β-绒毛膜促性腺激素、一氧化氮和内皮素-1在妊高征中的作用

为探讨β-绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)、一氧化氮(NO)和内皮素-1(ET-1)在妊高征发病中的作用，用放射免疫分析法或Cortas法分别对58例妊高征患者(妊高征组)、27名正常晚期妊娠妇女(正常妊娠组)以及20名未妊娠妇女(正常对照组)血中β-HCG、N0和ET-1水平进行了检测。结果是：妊高征患者血中β-HCG和ET-1水平高于正常妊娠妇女，β-HCG和ET-1水平越高，妊高征病情越严重；中、重度妊高征患者血清NO水平低于正常妊娠妇女；中、重度妊高征患者血中β-HCG与ET-1呈明显正相关，而NO与ET-1呈明显负相关。结论是：妊高征血管内皮细胞损伤与胎盘滋养细胞功能失调有关。     

妊高征患者血浆一氧化氮水平的变化及意义

目的 :讨论一氧化氮 (NO)在妊高征发病中的作用。方法 :用化学比色法对妊高征孕妇 2 8例 (妊高征组 )、正常妊娠孕妇 32例 (正常妊娠组 )和 2 5例正常未孕妇女 (对照组 )血浆中NO水平进行检测比较。结果 :妊高征患者、正常非孕妇女与正常孕晚期妇女相比 ,血中NO水平显著降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,重度妊高征患者产前外周血中NO水平显著低于产后 ,亦显著低于轻度妊高征患者。结论 :NO合成的减少 ,可能是妊高征发病过程中的一个重要因素。     

血浆内皮素降钙素基因相关肽和一氧化氮在妊高征发病中的 …

目的：探讨内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在妊娠发病中的作用和相互关系。方法：采用放免法检测６０例妊高征２和３０例正常妊娠以及２０例正常未孕妇女血中ＥＴ－１和ＣＧＲＰ水平。用比色法检测各组血中ＮＯ水平。结果：妊高征患者血浆ＥＴ－１水平高于正常妊娠妇女,ＥＴ－１水平越高妊高征病情越严重。中重度妊高征患者血浆ＣＧＲＢ和ＮＯ水平低于正常妊娠妇女,中重度妊高征患者血产     

妊高征患者血浆ET-1、NO、INH和EGF检测的临床意义

目的:探讨了血浆ET-1、NO、INH和EGF水平在妊高征患者发病中的变化和意义.方法:分别采用生化法、ELISA法和放射免疫分析对41例妊高征孕妇进行了血浆ET-1、NO、INH和EGF水平测定,并与35名正常孕妇作比较.结果:妊高征患者血浆ET-1、INH水平显著地高于正常人组(P＜0.01),而NO、EGF水平则显著低于正常人组(P＜0.01).结论:检测妊高征患者血浆ET-1、NO、INH和EGF水平的变化对判断病情的严重程度、病情的发展均具有重要的临床价值.     

妊高征患者相关血管活性物质测定的临床意义

目的：检测妊高征患者血浆ET、CGRP及NO含量,探讨其与内皮细胞功能的关系及临床意义。方法：ET、CGRP及NO3项指标均采用放射免疫分析。结果：血浆ET、CGRP及NO水平正常妊娠组与正常非孕组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;轻度妊高征组与正常妊娠组比较也无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;中及重度妊高征两组则3项指标与正常妊娠组比较均存在极显著性差异（P均〈0．01）。结论：妊高征患者血浆ET、CGRP和NO浓度的变化,为研究其发病机理提供了有价值的实验室依据。     

妊高征肾病患者治疗前后血浆ET、CGRP和血清NO、NOS检测的临床意义

目的：探讨了妊高征肾病患者治疗前后血浆ET、CGRP和血清NO、NOS含量的变化及临床意义。方法：采用放射免疫分析和化学法对66例妊高征肾病患者进行了治疗前后血浆ET、CGRP和血清NO、NOS测定,并与35名正常健康孕妇作比较。结果：在治疗前血浆ET和血清NO、NOS水平非常显著地高于正常孕妇组（P〈0.01）,而血浆CGRP水平非常显著地低于正常孕妇组（P〈0.01）,经治疗后一个月则与正常孕妇组比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论：检测妊高征肾病患者治疗前后血浆ET、CGRP和血清NO、NOS水平的变化对了解病情、观察疗效和预后均具有重要的临床价值。     

