耻骨上辅助经脐单孔腹腔镜上尿路全切除术（附8例报告）

目的：探讨耻骨上辅助经脐单孔腹腔镜（SA—LESS）上尿路全切除术的可行性、有效性和技术要点。方法：对2例肾盂癌,2例输尿管癌,1例肾盂癌合并输尿管癌,2例肾结核,1例巨输尿管症并积脓、肾萎缩患者施行SA—LESS上尿路全切除术。患者全麻,取健侧70°卧位,于脐缘内侧置人两个Trocar,自患侧耻骨联合上方置人一个Trocar,分别置入远端可弯曲腹腔镜及操作器械。先游离患侧输尿管下段,予Hem—0—lok夹闭;向上游离肾脏并离断。肾动静脉,切除肾脏;向下行袖套状切除输尿管末端周围膀胱壁,缝合膀胱切口;标本装袋,延长耻骨上切口取出。结果：8例手术均顺利完成。中位手术时间165（115～220）min,术中中位失血量140（50～200）ml。均未输血,术中未出现肠管、实质性器官和大血管损伤等并发症。均于术后第1天下床活动,第2～3天拔除腹腔和盆腔引流管,第6～7天拔除导尿管（肿瘤患者行膀胱灌注后）,第8天出院。结论：SA-LESS上尿路全切除术安全可行,术后恢复快,住院时间短,美容优势明显,值得临床应用。     

耻骨上辅助经脐微双孔腹腔镜技术治疗肾囊肿

目的探讨耻骨上辅助经脐微双孔腹腔镜技术（SAU—LEMDS）治疗。肾囊肿的安全性、可行性和有效性。方法本组26例,男16例,女10例。年龄18～70岁,平均年龄（48．5±2．5）岁。均为单发肾囊肿,其中左侧18例,右侧8例;囊肿位于肾上极背侧3例、肾上极腹侧3例、肾中部背侧2例、肾中部腹侧3例、肾下极背侧6例、。肾下极腹侧9例。囊肿最大径5．8～12．0cm,平均（7．5±2．0）cm。全麻,健侧70。卧位,脐缘置人两个5mm Trocar及操作器械,自耻骨联合患侧阴毛覆盖区置入-5mm Trocar及腹腔镜。手术方法同普通腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶减压术,标本自脐部任一Trocar取出,无需延长切口。结果全部手术均成功。手术时间20～65min,平均（30±5．6）min。失血量5-20ml,平均（10±2．5）ml。住院时间3-6d,平均（4±0．5）d。术后随访1-3个月,平均（2±0．5）个月,囊肿无复发,术后切口愈合良好,手术瘢痕隐蔽,美容效果佳。结论SAU—LEMDS技术治疗肾囊肿安全可行,可降低经脐单孔腹腔镜技术（U-LESS）手术难度,且具有良好的美容效果;可作为现阶段U—LESS的过渡手术,值得临床推广应用。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术8例分析

目的观察经脐单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾盂癌或输尿管癌的安全性及可行性。方法回顾性分析2011年4～10月在本院入住的肾盂癌或输尿管癌行经脐单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术8例患者的临床资料。术中先行经尿道电切法分离壁内段输尿管。后采用脐周患侧弧形切口,用自制＂两环一套法＂建立单孔腹腔镜通道,行经脐单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术。结果全部手术顺利,手术平均时间（179±18）min,单孔腹腔镜部分平均手术时间（146±17）min,术中平均出血量为（80±51）mL。全部患者术中未输血、无术中并发症发生、无中转开放手术。患者术后72h内排气。3～5d拔除引流管。术后1周拔除导尿管。术后住院天数为8～11d。随访3～9月,均未见肿瘤复发和转移。结论经脐单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术安全可行,美容效果比传统腹腔镜更好。自制＂两环一套法＂建立单孔腹腔镜通道制作简单,操作方便,成本低,能够完成单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术。     

