双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌6例报告

目的:探讨双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌患者的处理方法。方法:报告6例双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌患者的临床资料,均有慢性肾功能不全、无痛性肉眼血尿,经影像学和输尿管镜等检查确诊。3例行保肾手术,2例行肾输尿管切除术,1例仅行活检术。结果:术后病理检查均为移行细胞癌。随访3~33个月,平均14.2个月。随访期间2例死亡,2例术后发生膀胱肿瘤,1例输尿管肿瘤复发,2例未见肿瘤复发。结论:双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌,根据肾功能情况可选择行保肾手术或双侧肾输尿管切除术;保肾手术后应加强监测,以利早期发现复发和治疗。     

双侧上尿路肿瘤的治疗方法分析与评估(附2例报告)

目的 探讨双侧上尿路同时发生恶性肿瘤的治疗方法及有效性评价.方法 报告2013年1月～2013年2月本院收治的2例双侧上尿路同时发生肿瘤患者的临床资料,2例均行一侧肾输尿管全长切除术,对侧保留肾脏的手术.其中1例为输尿管膀胱再吻合术,1例为输尿管镜下肿瘤切除术.结果 术后病理结果均提示移行细胞癌.目前2例患者均在随访中,其中1例术后6个月及8个月分别出现膀胱肿瘤复发,后于2013年10月行膀胱根治性切除术;1例未见肿瘤复发.结论 对于双侧同时存在尿路上皮肿瘤的患者,可根据实际情况选择一侧肾输尿管全长切除+对侧保留肾脏的手术方法,此种治疗方式术后花费低、患者主观生存质量较高,值得临床推荐.当然术后有效的随访必不可少.     

孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌治疗策略

目的探讨孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌的治疗对策。方法回顾分析5例孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌患者的临床资料,所有患者行手术治疗。其中4例患者行保肾手术,1例行开放手术,3例行腔内技术治疗。结果5例患者手术均顺利得到随访,时间2个月～60个月,平均21个月。1例肾盂癌患者于术后2个月死于肺部疾病,1例肾盂癌术后19个月肿瘤局部并膀胱复发死于尿毒症,1例肾盂癌伴输尿管癌于术后25个月死于肿瘤转移,另2例无瘤存活。结论孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌是施行保肾手术的适应症,采用腔内手术治疗是一种安全和可行的术式。保肾手术后应行肾盂灌注化疗预防肿瘤复发并长期随访。     

双侧肾同时发生肾细胞癌的保肾手术治疗

目的评价保肾手术在双侧肾癌治疗中的作用。方法报告一组双侧肾同时发生的肾细胞癌行保肾手术治疗结果。１９９０～１９９６年５例双侧Ⅱ期肾细胞癌，肾肿瘤直径１．５～５．５ｃｍ，平均４．０ｃｍ；共１３枚肿瘤，其中４例２枚，１例５枚。３例一侧作肾根治性切除，一侧作保肾手术，２例双侧肾均作保肾手术。结果平均随访３０个月，１例术后３年发现肺转移，无１例局部复发。结论保肾手术对体积较小的双肾癌是安全有效的治疗方法。     

肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌的临床特点和诊治方法。方法 回顾性分析5例肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌患者的临床资料。男4例，女1例。年龄42～75岁，平均62岁。间歇无痛全程肉眼血尿4例，间歇全程肉眼血尿伴右侧腰痛1例。B超、IVU及CT提示肾肿瘤并发尿路肿瘤4例，肾癌不除外合并同侧肾盂占位1例。结果 5例均行根治性手术，4例同时行不同部位肿瘤根治术，1例行分次手术。病理为肾癌并发膀胱癌3例，肾癌并发同侧输尿管癌1例，肾癌并发同侧肾盂癌1例。随访6～18个月，平均11个月。1例术后10个月膀胱肿瘤局部复发，再行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术；4例无瘤生存。结论 肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌临床少见，对肾癌患者行泌尿系超声、IVU和术中肾脏剖开检查有助于正确诊断。根治性手术宜同时切除肾癌侧输尿管，以避免残余输尿管发生肿瘤。     

