刺激术和毁损术在双侧立体定向手术治疗帕金森病中的比较

目的比较脑深部刺激术和毁损术在双侧立体定向手术治疗帕金森病中的优缺点。方法69例帕金森病病人进行了双侧手术治疗,其中同期双侧丘脑底核(STN)脑深部刺激术(DBS)11例,同期一侧苍白球腹后部毁损术(PVP),另一侧STNDBS3例,分期一侧PVP或腹中间核(Vim)毁损术、另一侧STN或VimDBS9例;分期双侧PVP或Vim毁损术41例,同期双侧PVP5例。平均随访9.3个月。结果UPDRS评分显示刺激术和毁损术均能显著改善对侧肢体震颤、僵硬和运动迟缓症状,双侧刺激术还能改善步态和姿势症状,但双侧毁损术可加重语言、吞咽及流涎等症状,并发症较高。结论双侧DBS是具有双侧症状的帕金森病病人手术治疗的最佳术式,双侧毁损术并发症较高,应严格慎重采用。     

帕金森病核团毁损术疗效与并发症的关系

目的：进一步总结帕金森病的微电极导向苍白球腹后部毁损术和丘脑腹中间核毁损术疗效。方法：微电极导向立体定向核团毁损术治疗帕金森病患者300例。对近期进行的100例患者在手术靶点选择、手术方法、手术疗效和并发症等方面进行总结，并与早期进行的100例手术患者比较。结果：近期进行的100例患者手术效果较好，并发症发生率低。结论：根据患者症状选择合适的毁损术能提高手术疗效；对靶点采用磁共振成像（MRI）图像和座标相结合的定位方法,可减少个体差异引起的误差；适当减少微电极记录针道数，降低毁损温度，能减轻电极与脑组织粘连，减少脑出血等并发症。     

脑深部电刺激对帕金森病二次手术的临床应用价值

目的探讨帕金森病(Parkinson'sdisease,PD)毁损术后再行脑深部电刺激术(deepbrainstimulation,DBS)的可行性、靶点选择、术中电生理学特点和治疗结果。方法应用MRI和微电极记录技术进行靶点定位,对13例毁损术后的PD患者行DBS手术,其中7例曾行单侧苍白球毁损术(posteroventralpallidotomy,PVP),5例曾行单侧丘脑毁损术,1例曾行双侧丘脑及左侧苍白球毁损术。DBS的靶点包括单侧丘脑底核(subthalamicnucleus,STN)6例,单侧丘脑腹中间核(ventralintermediatnucleus,Vim)1例,双侧STN4例,一侧STN及对侧苍白球(globuspallidusinternus,Gpi)2例。结果DBS对毁损术后的PD患者症状有不同程度的改善,其中单侧毁损术后行双侧DBS效果最明显。术后3个月的UPDRS运动及ADL评分较术前明显减少(P<0.05或0.01),美多巴的用量明显减少(P<0.05),无新的手术合并症。结论曾行毁损术的PD患者如面临二次手术,可以选择DBS手术,以双侧STN的DBS效果最好,并可减少药物用量,不加重原有的术后并发症。     

60例帕金森病脑立体定向术的临床研究

目的：本研究旨在运用脑立体定向技术,治疗帕金森病,研究靶点的选择、影像学定位、电生理刺激,评估手术疗效。方法：通过CT或MR导向,辅以电生理刺激矫正靶点,对60例帕金森病（PD）患者行丘脑（Vim)或苍白球（PVP）进行射频术;或对底丘脑核（STN）进行脑深部刺激（DBS）。根据术前、术后Webster和UPDRS评分比较临床治疗效果。结果：在60例的手术治疗中,包括2例进行了二侧手术,5例进行了DBS,结果显示有效率100%,术后1月Wwebster评分下降了30%,UP-DRS评分下降了37%,患者生活质量明显提高,无永久性手术并发症和死亡。结论：从长期的治疗效果来看,PD的手术治疗优于单纯的药物治疗;通过MR导向,术中运用电生理刺激和微电极定位使靶点毁损更加准确;对于PD的主要症状的控制,选择Vim或PVP是最佳的靶点;DBS对PD症状的控制较毁损疗效持久,且并发症少,PD患者第二次手术靶点应首选PVP。     

