convenient for the routine analysis of the numerous samples generated during in vitro liberation assays. The release of gentamicin from commercial CMW1 acrylic bone cement samples was investigated following proposed in vitro release experiments.     

Current management strategies for the prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric transplant recipients

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following transplantation, especially in the pediatric population, who remain at high risk of primary infection. The availability of effective antiviral therapy has led to dramatic improvements in the outcome of CMV infection in patients undergoing transplantation. In recent years, three major strategies have been developed for the prevention of CMV disease in this population: reduction of risk of viral acquisition or reactivation by management of risk factors; prophylaxis of all 'at-risk' patients using prophylactic strategies for a defined period of time, initiated at or near the time of transplant; and pre-emptive treatment with ganciclovir of selected 'at-risk' patients, guided by either laboratory markers indicative of subclinical infection or the presence of specific risk factors. In general, well designed comparative studies of one or more antiviral agents for the prevention of CMV have not been carried out. While ganciclovir appears to be more effective than aciclovir, its tolerability profile is less optimal. The use of foscarnet avoids myelosuppresions, but is associated with significant nephrotoxicity. Its use should be reserved for patients unable to tolerate ganciclovir or with ganciclovir-resistant CMV disease. Similar to foscarnet, the high frequency of nephrotoxicity associated with the use of cidofovir limits its use to clinical scenarios suggestive of ganciclovir resistance. Newer options, such as valaciclovir and valganciclovir, are currently under investigation and preliminary experience has been promising. Finally, passive immunoprophylaxis has been shown to prevent CMV disease after solid organ transplantation, but its use in bone marrow transplantation is controversial. Essentially, pre-emptive strategies have relied on the quantitation in the peripheral blood of CMV phosphoprotein pp65 antigen and/or the polymerase chain reaction assay. Strict guidelines for the use of those assays as a guide to pre-emptive therapy have not been standardized. Prospective trials comparing pre-emptive therapy using either intravenous or oral ganciclovir, and now oral valganciclovir or valaciclovir, are necessary to determine the relative cost effectiveness and efficacy of these alternative strategies. Finally, it remains controversial as to whether prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy is the optimal strategy for preventing CMV disease. While a growing body of literature describes these approaches in adult transplant recipients, published experience in children has been much more limited.     

蒽环类抗生素的心脏毒性作用和防治研究进展

临床常用的蒽环类化疗药物包括阿霉素、表阿霉素、毗喃阿霉素、阿克拉霉素、柔红霉素、米托蒽锟和去甲氧柔红霉素等，是一类对实体瘤和造血系统肿瘤具有高效作用的抗癌药物，在临床化疗方案中呈现明显的剂量一效应线性关系。此类药物可与DNA发生交叉联结，部分断开DNA的双螺旋结构，与DNA键合后可抑制DNA聚合酶及核酸合成；并能稳定DNA和高二聚体拓扑异构酶Ⅱ亚型结构的不同卵裂复合体，导致DNA双链结构破坏，达到抗肿瘤作用。     

载万古霉素和美罗培南骨水泥人体局部释放研究

目的: 研究万古霉素联合美罗培南骨水泥用于骨感染患者治疗的局部释放特点及规律。方法: 2020年6月至2021年3月北京积水潭医院创伤骨科收治的骨感染患者,手术感染病灶中植入万古霉素联合美罗培南骨水泥链珠,局部留置引流管,分别于术后2 h及每日清晨留取伤口引流液标本及静脉血,使用酶放大免疫法和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定万古霉素和美罗培南浓度。结果: 共纳入21例骨感染患者,局部释放率两药最高峰均出现在10 h,最大释放速率万古霉素和美罗培南分别为4.761,1.149 mg·h^-1,累计局部释放率分别为6.38%,1.41%;术后2 h引流液中万古霉素和美罗培南药物质量浓度分别为(373.06±357.70) mg·L^-1,(158.41±121.33) mg·L^-1;血药浓度最大值分别为1.1,0.54 mg·L^-1。结论: 万古霉素联合美罗培南骨水泥自制链珠局部植入骨感染病灶可以在术后短期内获得高组织浓度,万古霉素局部药物浓度更高,两药全身药物浓度均很低安全性高。     

Recent progress in the application of nanotechnology for prevention and treatment of human papillomavirus infection

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes benign and malignant infections of the anogenital tract. Cervical cancer, caused by high-risk HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 56 and 58, is the second most common cancer in women and the fifth most common cancer overall. Prevention and treatment of HPV infection may be revolutionized using nanotechnology tools such as vaccines based on virus-like particles and nanoscale drug-delivery systems. Advances in both virus-like particle design and noninvasive delivery of antiviral protein drugs, such as IFNalpha, may provide new opportunities to take on the challenge of global elimination of HPV infections. Biphasic vesicle cream formulation, representing a new class of dermal delivery system for protein drugs, is an alternative to injectable dosage form to deliver IFNalpha for the treatment of HPV infections, showing efficacy in low-grade squamous epithelical lesions of the cervix.     

Section Review Anti-infectives: Current perspectives on the treatment and prevention of hepatitis C infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is thought to infect 0.5 - 1.5% of the world's population. In the majority of cases the infection is chronic, and in at least 20% hepatic cirrhosis develops within 20 years representing a major public health problem for the 1990s. Effective treatment is of paramount importance. Therapy for chronic HCV infection has been developed either to improve the host's immune response or to prevent virus replication. Presently the only licensed compound for treatment of HCV infection is alpha-interferon. Analysis of controlled trials of alpha-interferon therapy has identified that a sustained response occurs in less than 25% of patients treated. There are, however, several host and viral factors that are known to affect the efficacy of interferon therapy. It is likely that future treatment regimens will incorporate combinations of compounds with different modes of action. This review article examines regimens to improve the efficacy of alpha-interferon therapy, current treatment options available, the spectrum of drugs under development and the search for an effective vaccine.     

Current concepts in the prevention and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common causes of infection in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Efforts to prevent VAP have focused on both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies. Two of the more controversial pharmacologic approaches included selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) and decontamination of the oropharynx using topical antimicrobials or antiseptics including chlorhexidine (CHX). Additionally, avoidance of pharmacotherapy-related risk factors is hypothesized to reduce VAP rates. Successful treatment of VAP is becoming increasingly difficult in the era of antibiotic resistance. Utilization of local antibiograms, implementation of standardized treatment pathways, and optimization of pharmacodynamic-based dosing offer methods to improve empiric therapy selections. De-escalation of therapy should be a constant focus in an attempt to reduce overall antibiotic consumption and the selection pressure on ICU flora, thus minimizing the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance in the ICU.