妊高征患者胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA表达与NO含量的测定及临床研究

目的检测正常妊娠、妊高征妇女胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA的表达及与一氧化氮含量的关系,探讨瘦素在妊高征发病中的作用.方法用逆转录-聚合酶链技术(RT-PCR)测定38例正常妊娠妇女、62例妊高征妇女分娩时胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA表达水平;用硝酸还原酶法测定胎盘组织NO的含量.结果(1)正常晚孕及妊高征妇女胎盘瘦素mRNA表达水平分别为:0.139±0.12、0.603±0.287(其中轻、中、重度妊高征胎盘瘦素水平分别为:0.145±0.056、0.38±0.122、0.75±0.199).(2)妊高征组胎盘瘦素水平明显高于正常晚孕组,差异有显著性(P＜0.01),妊高征患者胎盘瘦素水平随病情加重而升高;重、中、轻度之间差异均有显著性(P＜0.01、P＜0.05).(3)妊高征胎盘组织中NO含量低于正常晚孕妇女,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);重度妊高征患者胎盘NO含量明显低于中度、中度低于轻度,差异有显著性(P＜0.01、P＜0.05),(4)妊高征胎盘瘦素mR-NA表达与NO含量呈负相关(r=-0.6294,P＜0.01),与收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、尿蛋白呈正相关(r=0.547,0.377,0.45,0.517;P=0.015,0.015,0.020,0.040),重度妊高征组与新生儿体重呈负相关(r=-0.447,P=0.018).结论胎盘瘦素mRNA表达水平在妊高征组中明显升高,随着妊高征病情加重,胎盘瘦素mRNA表达逐渐增加;同时,胎盘组织中NO含量在妊高征妇女中明显降低,胎盘瘦素mRNA表达与胎盘组织中NO含量呈负相关.因此,瘦素可能与妊高征发病有关,可望成为妊高征病情发展的检测指标之一.     

颅脑外伤患者血浆ET-1与CGRP测定的临床意义

目的:探讨不同程度颅脑外伤患者血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)与降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)水平测定的临床意义.方法:107例患者根据GCS评分法分成三组:轻度(13～15分)25例;中度(9～12分)33例;重度(3～8分)49例,其中20例死亡.分别测定各组患者及30例正常对照组血浆ET-1与CGRP水平.结果:①轻、中、重三组患者血浆ET-1水平均明显高于正常对照组,病情越重升高越显著.②轻、中度患者血浆CGRP含量较正常对照组显著升高,而重度患者组则与对照组比较无统计学意义.③病情越重CGRP/ET-1值越低.结论:不同程度颅脑外伤患者血浆ET-1水平及CGRP与ET-1比值变化与其病情的严重程度有关,对患者预后的判定具有一定的临床参考价值.     

妊高征患者血浆ET-1和血清INH、D-D检测的临床意义

目的:探讨了血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)和血清抑制素(INH)、D-二聚体(D-D)水平在妊高征患者发病中的变化和临床意义.方法:采用放射免疫分析、酶联法和生化法对32例妊高征患者进行了血浆ET-1和血清INH、D-D检测,并与35名正常孕妇作比较.结果:妊高征患者血浆ET-1和血清INH、D-D水平均非常显著地高于正常...     

妊高征肾病患者血浆ET-1、leptin和NPY检测的临床意义

目的：探讨了妊高征肾病患者血浆内皮素-1（ET-1）、leptin和NPY水平的变化及意义。方法：应用放射免疫分析对30例妊高征肾病患者进行了血浆ET-1、leptin和NPY测定,并与35名正常健康人作比较。结果：妊高征肾病患者血浆ET-1、leptin和NPY水平均显著高于正常人组（P〈0.01）,妊高征肾病患者血浆ET-1、leptin和NPY水平呈明显的正相关（r=0.5812、0.6015,P〈0.01）。结论：检测妊高征肾病患者血浆ET-1、leptin和NPY水平的变化对了解病情、观察预后均具有重要的临床价值。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.