婴幼儿右颈内静脉特征及其与颈部大动脉的毗邻关系

目的 采用超声观察婴幼儿颈部不同平面右侧颈内静脉横径大小并分析相关因素,观察其与颈部大动脉之间的毗邻关系。
方法 选择择期手术的患儿90例,年龄6个月至3岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,在全麻诱导置入合适喉罩后使用七氟醚维持麻醉深度,并保留自主呼吸。患儿均为平卧位,头转向左侧约40°。使用超声分别在环状软骨平面、锁骨上平面及两个平面之间的中间平面观察右侧颈内静脉、颈总动脉和椎动脉的短轴成像,分别在三个平面测量颈内静脉、颈总动脉和椎动脉的血管横径;记录颈总动脉或椎动脉与颈内静脉之间相对方位;观察颈总动脉与颈内静脉、椎动脉与颈内静脉之间是否重叠,如有重叠则测量重叠程度;测量椎动脉（前壁）与颈内静脉（后壁）间的垂直深度。
结果 颈内静脉横径在中间平面、锁骨上平面均明显大于环状软骨平面（P<0.05）。在三个平面中,颈内静脉横径大小均与患儿月龄呈正相关,其位置均位于颈总动脉前方。相对于颈内静脉,颈总动脉随着平面的下移而越来越靠近内侧（P<0.05）。颈内静脉与颈总动脉重叠程度在锁骨上平面明显低于其他平面（P<0.05）。颈内静脉与椎动脉重叠程度在锁骨上平面明显大于环状软骨平面（P<0.05）。椎动脉均位于颈内静脉深部,两者间在锁骨上平面的垂直深度最浅（P<0.05）。
结论 在不同颈部水平,婴幼儿右颈内静脉与颈部大动脉的相对位置不同。在右颈内静脉高位穿刺应更加警惕颈总动脉损伤的风险,而在低位需警惕椎动脉损伤的风险,同时避免使用穿透颈内静脉后壁法。     

不同左偏头位下右侧颈内静脉与颈总动脉的关系分析

目的 应用超声比较不同角度左偏头位下右侧颈内静脉在3个穿刺入路位点(前、中、后)与颈总动脉的位置关系,探讨患者的最佳头位.方法 选取120例患者,应用超声测量头部正中位(0°)和左偏15°、30°、45°、60°时,前、中、后穿刺位点的颈内静脉直径、颈总动脉直径、颈内静脉覆盖颈总动脉距离及颈总动脉中点与颈内静脉中点之间的距离(动静脉中点距离),计算颈内静脉无重叠百分比.结果 头部不同旋转角度下,3个穿刺位点颈内静脉与颈总动脉直径均无明显变化(P>0.05).后路穿刺位点在不同角度下无重叠百分比、动静脉中点距离均无明显变化(P>0.05);但在同样角度下,其无重叠百分比要小于前路和中路(P<0.05).前路、中路穿刺位点,无重叠百分比与动静脉中点距离在0°、15°、30°之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而当旋转角度达到45°和60°时与前3个角度比较,无重叠百分比明显减小(P<0.05),动静脉中点距离明显减小(P<0.05),且随着旋转角度的增大,两者的数值也逐渐减小(P<0.05).结论 在无超声定位的情况下行右侧颈内静脉穿刺,为减少误穿动脉的风险,应尽量选择前路和中路,同时应避免头位左偏大于45°.     

Supreme双腔喉罩对右颈总动脉与颈内静脉相对解剖位置的影响

目的观察和比较Supreme双腔喉罩与气管插管对右颈总动脉和颈内静脉相对解剖位置的影响,测量喉罩置入后右颈内静脉相对安全穿刺角度。方法择期全身麻醉患者80例,随机分为两组,喉罩组(L组)和气管插管组(I组),每组40例。分别在环状软骨水平(Cricoid-Level)及颈动脉三角顶点水平(Triangle-Level)测量患者喉罩或气管导管置入前后颈内静脉与颈总动脉水平重叠距离(a)、右颈总动脉横径(b)、二者水平重叠率(a/b)、颈内静脉内径(DIJV)、颈内静脉穿刺角度(θIJV)、颈内静脉穿刺相对安全角度(RPA)、颈总动脉穿刺角度(θCCA)。结果 I组气管导管置入前后,环状软骨水平及颈动脉三角顶点水平a/b、DIJV、θIJV、RPA、θCCA差异无统计学意义。L组Supreme双腔喉罩置入前后环状软骨水平及颈动脉三角顶点水平θIJV差异无统计学意义,DIJV、a/b较置入前明显增大,θCCA、RPA较置入前明显减小(P0.05)。喉罩置入后环状软骨水平a/b增加46%,RPA相应减小11°,颈动脉三角顶点水平a/b增加38%,RPA相应减小10°。结论气管插管对颈总动脉与颈内静脉相对解剖位置无明显影响。Supreme双腔喉罩置入后增加了颈总动脉与颈内静脉重叠率,颈内静脉穿刺相对安全角度较正常情况下减少10°,增大了误穿动脉的可能性,不利于常规方法行颈内静脉穿刺置管。     

