经皮顺行输尿管支架植入在移植肾输尿管梗阻中的应用11例

目的 探讨经皮顺行输尿管支架植入治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的有效性和安全性.方法 2009年3月至2011年3月间11例肾移植输尿管梗阻患者,其中急性梗阻2例,慢性梗阻9例.11例梗阻的原因为移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄5例,结石梗阻2例,原因不详4例.术前以超声评估移植肾及集合系统,选择合适穿刺部位,在X线透视下完成顺行肾盂和输尿管造影;明确梗阻位置后,通过穿刺针植入斑马导丝直至膀胱,再经膀胱镜从尿道引出斑马导丝,沿斑马导丝顺行植入输尿管支架管,X线下观察输尿管支架上端进入肾盂后,拔除斑马导丝,再次透视,确认支架管位置.移植肾肾盂造瘘管引流1～2周后拔除,输尿管支架在术后半年至1年内取出.在术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月行B型超声及肾功能检查,之后每隔半年检查.结果 11例中10例手术成功,1例因输尿管狭窄段过长置管失败.输尿管支架植入手术耗时为(54±27) min,患者血清肌酐由术前(326±147) μmol/L下降至术后(89±49) μmol/L.随访6～27个月,患者均未发生并发症.结论 经皮顺行输尿管支架植入治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻是一种安全、有效的方法.     

金属内支架介入治疗恶性输尿管狭窄的临床应用

目的探讨经皮顺行植入输尿管金属内支架治疗恶性输尿管狭窄的效果。方法对14例恶性肿瘤伴输尿管狭窄的患者行经皮顺行植入输尿管金属内支架治疗。术后观察尿量及性状,超声及腹部平片随访。结果14例患者植入输尿管内支架均获成功,输尿管梗阻解除,患者临床症状改善,肾功能好转。结论对恶性输尿管狭窄的患者行顺行植入输尿管金属内支架治疗输尿管狭窄,是一种简便、有效、创伤小的治疗方法。     

经皮顺行球囊扩张治疗输尿管-肠吻合口狭窄

目的：评价经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗尿流改道术或原位膀胱术后输尿管-肠吻合口狭窄治疗效果。方法：对15例尿流改道术或原位膀胱术后患者，共25处输尿管-肠吻合口狭窄，采用经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张，并置入输尿管支架管6周进行引流治疗。结果：本组15例中，2例双侧和1例单侧狭窄患者因导丝不能通过狭窄处，扩张失败。其余8例双侧狭窄、4例单侧狭窄患者均成功完成扩张，其中9例拔除支架管后症状好转，血肌酐下降及肾积水保持稳定，随访时间3～29个月（平均13个月），有效率60％；另3例拔除支架管后1～3个月，血肌酐进行性上升，予以再次留置输尿管内支架管并定期更换。结论：经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗输尿管-肠吻合口狭窄，创伤小，操作简单，可替代开放手术作为首选治疗方案。     

输尿管支架肾造瘘管在肾盂成形术中的临床应用

目的：探讨输尿管支架肾造瘘管在肾盂成形术中内外引流治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的疗效及方法。方法：对280例肾盂、输尿管连接部梗阻,采用肾盂成形术,留置输尿管支架肾造瘘管内外引流,并观察其效果。结果：270例术后45天拔去输尿管支架肾造瘘管,术后吻合口畅通,无漏尿、发热、泌尿系感染等并发症。另10例术后行顺行肾盂输尿管造影检查,见连接部狭窄。更换输尿管支架肾造瘘管,继续引流支撑45天后．行顺行造影检查,狭窄消失。结论：输尿管支架肾造瘘管临床应用具有操作简单,引流可靠,并发症少,拔管容易,费用较低．患者易接受等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