微电极导向多靶点毁损手术治疗帕金森病

目的总结微电极导向多靶点毁损手术治疗帕金森病的初步经验,探讨帕金森病的多靶点毁损手术治疗的方法.方法对24例临床表现为混合型的帕金森病患者进行了多靶点毁损手术治疗,单纯双侧PVP13例,单纯一侧PVP另一侧Vim7例,一侧PVP另一侧同期PVP加Vim4例.术毕、术后1周进行临床疗效观察,UPDRS综合评分对比.结果术毕所有患者的肢体活动灵活性立即得到改善,肢体震颤基本消失.3例术前药物所致“异动症”术后立即消除.术前和术后1周UPDRS评分开状态为61.56±19.65和27.03±10.42,下降56.09%;关状态为89.54±70.45和35.56±10.21,下降60.29%,差异显著.结论微电极导向技术的应用在多靶点毁损治疗中,对准确定位起着重要的保障作用,24例患者毁损术中,通过微电极记录均记录到清晰的苍白球腹后部和丘脑Vim核的放电波形以及出边界时波形消失的改变,保障了靶点定位准确.在PVP手术中,出苍白球腹后部边界后,均明确发现光线照射双眼后所诱发的视束反应电位,对避免视束损伤起重要的指导作用.术后没有发现视野改变.微电极导向多靶点手术治疗帕金森病能够较好控制帕金森病的双侧症状,并且并发症轻微,长期疗效有待于病例数的积累和进一步随访.     

丘脑底核电刺激治疗苍白球毁损术后的帕金森病(12例报告)

目的探讨帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)苍白球腹后部毁损术(posteroventral pallidotomy,PVP)后再行丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus,STN)脑深部电刺激术(deep brain stimulation,DBS)的可行性、术中电生理学特点和治疗结果。方法应用MR和微电极记录技术进行靶点定位,对12例单侧PVP术后症状再次加重的PD患者实施STN-DBS手术,其中4例行毁损灶对侧的STN-DBS,8例行双侧STN-DBS。结果STN-DBS对本组12例PD患者症状有不同程度的改善,双侧STN-DBS的效果尤为明显,术后3个月的UPDRS运动及ADL评分较术前明显减少(P<0．05或0．01),美多巴的用量明显减少(P<0．01),无明显术后并发症。术中电生理记录显示毁损灶同侧的细胞放电明显低于正常情况。结论曾行单侧PVP的PD患者如面临二次手术,可以选择DBS手术,以双侧STN的DBS效果最好,可减少药物用量。     

丘脑底核慢性电刺激与苍白球毁损术治疗帕金森病疗效比较

目的分别应用脑深部电刺激(deepbrainstimulation,DBS)和苍白球毁损术(posteroventralpallidot-omy,PVP)治疗原发性帕金森病(Parkinson'sdisease,PD),对照研究DBS和PVP对PD患者的震颤、肢体僵硬、运动迟缓的疗效。方法应用CT影像学与微电极电生理定位结合的方法进行靶点定位,为11例帕金森病患者进行同期双侧丘脑底核电极植入,26例患者进行分期双侧苍白球腹后部毁损术,经过至少6个月的随访并行UPDRS评分。结果11例同期进行双侧丘脑底核电极植入及26例分期进行双侧苍白球毁腹后部毁损术患者术后的震颤、肢体僵硬、运动迟缓症状均不同程度的改善,但以DBS手术的改善程度更为明显,两组患者手术前后的UPDRS评分下降程度差异显著(P<0.05)。结论双侧同期DBS是目前治疗PD相对较好的方法,双侧电极植入在改善肢体症状的同时可以明显控制、改善中轴症状,在治疗中晚期PD患者方面较PVP有较大的优势。     

帕金森病毁损术治疗的手术方式选择与疗效关系

目的：总结帕金森病（PD）苍白球和丘脑毁损术的手术方式选择与手术效果关系。方法：对213例PD患者进行了221次微电极导向立体定向手术治疗。临床分型;震颤型17例,僵直型38例,震颤僵直型158例,其中苍白球腹后部毁损术（PVP）171例;丘脑腹中间核（Vim)毁损术21例;同期同侧PVP和Vim毁损术8例;同期双侧PVP5例,分期双侧PVP8例。结果：术后UPDRS评分发现上述各种术式在“关”状态下和“开”状态下症状均有明显改善。改善率分别为50.8%-60.8%和28.7-36.6%,但以多靶点毁损术为佳。同期双侧PVP发生明显构音障碍,吞咽困难1例,结论：应根据不同症状选择不同术式,PVP对僵直、“开-关”现象、异动症,肢体无力及肌肉酸痛效果较好,震颤效果略微差一些,对运动迟缓、连带动作、语言发音也有一定改善率,但对平衡,步态及姿势等轴性症状效果较差。甚至个别症人术后步态障碍加重。Vim毁损术对震颤效果最为理想,同期双侧PVP手术易产生并发症,应慎重采用。     