腹腔镜保留睾丸动脉精索静脉高位结扎术对睾丸生精功能的影响

目的 探讨腹腔镜下精索内静脉高位结扎同时保留睾丸动脉治疗精索静脉曲张的应用价值.方法 选取156例精索静脉曲张患者,随机分成A、B两组:A组采用腹腔镜下保留睾丸动脉精索静脉高位结扎术,B组采用传统的Palomo术式.比较两组手术前后精液质量参数变化、术后并发症的发生率.结果 A组的手术时间为(32.24士8.35)min,明显短于B组(36.45士9.14)min (P＜0.05),术后阴囊水肿(2.67％)、附睾炎(4％)、睾丸萎缩率(2.67％)明显低于B组(P＜0.05),住院时间、术后复发率比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后精子计数[(43.00±4.3)×106]、精子活率[(65.00±4.55)％]明显高于B组[(37.20士5.45)×106]、[(53.34±6.73)％](P＜0.05),精子密度、精子活力分级比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 保留睾丸动脉腹腔镜精索内静脉高位结扎术能够明显提高术后精液参数质量,降低阴囊水肿、附睾炎、睾丸萎缩的发生率.     

一种改良中路法在颈内静脉穿刺术中的应用

目的:为常规颈内静脉穿刺困难的患者提供寻求一种更好的颈内静脉穿刺方法.方法:将预计常规颈内静脉穿刺困难的100名患者随机均分为两组,试验组采用改良中路法,常规颈内静脉穿刺组作为对照组.比较两组穿刺成功率、穿刺时间、并发症发生率.结果:试验组49例(98％)穿刺成功,对照组39例(78％)穿刺成功(P＜0.0l)；试验组和对照组穿刺时间分别为(4.3±3.0)min、(8.5±5.1)min(P＜0.01);试验组1例(2％)误穿动脉,对照组7例(14％)误穿动脉(P＞0.05).结论:与传统穿刺法相比,改良中路法操作更简单快捷,穿刺成功率更高.     

不同体型患者颈内静脉置管方法的改进

目的 探讨不同体型患者颈内静脉置管方法的改进及效果.方法 对456例患者按照国际肥胖指数标准选择改良前、中路法进行颈内静脉置管,并与传统方法进行对比.结果 改良方法与传统方法一针穿刺成功率、误穿动脉率及血气胸发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 改良颈内静脉置管方法,具有定位准确、穿刺成功率高、并发症少等优点.     

不同型号喉罩对颈内静脉与颈总动脉解剖关系的影响

目的探讨插入不同型号喉罩对颈内静脉与颈总动脉解剖关系的影响,选择插入喉罩后右侧颈内静脉最佳穿刺点。方法 46例喉罩通气择期手术的全麻患者,随机分为两组:3#喉罩组(n=22)和4#喉罩组(n=24)。观察并记录插入喉罩后即刻(T1)、插入喉罩后3min(T2)及拔出喉罩前(T3)的VT、PETCO2和气道峰压;记录颈部前路、中路及后路三个穿刺点喉罩插入前后颈总动脉直径(A)、颈总动脉与颈内静脉重叠距离(B),并计算颈总动脉和颈内静脉的重叠覆盖率(OI)。结果不同时点两组患者VT、PETCO2和气道峰压差异均无统计学意义。与喉罩插入前比较,插入后3#喉罩组前路、中路和后路A差异无统计学意义;插入后前路、中路和后路两组B明显扩大、OI明显增加(P0.05),后路4#喉罩组A、B明显扩大、OI明显增加(P0.05)。与4#喉罩组比较,喉罩插入后前路3#喉罩组B明显缩小(P0.05),中路和后路3#喉罩组B明显缩小,OI明显减少(P0.05)。无一例患者发生气胸等不良反应。结论成年全麻患者喉罩通气下行右侧颈内静脉穿刺,选择3#喉罩对颈内静脉和颈总动脉解剖关系影响小,而且对后路无影响,在无超声引导下,选择后路行颈内静脉穿刺,提高成功率,减少并发症。     