顺行和逆行输尿管镜联合会师治疗肾盂输尿管连接部闭锁

目的：探讨顺行和逆行输尿管镜联合会师治疗肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)闭锁的方法和疗效。方法：采用经皮肾顺行和经尿道逆行输尿管镜联合操作，在C臂X线机辅助定位下会师，治疗16例因复杂肾结石行肾盂切开取石术后致UPJ闭锁的患者。在复通导丝引导下，4例辅以输尿管镜直视下硬性扩张，10例辅以直视下冷刀切开，2例辅以直视下钬激光切割。结果：14例UPJ闭锁经双输尿管硬镜会师治疗复通成功；2例因输尿管狭窄及扭曲而会师治疗失败，加用经尿道逆行输尿管软镜联合操作而复通成功。14例术后放置两条F6双J支架管，2例放置记忆金属网状支架。结论：对UPJ闭锁的患者，采用顺行和逆行输尿管硬镜联合会师治疗安全，创伤少，疗效满意；对同侧有输尿管狭窄及扭曲的UPJ闭锁，采用输尿管软镜逆行联合操作可以增加UPJ复通的成功率。     

恶性肿瘤致输尿管梗阻的微创外科处理

目的:探讨恶性肿瘤所致输尿管梗阻的有效微创外科处理方法。方法:回顾性分析2007年8月~2013年3月诊治的28例恶性肿瘤所致输尿管梗阻患者的临床资料。患者先采用膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管术解除梗阻,如膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管术失败或仍无法解除梗阻则改行经皮肾造瘘术解除梗阻。输尿管支架管每6个月更换,肾造瘘管每月更换。结果:14例患者成功采用膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管术,其中输尿管留置支架管双侧11例,单侧3例;11例患者因留置输尿管支架管术失败改行单侧经皮肾造瘘术;3例患者膀胱镜下留置单侧输尿管支架管,术后尿液引流不良、无法解除输尿管梗阻,改行单侧经皮肾造瘘术。26例术前肾功能受损患者中20例术后四周肾功能恢复正常,6例患者术后肾功能稳定在氮质血症期(术后血肌酐191.2~330.0μmol/L,术后血尿素氮5.24~8.75mmol/L)、电解质正常,泌尿系超声提示术侧肾脏轻度积水或无积水。每3个月复查KUB未见输尿管支架管结石附着,肾造瘘管引流通畅。随访1~45个月,死亡9例,无因肾功能衰竭死亡患者。结论:恶性肿瘤致输尿管梗阻患者,膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管术和经皮肾造瘘术两种微创外科技术可以有效解除输尿管梗阻。膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管术可作为首选方法,对梗阻段输尿管较长、肿瘤浸润输尿管壁、多部位梗阻患者,膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管引流不能有效解除梗阻,需行经皮肾造瘘术。     

输尿管镜术中输尿管口丢失的应对策略

目的探讨输尿管镜术中输尿管口丢失的应对方法。方法报告输尿管镜术中因输尿管口丢失而进镜失败的14例患者的处理过程及结果。先采用斜仰卧截石位,实时超声定位下以G18穿刺针朝向肾盂输尿管连接部穿刺患肾中上盏,从针芯中顺行向输尿管内推置亲水导丝,如可见导丝进入膀胱,则沿导丝径路进镜;如导丝无法顺行进入膀胱,则换用经尿道电切镜,薄层电切患侧输尿管口对应部位,显露输尿管壁内段断端,置入亲水导丝后换用输尿管镜进镜。所有患者术后均留置F7双J管1~2根。结果11例肾穿刺顺行置入导丝可见进入膀胱,沿导丝成功进镜入输尿管;3例此法失败者采用输尿管口部位电切法成功进镜。所有患者肾穿刺针和导丝拔除后无大出血,无输尿管穿孔、撕脱等严重并发症,术后2~3个月拔除双J管后未发生输尿管口狭窄。结论输尿管镜术中发生输尿管口丢失,依次采用肾穿刺顺行导丝置入法和输尿管口部位电切法寻找输尿管口成功率高,创伤小,无严重并发症发生。     

顺行和逆行输尿管双J管支架置入术在结核性输尿管狭窄中的疗效对比研究

目的:对比顺行和逆行输尿管双J管支架置入术在结核性输尿管狭窄中的疗效及安全性。方法:选取结核性输尿管狭窄患者81例,试验组39例行顺行输尿管支架管置入术,对照组42例行逆行输尿管支架管置入术,对比两组肾功能指标变化、手术成功率、临床症状缓解率和并发症发生率。结果:试验组手术成功率92.3%高于对照组71.4%,试验组临床症状缓解率82.1%高于对照组59.5%,试验组总并发症发生率25.6%率低于对照组70.7%,试验组肾功能改善优于对照组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在结核性输尿管狭窄的治疗中,顺行输尿管支架置入术比逆行输尿管支架置入具有更高的手术成功率及临床症状缓解率,并发症更少,在临床治疗中值得推广。     