微电极引导立体定向核团毁损和脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病

目的研究微电极引导立体定向颅内核团毁损和脑深部电刺激手术(deep brain stimulation,DBS)治疗帕金森病的临床疗效。方法分析我院116例应用微电极引导立体定向核团毁损术和85例应用脑深部电刺激术治疗的帕金森病患者的临床资料,获得术前、术后和DBS开启后6个月、1年、3年及5年的不同服药状态下帕金森病联合评分量表(UPDRS)的评分,比较手术前后UPDRS运动评分的差异。结果核团毁损术和DBS在术后6个月、1年和3年的随访中均能显著改善患者术前UPDRS运动评分,在第5年仅DBS组UPDRS运动评分较术前有改善,同时DBS组患者术后抗帕金森病药物用量较术前减少。结论核团毁损和脑深部电刺激手术均能显著改善帕金森病患者的UPDRS运动评分,DBS疗效更为长久。     

立体定向脑内核团毁损及深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病54例临床分析

目的探讨立体定向脑内核团毁损术及深部电刺激术（DBS）治疗帕金森病的疗效。方法对长期随访的45例接受立体定向核团毁损术和9例接受脑深部电刺激丘脑底核（STN）治疗的帕金森病患者进行疗效评估和临床分析。结果1例DBS病人术后无效,调整电极后效果满意,射频毁损术及DBS术后短期效果均满意,本组显效47例（87％）,有效7例（13％）,总有效率100％。日常生活能力（ADL）评分：“开”状态下提高38％,“关”状态下提高49％。统一帕金森病评分量表（UPDRS）评分：“开”状态下症状改善率52％,“关”状态下改善率72％。随访结果：射频毁损者复发率为17．8％,DBS者无复发。结论立体定向脑内核团毁损及深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病疗效满意,精确定位是手术成功的关键,微电极记录可提高手术的准确性。DBS具有非破坏性、可双侧同期手术、术后可调节等优点,但价格昂贵。     

Risks of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with Parkinson's disease receiving deep brain stimulation and ablation

ObjectivesThis study analyzed risk factors for hemorrhage in a large series of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and ablation procedures in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsSix hundred and forty four subjects with advanced PD treated with DBS or ablation procedures between March 1999 and December 2007 were enrolled in the study. Procedures were performed by the same surgeon, and included DBS in 126 patients, ablation in 507 patients and DBS after prior unilateral ablation procedures in 11 patients. Of 796 target procedures, 207 were DBS including 202 subthalamic nucleus (STN) targets, 3 ventralis intermedius nucleus (Vim) targets and 2 globus pallidus internus (GPi) targets, and the others were 589 ablation procedures including 474 GPi targets and 115 Vim targets. Postoperative CT or MRI was performed in all patients within 24 h of lead implantation or ablation treatment. Statistical correlation analysis of risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was performed by stepwise logistic regression. Explanatory variables were patient age, sex, blood pressure, anatomical targets, the number of microelectrode recording (MER) penetrations and surgical modality.ResultsPostoperative symptomatic ICH occurred in 10 cases (8 pallidotomy and 2 thalamotomy) and asymptomatic ICH in 14 cases (9 pallidotomy, 4 thalamotomy and 1 DBS). Hypertension and surgical modality were significant factors contributing to hemorrhage (both P < 0.05). The likelihood of hemorrhage in hypertensive patients was 2.5 times that in normotensive patients. The risk of hemorrhage during ablation was 5.4 times that in DBS. The number of MER trajectories did not significantly correlate with ICH occurrence (P = 0.07). No statistically significant difference was found in age, sex and anatomical targets.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that hypertension is a risk factor for ICH in PD patients. DBS is generally a safe surgical modality as compared with ablation. Increasing microelectrode trajectories seemed to increase the risk of ICH, but no statistically significant difference was found (P = 0.07).     