后腹腔镜手术在泌尿系疾病治疗中的应用

目的探讨后腹腔镜手术在泌尿系疾病治疗中应用的临床疗效及安全性。方法采用后腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿系统疾病57例,其中肾囊肿去项术26例,肾上腺手术19例（原发性醛固酮增多症11例,肾上腺无功能腺瘤4例,肾上腺结节性增生3例,肾上腺囊肿1例）,单纯肾切除4例,输尿管切开取石术8例。结果57例中2例中转开放手术,其余55例成功手术。平均手术时间分别为：肾囊肿去顶术58．1±21．4min、肾上腺手术86．0±26．3min、单纯肾切除术172．8±30．2min、输尿管切开取石术2．7±25．9min。术中出血量分别为：肾囊肿去顶术36．7±9．0ml、肾上腺手术72．6±31．5ml、单纯肾切除术93．7±37．6ml、输尿管切开取石术38．6±13．4ml。无输血病例,术后住院时间3～10d（平均6．2d）,无严重并发症发生。结论后腹腔镜手术具有创伤小、恢复快等优点,值得在泌尿系疾病治疗中推广应用。     

后腹腔镜手术在小儿泌尿外科疾病中的应用

目的总结后腹腔镜手术治疗小儿泌尿外科疾病的经验。方法2004年3月至2006年4月共完成后腹腔镜小儿泌尿外科手术48例,包括肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄28例、肾发育不良3例、肾囊肿3例、肾上腺节细胞神经瘤8例、输尿管息肉3例、输尿管结石2例、肾上腺皮质增生症1例。其中男32例,女16例,平均年龄7岁。结果48例手术均获成功。平均手术时间:离断性肾盂成形术95 min、发育不良肾切除术45 min、肾囊肿去顶术42 min、肾上腺节细胞神经瘤切除术51 min、输尿管息肉切除术70 min、输尿管切开取石术60 min。平均术中出血量18 ml。术中无脏器损伤及气体栓塞等严重并发症。术后平均住院时间8 d。输尿管取石术后出现尿路感染1例,离断性肾盂成形术后吻合口狭窄和术后漏尿各1例,相应处理后均痊愈。平均随访时间6(1～24)个月,患者症状消失或好转,未见原发病复发。结论小儿后腹腔镜手术安全可行,具有切口小、出血少、损伤轻、术后恢复快和并发症少等优点,值得临床进一步推广使用。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术中应用的初步体会

目的 总结经脐单孔腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科应用的初步经验.方法 2010年2月至2011年3月,采用单孔三通道Triport建立操作通道,使用常规腹腔镜器械完成单孔腹腔镜手术21例,其中输尿管切开取石9例,输尿管狭窄切除吻合术5例,肾囊肿去顶术5例,无功能肾切除术2例,术前均明确诊断.依术式在脐部行长1.5 ～2.5 cm手术切口建立单孔操作通道,按普通腹腔镜手术步骤进行手术. 结果 21例手术均在经脐单孔腹腔镜操作下完成,无中转开放手术者.输尿管切开取石手术时间120～230 min,平均143 min;输尿管狭窄切开再吻合术手术时间120～180 min,平均157 min;肾囊肿去顶术手术时间95～132 min,平均110 min;无功能肾切除术分别为95、120min.患者术后1～2d恢复肠道功能,2～3d拔除引流管,术后住院4～7d.术后随访4～6个月,症状减轻或消失,未见明显并发症. 结论 经脐单孔腹腔镜手术安全可靠,具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快、手术切口美观等优点,适合逐步推广使用.     