肾盂尿路上皮肿瘤经皮治疗的长期随访

自 1995年至 1999年 ,作者对 2 4例肾盂尿路上皮肿瘤行经皮肾镜切除 ,并对长期疗效进行随访。所有肾盂肾盏肿瘤均行经皮肾镜活检并行经皮切除 ,低分期 (pT0～ 1)肿瘤仅行经皮治疗 ,如果肿瘤侵犯多个肾盏、分期大于pT1、高肿瘤分级或存在输尿管肿瘤 ,则考虑行肾输尿管全长切除术。留置经肾造瘘管或D J管后经膀胱灌注常规化疗药 (丝裂霉素C或表阿霉素 )。随访包括上尿路细胞学、肾镜或纤维输尿管镜 ,并行组织学检查。结果显示 ,2 4例患者中鳞状细胞癌 2例 ,G3 移行细胞癌 5例 ,G1～ 2 移行细胞癌 15例 ,2例未见肿瘤。 2 4例患者中18例 (75 …     

慢性马兜铃酸肾病伴发尿路上皮恶性肿瘤16例报告

目的提高对慢性马兜铃酸肾病伴发尿路上皮恶性肿瘤的认识。方法回顾性分析16例慢性马兜铃酸肾病伴发尿路上皮恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。16例均有长期间断小剂量服用含马兜铃酸成分药物病史,根据病史及相关检查均可诊断为慢性马兜铃酸肾病、慢性肾功能不全。患者临床表现均为间歇性无痛肉眼血尿,术前经B超、逆行造影、CT或MRU、输尿管镜等检查明确诊断。膀胱肿瘤6例;上尿路肿瘤10例,其中双侧同时发生肿瘤者6例、伴膀胱肿瘤1例。结果6例膀胱肿瘤行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt);10例上尿路肿瘤者中6例8侧行保肾手术;4例5侧行根治性切除术,其中1例双侧肾盂肿瘤者另一侧术中探查发现肾周肿瘤明显外浸,粘连明显,手术困难,仅行活检术;1例双侧肾盂及双侧输尿管肿瘤者仅行活检术。术后病理均为移行细胞癌,WHO标准病理分级:Ⅰ级1例、Ⅰ～Ⅱ级4例、Ⅱ级6例、Ⅲ级5例。14例获随访3～37个月,平均14个月。死亡4例,其中1例为未手术的双侧肾盂及双侧输尿管肿瘤患者,术后5个月因瘤死亡;输尿管肿瘤、膀胱肿瘤及双肾盂肿瘤者各1例分别于术后17、19、26个月死于多发转移。4例膀胱肿瘤术后4～9个月复发6次,其中2例为2次复发者;上尿路肿瘤2例术后9～10个月膀胱肿瘤3次复发;3例输尿管肿瘤术后3～32个月复发,其中1例原位复发,2例异位复发;5例未见肿瘤复发。结论慢性马兜铃酸肾病伴发的尿路上皮恶性肿瘤以上尿路肿瘤为主,双侧发病率较高,肿瘤具有多发、易复发及恶性程度高等特点。     

上尿路移行细胞癌的诊断与治疗（附39例报告）

目的探讨上尿路移行细胞癌的诊治方法。方法回顾性分析39例上尿路移行细胞癌患者的临床表现及诊治方法。结果39例患者均行手术治疗,术后病理检查证实29例为肾盂移行细胞癌,10例为输尿管移行细胞癌。通过B超、静脉尿路造影（IVU）、逆行肾盂造影、CT、尿脱落细胞学及输尿管镜等检查,术前诊断符合率为92.3%（36/39）。35例患者获得随访6个月-12年,6例术后出现膀胱移行细胞癌,5例死于肿瘤进展。结论B超、IVU、CT可作为上尿路肿瘤的常规检查,IVU显影不佳时逆行肾盂造影可作补充,输尿管镜配合组织活检准确性极高。根治性肾输尿管切除术效果较好,术后应行膀胱灌注治疗及定期膀胱镜检查。     