U形管在回肠代输尿管术中的应用(附16例报告)

目的：探索回肠代输尿管术中新的支架引流方式。方法：１９７９～１９９９年对１６例肾盂、输尿管长段狭窄患者行回肠代输尿管术，并在术中采用Ｕ形多孔支架双向引流管（ 管）引流。结果：随访０．５～９年，术后均无吻合口瘘和狭窄，肾功能稳定，结论：Ｕ形管具有支架和引流双重功能，引流效果确切，能有效减少回肠代输尿管术后吻合口瘘和狭窄等并发症。     

金属支架管在解除恶性输尿管梗阻中的疗效评价

目的 评估金属支架管在解除恶性肿瘤所致输尿管梗阻中的临床疗效及影响因素分析.方法 回顾性分析2012年10月至2015年4月在本院留置金属支架管患者47例,根据治疗结果将47例患者分成成功组(n=39)与失败组(n=8),其中采用经尿道逆行留置金属支架管40例,经皮肾顺行留置金属支架管7例,通过术后并发症、血清肌酐、肾盂分离程度、支架管留置的时间及失败率来评估支架管的有效性,通过两组之间的比较分析性别、手术方式及恶性肿瘤类别与失败率之间的相关性.结果 47例患者共留置金属支架管54根,留置后输尿管梗阻解除率100％,患者支架相关并发症发生率为59％(28/47),失败率为17％ (8/47),术后并发症与失败发生率存在一定相关性,与性别、手术方式及恶性肿瘤类别无相关性(P＞0.05).平均随访时间为8个月,支架管平均留置时间为6个月左右,留置时间最长1年半.结论 金属支架管能有效的解除恶性肿瘤所致的输尿管梗阻并防止肾功能进一步恶化,是目前解除恶性输尿管梗阻的一种有效的治疗方案.     

经皮肾通道顺行输尿管软/硬镜联合输尿管镜治疗恶性输尿管梗阻

目的探讨斜仰卧截石位经皮肾通道顺行输尿管软/硬镜联合输尿管镜置入双J管治疗输尿管支架管置入失败的恶性肿瘤致输尿管梗阻的安全性及临床效果。 方法回顾性收集并分析2016年10月至2019年1月我院收治的25例恶性肿瘤引起的输尿管梗阻患者的资料,上述患者均因常规逆行膀胱镜或输尿管镜置双J管失败,进而以斜仰卧截石位利用经皮肾通道顺行输尿管软/硬镜联合输尿管镜置入双J管。 结果25例患者（32侧输尿管梗阻）中,1例因肿瘤侵犯输尿管造成双侧输尿管管腔完全闭塞,双J管置入失败。其余24例均成功放置双J管（成功率93.7%）。手术时间平均（57.4±22.4）min,平均住院时间（5.5±1.9）d,术中无严重肾出血,无输尿管穿孔及撕脱。术后6~14 d拔除肾造瘘管,拔除肾造瘘管后随访12个月,肾积水缓解。 结论斜仰卧截石位皮肾通道顺行输尿管软/硬镜联合输尿管镜置入双J管治疗输尿管支架管置入失败的恶性肿瘤引起的输尿管梗阻安全、有效,值得临床推广。     

经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年至2011年华中科技大学附属协和医院6例接受经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料。所有患者先行B超引导移植肾穿刺造瘘,顺行造影确定梗阻的具体位置,顺行球囊扩张输尿管狭窄段,术后留置双J管和肾造瘘管,无效则改开放手术。结果6例患者中1例输尿管狭窄段〉1cm,球囊扩张失败,1例合并尿瘘,尿囊肿,扩张治疗无效,此2例均经开放手术治愈;其余4例一次扩张治愈,随访16～38个月,肾功能正常,无梗阻复发。结论经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张安全、损伤小,可作为治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的首选方法,对于合并有其他外科并发症或扩张治疗失败的患者,需开放手术治疗。     