3D腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术中的应用体会

目的 探讨3D腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术中的应用价值.方法 应用Storz 3D腹腔镜完成泌尿外科手术48例,参照经典的手术方式在三维立体手术视野下完成手术.统计手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、并发症、术后住院天数等.结果 本组除1例中转开放性手术外,其余均在3D腹腔镜下顺利完成手术.后者手术时间29 ～ 365 min,其中经腹后腔肾上腺肿瘤切除术、根治性肾切除术(5例)、单纯性肾切除术、包膜下肾切除术、肾和输尿管全程切除术、肾囊肿去顶减压术、肾部分切除术、肾盂输尿管成形术时间分别为29 ～ 150min、46 ～ 175min、60～105min、96～145min、135 ～ 150min、35～50min、125 min、105 ～ 120min;经腹腔肾上腺肿瘤切除术(1例)、根治性肾切除术(3例)、输尿管狭窄闭锁段切除吻合术、输尿管粘连松解术、输尿管切开取石术、双侧输尿管膀胱再植术、根治性膀胱切除+回肠膀胱术(双侧髂血管旁淋巴结清除+膀胱切除时间)、膀胱壁修补术时间分别为175min、148 ～ 164min、90～140min、45min、45～55min、185min、246～268min、30 ～ 48 min.肾蒂阻断时间、肾盂输尿管成形吻合时间、输尿管端端吻合时间、输尿管缝合时间、双侧输尿管膀胱吻合时间分别为22min、90 ～ 105min、40～ 44min、10～35min、82min.术中出血量10 ～ 450mL,术后引流量100～ 500mL,术后继发出血2例,术后住院5～21d,无一例因手术死亡.结论 3D腹腔镜适用于泌尿外科各种手术,特别是高难度手术更有优势,提供了真实的三维立体术野,有较好的应用价值.     

内镜辅助下小切口在泌尿外科手术中的应用(附35例报告)

目的:总结内镜辅助下小切口在泌尿外科手术中的临床应用经验.方法:应用内镜辅助下小切口施行泌尿外科手术35例,其中根治性肾切除术2例,单纯性肾切除术(结核肾、无功能肾)3例,肾上腺肿瘤切除术15例,盂管成形术3例,肾盂输尿管切开取石术2例,肾囊肿去顶减压术10例.结果:①根治性肾切除或单纯性肾切除手术时间平均120 min,术中出血约100 ml;②肾上腺肿瘤切除手术时间平均110 min,术中出血50～80ml;③盂管成形术、肾盂输尿管切开取石术、肾囊肿去顶减压术手术时间平均60～90 min,术中出血50～80 ml.结论:内镜辅助下小切口泌尿外科手术具有创伤小、价格低、无需专门设备及人员培训的特点,易于在基层医院推广普及,为泌尿外科微创手术提供了新方式.     

经阴道NOTES辅助混合腔镜上尿路全切除术(附2例报告)

目的:评价经阴道NOTES辅助混合腔镜上尿路全切除术的临床可行性和有效性。方法:对2例诊断为肾盂癌的女性患者行经阴道NOTES辅助混合腔镜上尿路全切除术。患者全麻,截石位,患侧垫高约60°。经脐部置入2个Trocar,经阴道后穹窿置入1个Trocar;置入操作器械和远端可弯曲腹腔镜,先游离患侧输尿管下段,予Hem-o-lock夹闭。继在CO2气膀胱下行经尿道患侧输尿管口环形电切术,推至膀胱外。再在腹腔镜下行患肾根治性切除术,向下游离输尿管中下段并将末端向上拽离。标本装袋,扩大阴道后穹窿切口取出。结果:手术均顺利完成,术中未出现肠管、实质性器官和大血管损伤等并发症。手术时间分别为245min、185min,术中失血量分别为150ml、100ml,均未输血。术后第7天膀胱灌注后拔除导尿管;术后第8天出院。结论:经阴道NOTES辅助混合腔镜上尿路全切除术安全可行,美容优势明显,值得临床选用。     