后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的疗效.方法:对7例上尿路移行细胞癌患者行后腹腔镜下肾脏切除术,经同侧下腹斜切口切除输尿管肿瘤或下段输尿管并行膀胱袖套状切除,完整取出切除的肾输尿管标本.术后常规卡介苗膀胱灌注.结果:手术时间210～240 min;术中出血量80～200 ml;术后8 d出院,无严重并发症发生.随访0.5～1.5年,1例肿瘤局部复发伴肝脏转移,其余无复发.结论:后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌,是一种安全有效的术式,具有痛苦小、并发症少及患者恢复快等优点.     

上尿路罕见肿瘤2例报告及文献复习

目的：探讨上尿路罕见肿瘤的诊治和预后。方法：回顾性分析2007年2月和12月收治的同时同侧肾及肾盂透明细胞癌和原发输尿管鳞状细胞癌患者各1例的临床资料,并结合文献进行总结。结果：2例患者术前未能明确诊断,实施了探查性手术,成功切除肿瘤,术后至今无复发或转移。结论：同时同侧‘肾及肾盂透明细胞癌和原发输尿管鳞状细胞癌均属罕见病例,但有其特点,可通过病史、辅助检查等初步与移行细胞癌等常见肿瘤相鉴别,从而选择恰当的治疗方式。预后有待进一步随访。     

The effect of bilaterality,pathological features and surgical outcome in nonhereditary renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: We evaluated the differences in cancer specific, distant metastasis-free and local recurrence-free survival in patients with sporadic subtype concordant bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma and those with unilateral renal cell carcinoma, controlling for the covariates of subtype, stage, tumor size, grade and necrosis. We also analyzed early surgical complications and long-term renal function in patients who underwent staged surgery and those who underwent a single operation for bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 44 patients with sporadic subtype concordant bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma treated at our institution between 1970 and 1998. There were 32 patients with bilateral synchronous clear cell renal cell carcinoma and 12 with bilateral synchronous papillary renal cell carcinoma. These patients were compared with 1,714 with sporadic unilateral clear cell renal cell carcinoma and 322 with sporadic unilateral papillary renal cell carcinoma treated with partial or radical nephrectomy during that period. Outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models were used to test associations with outcome. RESULTS: Clinicopathological features were similar for patients with bilateral synchronous and unilateral renal cell carcinoma except for the incidence of multifocality, which was 28% and 33% for bilateral synchronous clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma compared with 2% and 7% for unilateral clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma, respectively. Cancer specific survival and distant metastasis-free survival in patients with bilateral synchronous disease was similar to that in those with unilateral disease when controlling for subtype, stage, tumor size, grade and tumor necrosis. However, patients with bilateral synchronous clear cell renal cell carcinoma were more likely to experience local recurrence even after controlling for these covariates. The majority of patients (84%) with bilateral synchronous disease underwent bilateral surgery at a single operation. The incidence of early surgical complications was low, in that only 2 patients had urinary extravasation, 3 had acute renal failure and 1 was ultimately rendered anephric and required hemodialysis. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of multifocality was greater in patients with bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma than in those with unilateral renal cell carcinoma. There were no statistically significant differences in cancer specific and distant metastasis-free survival in patients with bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma and unilateral renal cell carcinoma of the same histological subtype. These results suggest that subtype concordant bilateral renal cell carcinoma is a result of multiple de novo primary events rather than primary renal cell carcinoma with contralateral renal metastasis. A surgical approach is appropriate for bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma and most cases can be approached at a single surgical procedure with acceptable morbidity.     

Renal cell carcinoma invading the inferior vena cava: use of a "temporary" vena cava filter to prevent tumor emboli during nephrectomy

Primary transitional cell carcinoma of synchronous bilateral upper urinary tracts is rare. In our patients, end-stage renal disease and renal insufficiency were frequently associated with bilateral upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. The clinical presentations of these patients were similar to that of those with Chinese-herb nephropathy and Balkan endemic nephropathy. Renal-sparing surgery should be performed for patients with adequate renal function preoperatively. Renal autotransplantation combined with pyeloneocystostomy was a good method for 1 patient who was at a high risk of developing recurrent transitional cell carcinoma.     

肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤的临床分析

目的 分析肾移植患者并发尿路上皮肿瘤的特点，探讨其诊治方法。方法 自1998～2003年肾移植患者1293例，术后发生尿路上皮恶性肿瘤21例（1．6％）。男4例，女17例。17例原发病为慢性问质性肾炎。发生尿路上皮肿瘤距肾移植6～62个月，平均26个月。其中膀胱癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管、膀胱癌8例，双侧肾盂输尿管癌1例。10例上尿路肿瘤发生部位与移植肾同侧，4例发生于移植肾对侧。临床症状以无痛性肉服血尿和反复泌尿系感染为主。19例行手术治疗，术后所有患者免疫抑制剂用量减少1／3并辅以局部灌注化疗。结果 2例行姑息性治疗的晚期肿瘤患者分别于发现肿瘤5、8个月死亡。余19例现已随访2～5年。13例肿瘤复发，复发部位为膀胱或对侧原。肾、输尿管。所有患者在免疫抑制剂减量期间均未出现急性排斥。2例因切除移植肾恢复透析，17例肾功能正常。结论 慢性间质性。肾炎导致。肾功能衰竭的。肾移植患者和女性肾移植患者易发生移植后尿路上皮肿瘤；移植肾同侧上尿路较对侧好发肿瘤；对移植肾对侧为首发的上尿路发生肿瘤者可预防性行双侧上尿路根治性切除。     

双侧肾癌的诊治与预后（附6例报告）

目的：探讨双侧肾癌（Bilateral renal cell carcinoma,BRCC）患者的诊治与预后。方法：1999年1月～2006年1月我院共诊治BRCC患者6例,平均发病年龄53（35～74）岁。其中双侧同时性肾癌3例,异时性肾癌3例。肿瘤位于肾上极6枚,中极7枚,下极1枚;左肾6枚,右肾8枚;肿瘤平均直径4．6（3～7）cm。3例同时性肾癌患者,2例行双侧同期手术,1例行分期手术。其中2例行一侧肾癌根治术,对侧保留肾单位手术（NSS）;1例一侧先行NSS,2周后再行对侧肾癌根治术。3例异时性肾癌患者均行分期手术治疗,均行一侧肾癌根治术,对侧NSS术。结果：6例随访12～156个月,平均84．5个月。肿瘤转移2例,分别死于肺转移和骨转移;肿瘤局部复发2例;无瘤生存2例。结论：NSS是目前较为理想的双侧肾癌治疗方法。治疗双侧肾癌的原则为尽可能切除肿瘤和最大限度保存。肾功能。     

A case of synchronous ipsilateral renal cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma]

A case of synchronous ipsilateral renal cell carcinoma with renal pelvic and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma is reported. A 80-year-old man, who had had transurethral resection of bladder tumor three times, was admitted on August, 1989 for recurrence of bladder tumor. Excretory pyelography revealed a filling defect of left renal pelvis. Findings of retrograde pyelography and computed tomography were in accord with those of the excretory urograms. Under a diagnosis of the left renal pelvic and ureteral tumor associated with the bladder tumor, left nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection was performed. Pathological diagnosis was renal pelvic and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma with renal cell carcinoma, which existed incidentally in the same kidney. Double unrelated primary carcinoma in urinary tract, especially, double dissimilar primary carcinoma in the same kidney, is rare. To our knowledge, this case is the 20th double cancer in upper urinary tract reported in Japan.     

Synchronous tumors in right renal pelvis and left ureter

Bilateral synchronous urothelial tumors in the upper urinary tract seem to be rare. To our knowledge, only 34 cases have been reported previously. A 77-year-old-man with the chief complaint of macrohematuria was admitted. Clinical investigations showed left ureteral and right renal pelvic tumors. Resection of the wall of the right renal pelvis and partial ureterectomy and its reanastomosis in the left ureter were done. Pathologic examination revealed that the right renal pelvic tumor was transitional cell carcinoma (G.2, pTlb), and the left ureteral tumor was invasive metaplastic epidermoid carcinoma. The patient is alive with no recurrence or metastasis 1 year after the operation. We reviewed all the reports of bilateral synchronous tumors we could find and discussed the histological findings and treatments reported.     