Percutaneous nephrostomy and antegrade ureteral stent insertion

Sixty consecutive percutaneous nephrostomies were attempted in 37 patients with a 97-per cent success rate. The patients ranged in age from three to seventy-three years. Twenty-eight attempted nephrostomies were bilateral and 32 unilateral. When possible, the percutaneous nephrostomies were converted into internal ureteral stents by antegrade techniques. In each case of apparent complete ureteral obstruction, the area was successfully negotiated, and an indwelling ureteral stent was placed. In 2 patients, combined antegrade and retrograde techniques were required for successful internal stent placement. There was one failure because of a subcapsular hematoma resulting from multiple punctures with an l8-gauge needle. One major complication occurred when a segmental branch of the renal artery was injured by the nephrostomy catheter.     

Conversion of percutaneous ureteral stent to indwelling pigtail stent over guidewire

A ureteral stent placed percutaneously through a nephrostomy can be readily exchanged endoscopically for a ureteral indwelling pigtail stent over a percutaneous guide wire. Percutaneous antegrade stent placement can sometimes be accomplished when retrograde placement cannot. We report 10 successful conversions to indwelling stent in 11 cases. In 1 case the percutaneous guide wire could not be retrieved endoscopically because of a bleeding tumor in the bladder. No serious difficulties or complications were encountered. The percutaneous approach offers an alternative method of providing internal urinary diversion if retrograde ureteral indwelling stent placement has failed.     

Percutaneous nephrostomy versus the placement of double pigtail ureteral stent for the treatment of postrenal failure secondary to malignancies]

From August 1989 through September 1991 we performed percutaneous nephrostomy under ultrasonic guidance in 26 kidneys of 25 patients. We also indwelled double pigtail ureteral stents by endoscopy in 14 kidneys of 13 patients. No patients died because of renal failure. The survival was dependent on progression of primary disease and performance status. Neither significant nor life-threatening complications were encountered. The difference in the improvement of renal function between nephrostomy group and stent group was not statistically significant. Although the indwelling ureteral stent method requires no external drainage bag, this method has certain drawback such as occasional obstruction of stent. Especially in poor risk patients, percutaneous nephrostomy technique seems to be better than placement of double pigtail ureteral stent in the treatment of postrenal failure secondary to malignancies.     

15-year experience with the management of extrinsic ureteral obstruction with indwelling ureteral stents

PURPOSE: We assessed the success of retrograde placement of indwelling ureteral stents in the management of ureteral obstruction due to extrinsic compression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 1987 and December 2002 adequate followup was available for 101 patients who underwent primary retrograde ureteral stenting for extrinsic ureteral obstruction. Mean age at presentation was 61.4 years (range 33 to 90). Chart review was performed on all patients for primary diagnosis, symptomatology, degree of hydronephrosis, creatinine levels (baseline, treatment and posttreatment), location of compression, size and number of stents used, progression to percutaneous nephrostomy tube (PNT), stent failure, days to stent failure, post-stent therapy and status at last followup. RESULTS: Mean length of followup was 11 months (range 1 to 127). In 101 patients 138 ureteral units (UU) were stented. Total stent failure occurred in 41 (40.6%) patients and 58 (42.0%) UU. A total of 40 (29.0%) UU required PNTs at a mean of 40.3 days (range 0 to 330) with 18 PNTs placed in less than 1 week. Cases of stent failure that did not undergo PNT placement included 18 (13.0%) UU at a mean of 52.4 days (range 3 to 128). A total of 90 (89.1%) patients had metastatic cancer at stenting with 32.2% dead at 5.8 months (range 1 to 32). Univariate and multivariate analyses identified cancer diagnosis, baseline creatinine greater than 1.3 mg/dl and post-stent systemic treatment as predictors of stent failure. Proximal location of compression and treatment creatinine greater than 3.11 mg/dl were marginal predictors of failure on univariate analysis, while proximal location of obstruction was also marginally significant on multivariate analysis. No predictors were identified for early stent failure (less than 1 week). CONCLUSIONS: At almost 1 year followup stent failure due to extrinsic compression occurred in nearly half of treated patients. Analysis of data revealed a diagnosis of cancer, baseline mild renal insufficiency and metastatic disease requiring chemotherapy or radiation as predictors of stent failure. Managing extrinsic compression by retrograde stenting continues to be a practical but guarded decision and should be tailored to each patient.     