腹腔镜治疗泌尿外科疾病463例的临床分析

目的评价腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿外科疾病的方法和疗效。方法采用腹腔镜行肾盂、输尿管切开取石术112例。单纯肾切除术126例、肾囊肿去顶减压术103例、肾部分切除术31例、肾肿瘤根治术15例、肾盂输尿管成形术11例、重复肾输尿管切除术3例、腔静脉后输尿管离断吻合术2例,精索内静脉曲张高位结扎术47例、肾盂肿瘤根治术8例、肾上腺肿瘤或肾上腺切除术5例。术后随访1~12个月。结果 461例(99.6%)获得成功,中转开放2例(0.4%),无输血,无重大并发症。术后随访1~12个月,所有患者症状均消失或好转,未见原发病复发。结论腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿外科疾病安全、有效、创伤小、出血少、患者术后恢复快。     

经阴道NOTES辅助腹腔镜下肾切除术

目的 探讨经阴道NOTES辅助腹腔镜下肾切除术的安全性和可行性.方法 应用经阴道NOTES辅助腹腔镜技术行肾切除术5例.均为女性,中位年龄41(36～63)岁.其中输尿管结石并肾重度积水无功能肾4例,结核肾1例;左侧2例,右侧3例.全麻,截石位,患侧垫高约60.,于左右脐缘置入5 mm和10 mm套管;自阴道后穹窿置入10 mm套管,并由此置入腹腔镜,充分游离患肾后完整切除,装入标本袋自阴道后穹窿切口取出.结果 5例手术均成功完成.术中术后未发生并发症.中位手术时间190(150～260)min,术中中位失血量185(150～210)ml.5例术后第1天下床活动,第2天排气并进饮食.腹腔及盆腔引流管引流液少,术后第3天B超检查腹腔及盆腔无积液,先后拔除引流管.术后第7天脐部切口拆线痊愈出院,经窥阴器检查阴道后穹窿切口愈合良好.结论 经阴道NOTES辅助腹腔镜下肾切除术安全可行,较普通腹腔镜和单孔腹腔镜手术创伤更小,美容效果更佳.     

Cosmetic laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: The cosmetic outcome and recovery time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been improved by modifying the operation technique and reducing the number and size of trocars. The next step to improve cosmetic results is moving two trocars below the pubic hairline. We describe our experience in performing cholecystectomy by a combination of European technique using three trocars and moving two ports below the pubic hairline. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of 72 patients, ASA physical status I and II, who underwent cosmetic laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January 2002 and May 2005 are presented. RESULTS: The median operating time was 33.3 +/- 9.9 min and postoperative hospital stay was 2.2 +/- 0.6 days. No patients required additional trocars or conversion to open cholecystectomy. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications, and all patients reported satisfaction with their postoperative cosmetic results. CONCLUSION: According to our experience, cosmetic laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe procedure with good cosmetic results; however, its use should be based on careful evaluation in each individual case.     

单孔三通道后腹腔镜肾切除术(附2例报告)

目的:探讨应用单孔三通道后腹腔镜技术完成肾切除术的可行性。方法:应用单孔三通道后腹腔镜技术对2例成人无功能肾患者施行肾切除术。腋后线肋缘下作3 cm切口,扩张腹膜后间隙。置入自制的单孔三通道穿刺器,腹腔镜通道为5 mm,另外两个操作通道分别为12 mm和5 mm。手术操作通过前端可弯曲的手术钳、手术剪和超声刀、吸引器完成。结果:2例手术均取得成功。手术时间分别为156 min和174 min;出血量为100 ml和150 ml;术后住院时间均为7天。患者腰部仅留一3 cm大小的手术瘢痕。未发生术中术后并发症。结论:基于胚胎性自然腔道手术(E-NOTES)理论,我们验证了在单孔腹腔镜下建立后腹腔空间及完成肾脏手术的可行性。随着技术和设备的改进,该技术可望为患者提供有效的治疗选择。     