A case of renal oncocytoma with synchronous contralateral renal cell carcinoma

A case of bilateral, synchronous renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma is reported. The patient was a 70-year-old woman. Computed tomographic scan revealed bilateral low density masses, which had a diameter of approximately 4 cm (right kidney), and 2.5 cm (left kidney). We suspected bilateral renal cell carcinomas, and performed, right nephrectomy and left enucleation of the tumor. Pathological diagnosis was right renal cell carcinoma and left oncocytoma. To our knowledge only 5 previous cases of renal cell carcinoma associated with oncocytoma have been reported in Japan. Two cases were metachronous and three cases were unilateral and synchronous. This is the first reported case of bilateral, synchronous renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma.     

全腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤

目的：评价全腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾移植术后上尿路移行细胞癌的有效性和安全性。方法：回顾性分析2008年1月～2011年9月收治13例肾移植术后并发上尿路肿瘤患者资料,男3例,女10例,年龄32～64岁,肾移植术后18～65个月,行全腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管全长切除16次（3例为先后双侧发生）。4例次肿瘤与移植肾位于同侧（其中2例有剖宫产和子宫切除等下腹部手术史）。先行经尿道用针形电极环绕输尿管管口行袖套状切除,再改变体位行腹膜外途径全腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管全长切除术。下段输尿管在腔镜直视下分离至髂总血管分叉以下,并记录其有关指标。结果：16例次手术均成功,手术时间120～230min,平均178min;术中出血量20～260ml,平均80ml;术后住院时间11～16d,平均12．5d。13例随访3～48个月,无腹膜后肿瘤复发,1例膀胱内新发肿瘤。无远处转移及穿刺通道的种植性转移。结论：腹膜后途径全腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管全长切除术治疗。肾移植后上尿路移行细胞癌是安全、有效的微创手术方法,但其对肿瘤细胞生物学行为的影响尚需作进一步的评价。     

Different treatment strategies for end stage renal disease in patients with transitional cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common urinary tract cancer in Taiwanese patients on dialysis. It is a unique finding compared within Western countries. Due to this geographic difference and a higher recurrence rate a more extensive operation and aggressive followup protocols should be refined for these patients on dialysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with transitional cell carcinoma who had end stage renal disease and underwent hemodialysis. Records were reviewed for hemodialysis duration, initial tumor location, tumor grade, stage, operative method, operative complication and final surgical status. Tumor grade and stage was determined by the WHO and proposed Jewett systems. Six patient groups were classified according to final surgical status for comparative analysis. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients were included in this study. Painless gross hematuria and urethral bloody discharge were the most common complaints. Tumor in 25 of the 30 cases was high grade and all were early stage. Of the patients 11 (36.7%) had undergone bilateral nephroureterectomy and radical cystectomy in as a 1 or multiple step procedure. Six patients (20%) had undergone bilateral nephroureterectomy at 1 or 2 sequential operations. Seven of the 13 patients (53.8%) in whom low urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma was initially treated with transurethral resection unfortunately had recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Ten of the 14 patients (71.4%) with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma who underwent nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff excision had subsequent transitional cell carcinoma within the bladder. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with transitional cell carcinoma on dialysis had a higher recurrence rate in the upper urinary tract than patients not on dialysis. Most cases were at an early stage but with high grade tumor behavior. In 11 patients (36.7%) total exenteration of the urinary tract except the urethra was eventually done. The final bilateral nephroureterectomy rate was 56.7%. Since the rate of total exenteration and bilateral nephrectomy was abnormally high at such a short followup, 1-step bilateral nephroureterectomy and radical cystectomy are a recommended treatment for patients with transitional cell carcinoma on dialysis.