Prolonged ureteral stenting in obstruction after renal transplantation: long-term results

BACKGROUND: Renal transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage renal disease. Ureteral stenosis is the most frequent urologic complication. We report our long-term follow-up results concerning endourologic treatment of ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation. METHODS: Between May 1997 and September 2000, 15 patients with renal transplant obstructive uropathy were managed with percutaneous nephrostomy and prolonged ureteral stenting. RESULTS: Percutaneous nephrostomies were performed successfully in all 15 kidneys. In 13 patients, antegrade ureteral stenting was attempted, which was successful in 11 patients (85%). After prolonged ureteral stenting (mean duration 15 months), the stent was removed in all patients, 90% of whom had no recurrence. During follow-up (36 to 71 months; mean 51), urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium determinations and ultrasound scans were performed. Success was defined as a reduction in hydronephrosis. No major complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Modern endourologic procedures have replaced open reconstructive surgery in most patients with ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation, because they may offer a definitive treatment with low morbidity.     

Endoscopic management of ureteral complications following renal transplantation

Management of ureteral complications after kidney transplantation can be done with a surgical, percutaneous, or endoscopic approach. The aim of this study was to determine the success rate of the endoscopic retrograde approach for the management of these complications following renal transplantation. We reviewed the records of 25 patients who underwent endoscopic management of ureteral complications after renal transplant between 1995 and 2005. Variables examined included timing of event following transplant, type of ureteral complication, equipment implemented in the procedure, operating time, success in stent placement, and complications. Initial approach was via rigid cystoscopy followed by flexible cystoscopy if needed. Initial attempts to intubate the ureteral orifice were by a flexible-tipped guide wire, and occasionally an angiocatheter guide was used for ultimate wire placement. Stents were positioned with fluoroscopic and direct visual guidance. Of 25 patients evaluated, five had a ureteral anastomotic leak with a mean time of presentation of 16.8 days. The remaining 20 patients suffered from ureteral obstruction revealed by hydronephrosis on a renal ultrasound prompted by a rising creatinine. Mean time of onset was 48 months. Although each was initially approached with rigid cystoscopy, 12 were converted to flexible cystoscopy for easier access to the ureteral orifice. Twenty of the 25 patients had successful stent placement with three failures in the ureteral obstruction group and two failures in the leakage group. Average operative time was 42 minutes. No intraoperative complications were experienced. Resolution of hydronephrosis in those with preoperative obstruction was noted and all stented urinary leaks resolved.     

Ureteral Complications in Renal Transplant Recipients Successfully Treated With Interventional Radiology

Introduction

Ureteral complications in renal transplantation occur in approximately 8% of renal transplant recipients, occasionally leading to graft loss. This retrospective study presents a single-center experience in managing ureteral complications with interventional radiology as well as the long-term graft function and recipient survival.

Patients and Methods

We analyzed 21 renal transplant recipients with ureteral problems.

Results

Nine patients experienced urinary leak, six patients had ureteric obstruction, and six patients had obstruction preceded by leak. Median recipient age was 48 (range, 20-63) years; 71% (15/21) of the patients were male and 66.6% (14/21) of transplants were derived from cadaveric donors. Ureteral complications were diagnosed at a mean of 18 days (range, 12-47) after renal transplantation. Initially a percutaneous nephrostomy was performed, followed by antegrade placement of a nephroureteral stent. In cases with ureteral obstruction, ureteral balloon dilation was performed prior to placement of the stent. Median time to the procedure was 53 days, and median follow-up for the purposes of this study was 57 months. Renal graft function improved following treatment of the ureteral complication. Mean serum creatinine values prior to and after the intervention were 4.8 ± 2.12 and 1.79 ± 0.58 mg/dL, respectively (P<.0001). Functional renal grafts were observed at the first, third, and fifth posttransplantation year among 100%, 95.2% and 80.9% of patients, respectively. It should be further noted that no graft was lost due to a ureteral complication.

Conclusions

Interventional radiology was successful in treating immediate and long-term ureteral problems among renal transplant recipients with preservation of good renal function and patient survival.