The clinical significance of 50 cases of percutaneous nephroureteral lithotripsy

Percutaneous nephroureteral lithotripsy (PNL) was conducted in 50 patients with renal or ureteral calculi between March 2000 and August 2002. The mean age of patients was 56.6 years (range 25-82 years) and they included 29 males (58.0%) and 21 females (42.0%). The calculi were renal calculi in 38 patients (76.0%) and ureteral calculi in 12 patients (24.0%). The mean number of calculi was 1.5 (1-10 calculi, median number 1). The mean of the maximum calcule diameter was 30.9 mm (15.0-83.0 mm) for the renal calculi and 17.4 mm (8.0-27.0 mm for the ureteral calculi. The lithotripsy device was an ultrasonic lithotriptor (ALOKA) or Lithoclast (SWISS), as appropriate, and was used with a 24 Fr rigid endoscope (TAKEI). All operations were performed under lumbar spinal anesthesia. Eighteen of the 38 renal calculus patients were treated with PNL alone. In the other 19 PNL was combined with postoperative extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Seven of the 12 patients with ureteral calculi were treated with PNL alone, and 5 with PNL combined with postoperative ESWL. After 3 months, the treatment results were Tx(3)-0 in 45 patients (90.0%), and Tx(3)-2 in 5 patients (10.0%). The mean period of postoperative hospitalization was 30.3 days (10-86 days), with a median of 26 days. Complications were renal pelvis perforation in 1 patients and fever of 38.0 degrees C or above in 16 patients, but there was no hemorrhaging that required transfusion or other serious complications. PNL is a safe and reliable treatment method, and should be considered as a treatment option in cases of large calculi when a short treatment period is desired.     

耻骨上辅助经脐微双孔腹腔镜技术治疗精索静脉曲张的临床应用(80例报告)

目的:探讨耻骨上辅助经脐微双孔腹腔镜技术(SAU-LEMDS)治疗精索静脉曲张的安全性、可行性和有效性。方法:本组80例精索静脉曲张男性患者,年龄28.5±2.6(24~44)岁。单纯左侧58例,单纯右侧6例,双侧16例。Ⅰ度25例,Ⅱ度45例,Ⅲ度10例。患者精液分析检查均为弱精子症。蛛网膜下腔麻醉联合静脉麻醉,头低脚高15°仰卧位。于脐左右侧缘分别置入一5 mm Trocar,其中一个Trocar插入分离钳或剪刀等操作器械,另一个Trocar中置入5 mm 30°腹腔镜,自耻骨联合上方阴毛覆盖区置入一5 mm Trocar及操作杆。保留精索内动脉,用丝线双重结扎精索内静脉。如为双侧病变,同法处理对侧。随访观察精液变化及睾丸萎缩、睾丸鞘膜积液发生率等指标,比较患者手术前后精液参数变化。结果:全部手术均成功。单侧手术时间10.0±5.0(8~25)min,双侧手术时间18.0±6.5(15~30)min。失血量1.5±0.5(1~2)ml,住院时间2.0±0.5(1.5~3)d,术后随访12.0±2.5(6~24)个月。精子活力(PR)明显改善[(19.62±3.56)%vs(28.53±5.21)%,P0.05],精子活力恢复正常28例(35.0%,28/80),术后出现睾丸鞘膜积液7例(8.75%,7/80),复发4例(5.0%,4/80),没有睾丸萎缩病例。脐部切口愈合良好,被周围的皱褶所遮蔽,耻骨上小切口被阴毛覆盖,瘢痕不明显,美容效果良好。结论:SAU-LEMDS精索内静脉高位结扎治疗精索静脉曲张安全、有效、可行,与传统的经脐单孔腹腔镜(U-LESS)技术比较具有创伤更小,操作更简便,美容效果更佳的优势,值得临床推广应用。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜阴式肾切除术2例报告并文献复习