超声引导颈内静脉穿刺与解剖定位穿刺方法的比较

目的：探讨颈内静脉穿刺术病人的最佳头位,比较超声引导与传统体表标志定位（中路法）在确定具体穿刺点和进针方向上的区别。方法：选择择期妇科手术患者100例．取头位0°,左偏30°和左偏最大角度时．分别测量右侧颈内静脉直径．颈总动脉直径、颈内静脉覆盖颈总动脉的宽度及颈总动脉中点与颈内静脉中点的距离．以上数据均为投影在冠状面的冠状轴长度。计算动静脉重叠率．动静脉重叠率（％）=颈内静脉覆盖颈总动脉宽度（cm）／颈总动脉宽度（cm）×100％。同时分别依据体表标志和超声定位确定右颈内静脉穿刺点和进针方向。比较两种定位方法穿刺点之间的距离和进针方向之间的角度。结果：不同头位时右颈内静脉直径无明显变化（P〉0．05）。头部正中位和头部左偏30°时,颈总动脉无明显变化（P〉0．05）,动静脉重叠率增加（P〈0．05）．动静脉中点距离减小（P〈0．05）。头部左偏最大角度与头部正中位及头部左偏30°比较．颈总动脉直径明显变小（P〈0．01）．动静脉重叠率明显增加（P〈0．01）．动静脉中点距离明显减小（P〈0．01）。超声定位与体表标志定位法相比．两者穿刺点之间的距离为9．7±5．8ram．两者穿刺方向之间的角度为25．9±10．7°。结论：解剖标志定位与超声定位穿刺点和穿刺方向均存在较大差别．在无超声定位引导条件下,按传统穿刺方法．如果多次穿刺来成功应该考虑将穿刺点外移9．7mm左右．且穿刺方向指向锁骨上切迹。其次．随着头位左偏角度的逐渐增大,穿刺条件逐渐变差．穿刺时左偏角度不应超过30°。     

置入喉罩对患者双侧颈部血管位置的影响

喉罩已广泛应用于临床麻醉,有研究表明,置入喉罩后右侧颈部血管位置发生改变,颈总动脉和颈内静脉重叠覆盖程度增加,右侧颈内静脉穿刺困难程度增加,右颈内静脉高、中位穿刺困难,低位为适宜穿刺位置[1].而置入喉罩对左侧颈部血管位置的影响与右侧是否不同尚不清楚.本研究通过应用多普勒超声技术,观察置入喉罩前、后双侧颈总动脉、颈内静脉相对位置的变化,探讨置入喉罩后对患者双侧颈部血管位置的影响,为临床血管穿刺等操作提供理论依据.     

气道加压对全麻患者右颈内静脉穿刺置管术的影响

目的 探讨气道加压对全麻患者右颈内静脉穿刺置管术的影响.方法 需要进行右颈内静脉穿刺置管的全麻患者125例,随机分为对照组(C组,n=60)和气道加压组(P组,n=65).超声引导下于环状软骨平面,C组在暂停机械通气时、P组手控呼吸维持气道压力20 cm H2O时进行右颈内静脉穿刺置管.暂停机械通气时测定两组右颈内静脉横截面积和穿刺成功后CVP,P组患者气道压力20 cm H2O时测定颈内静脉横截面积和CVP,记录穿刺次数、颈内静脉管壁至皮肤的最短距离、进针深度、进针和退出过程中回抽血液通畅情况,气道加压前测定HR和MAP,并记录气道加压过程中的最低值,观察两组患者的穿刺置管情况.结果 P组气道压力20 cm H2O时颈内静脉横截面积和CVP较气道加压前增加(P＜0.01);与C组比较,P组进针深度降低,1次穿刺成功率、30 s内穿刺成功率、进针过程中回抽血液通畅率升高(P＜0.01),心动过缓、低血压发生率升高(P＜0.05).结论 气道加压有助于超声引导下右颈内静脉穿刺置管术的成功.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.