目的：报告经脐单孔腹腔镜阴式肾切除术的经验与体会,初步探讨其临床应用价值.方法：1例右侧输尿管上段结石并右肾重度积水、右肾无功能和1例左侧输尿管下段结石并左肾重度积水、左肾无功能患者均行经脐单孔腹腔镜阴式肾切除术.患者取截石位,患侧腰部垫高,取脐缘弧形切口长约3 cm,分别置入Trocar及腹腔镜、操作器械.按照普通腹腔镜方法,充分游离肾脏后将其完整切除,装入自制标本袋,于阴道后穹窿分别切开长约3 cm、4 cm切口,将标本自阴道取出.结果：2例手术均顺利完成,手术时间分别为160 min、260 min,术中失血量分别为150 ml、280 ml.均于术后第1天下床活动.例1于术后第2天肛门通气并进饮食,术后腹腔引流管引出淡红色液体较少,术后第6天尤液体引出予拔除;术后第7天脐部切口拆线痊愈出院.例2术后肠道功能恢复延迟,腹胀.经对症治疗于术后第11天肛门通气并进饮食;术后第12天拔除腹腔引流管并拆线痊愈出院.脐部切口均不明显,阴道切口愈合良好.结论：对有手术指征的患者行经脐单孔腹腔镜阴式肾切除术,脐部切口术后恢复后被周围的皱褶所遮蔽,美容效果良好,且能有效预防脐部切口疝形成,值得临床选用.     

Partial nephrectomy for renal tumors using selective parenchymal clamping

Purpose To describe our experience with partial nephrectomy using selective parenchymal clamping for the treatment of renal tumors. Patients and methods Between 2003 and 2005, seven patients with solid renal tumors underwent partial nephrectomy with selective parenchymal clamping at our Institution. In five, the tumor was in the right kidney and in two the tumor was in the left. Only one patient had a tumor within a solitary kidney. The tumor was located in the upper pole in 2 patients and in the lower pole in 5. Partial nephrectomy was performed with the DeBakey aortic clamp without occlusion of renal vessels. Results Mean operative time was 236 min (range 175–298 min). Mean intraoperative blood loss was 485 ml with only one patient requiring blood transfusion. There were no major complications. Mean preoperative serum creatinine level was 0.74 mg/dl (range 0.58–1.26 mg/dl) and mean postoperative serum creatinine level was 0.81 mg/dl (range 0.69–1.21 mg/dl) with no patient requiring dialysis. Mean hospital postoperative stay was 5 days (range 4–7 days). Mean tumor size was 2.9 cm (range 1.3–4.0 cm). Pathologic analysis detected renal cell carcinoma in 5 patients, angiomyolipoma in 1 and fibrosis with chronic hemorrhage in 1, all with negative surgical margins. After a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 3–32 months), all patients are free of disease recurrence. Conclusion Partial nephrectomy with selective parenchymal clamping allows resection of solid masses without damage to normal renal tissue, avoids the risk of renal failure and offers an excellent local cancer control.     

经脐单孔腹腔镜肾盂输尿管上段切开取石术（附24例报告）

目的：评价经脐单孔腹腔镜（1aparoendoscopic single—site surgery,LESS）。肾盂输尿管切开取石术治疗肾盂及输尿管上段结石的应用价值。方法：施行经脐LESS肾盂输尿管上段切开取石术24例26侧,男10例,女14例;年龄16～71岁,平均45．3岁;结石直径12～30mm。左侧9例,右侧13例,双侧2例。其中肾盂结石2例,输尿管上段结石22例。术前有ESWL史4例（均为单侧）,行URL治疗失败1例,行URL致输尿管穿孔1例。结果：24例手术均获成功,结石均一次取尽。单侧手术时间65～145min,平均80min;2例双侧手术时间分别为205mim和160min。术中出血量15～45m1,平均30ml。3例合并其它泌尿系疾病者同期手术治疗。术中术后均无严重并发症发生,术后3～4天拔除引流管,5～7天拔除尿管并出院。随访2～8个月,脐部瘢痕不明显,无输尿管狭窄,无结石复发。结论：经脐LESS肾盂输尿管上段切开取石术安全、可行、美容效果佳,值得临床选用。