苍白球腹后部毁损术中的靶点解剖定位和电生理定位

目的 总结苍白球腹后部毁损术中的靶点定位方法。方法 采用MRI扫描，前50例用坐标定位法计算靶点坐标，平均记录2．6个针道微电极信号；后191例采用坐标定位和图像定位相结合的方法计算靶点坐标，平均记录1．3个针道微电极信号。结果 MRI图像能显示苍白球各部分、内囊及视束等结构。微电极记录可确认苍白球内侧部边界、视束等结构。前50例患者坐标调整的百分数明显高于后191例患者。结论 MRI坐标定位和图像定位相结合，减少了个体差异引起的误差，使解剖定位更加准确。微电极记录技术是MRI定位方法的必要补充。     

Treating post-traumatic tremor with deep brain stimulation: Report of five cases

BackgroundPost-traumatic tremor is one of the most common movement disorders resulting from severe head trauma. However, literature regarding successful deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment is scarce, resulting in ambiguity regarding the optimal lead location. Most cases support the ventral intermediate nucleus, but there is evidence to defend DBS of the zona incerta, ventral oralis anterior/posterior, and/or a combination of these targets. We report five patients with disabling post-traumatic tremor treated with DBS of the ventral intermediate nucleus and of the globus pallidus internus.MethodsPatients were referred to the Vanderbilt Movement Disorders Division, and surgical intervention was determined by a DBS Multidisciplinary Committee. Standard DBS procedure was followed.ResultsPatients 1–4 sustained severe diffuse axonal injuries. Patients 1–3 underwent unilateral ventral intermediate nucleus DBS for contralateral tremor, while Patient 4 underwent bilateral ventral intermediate nucleus DBS. Patients 1–3 experienced good tremor reduction, while Patient 4 experienced moderate tremor reduction with some dystonic posturing of the hands. Patient 5 had dystonic posturing of the right upper extremity with tremor of the left upper extremity. He was treated with bilateral DBS of the globus pallidus internus and showed good tremor reduction at follow-up.ConclusionUnilateral or bilateral DBS of the ventral intermediate nucleus and bilateral DBS of the globus pallidus internus may be effective and safe treatment modalities for intractable post-traumatic tremor. Further studies are needed to clarify the optimal target for surgical treatment of post-traumatic tremor.     

Deep brain stimulation in neuropsychiatric disorders

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and internal globus pallidus has been put forth as an alternative to surgical ablation for the treatment of movement disorders. In this paper, the authors discuss the history and putative physiologic mechanisms underlying DBS of these target regions. The authors then review empirical findings pertaining to the effects of DBS on neurological symptoms, cognitive functioning, and psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor, the disorders for which the procedure has been most extensively applied. Finally, emerging and potential novel areas of application of DBS for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and symptoms are discussed.     

Deep brain stimulation in neuropsychiatric disorders

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and internal globus pallidus has been put forth as an alternative to surgical ablation for the treatment of movement disorders. In this paper, the authors discuss the history and putative physiologic mechanisms underlying DBS of these target regions. The authors then review empirical findings pertaining to the effects of DBS on neurological symptoms, cognitive functioning, and psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor, the disorders for which the procedure has been most extensively applied. Finally, emerging and potential novel areas of application of DBS for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and symptoms are discussed.     

Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus internus for dystonia

Neuromodulation is the functional modification of neural structures through the use of electrical stimulation. Its most clinically applicable use is deep brain stimulation (DBS) of basal ganglia structures in Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). More recently, it has been used as a means of treating dystonic movement disorders. The main target of DBS for dystonia is the posteroventral globus pallidus internus (GPi), although the thalamus has been used as an alternate target in a minority of cases. In comparison to the effects seen in PD, the improvement in dystonic postures appear to differ in several ways--delay of clinical benefit, higher voltage requirements, and varied stimulator settings. In this review, the authors discuss the clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, microelectrode recording (MER) signatures, optimal surgical targets, programming parameters and outcomes in dystonia.     

Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a review and update

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical treatment of severe forms of Parkinson's disease, already applied to three targets, the thalamus, the internal pallidum (GPi) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Thalamic DBS mainly improves contralateral tremor and is therefore restricted to a small group of patients with tremor dominant disease. STN and GPi DBS improve off-motor periods and dyskinesias. The magnitude of the improvement seems more constant with STN DBS than with GPi, but there is very little comparative data between these procedures. The DBS procedure has the unique advantage of reversibility and adjustability over time. Most authors agree that bilateral DBS is reasonably safe, which is not the case of ablation. In any event, surgery is restricted to patients disabled by their condition but still responding well at times to levodopa, who are generally fit with no behavioural, mood or cognitive impairment. DBS can have side effects. Side effects more specific to the DBS procedure are infection, disconnection and hardware failure. DBS, like ablative surgery can induce an intracranial lesion like a hematoma or a stroke. There are side effects more specific to the target like postural instability, dysarthria or paresthesia in the thalamus and dyskinesias or eyelid opening apraxia in the STN. The mechanism by which high frequency DBS mimics the effect of ablation is not fully understood.     

Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease

The surgical treatment of Parkinson’s disease has been through a revival phase over the last 20 years with the development of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Thalamic DBS was developed first and has proven to be a very effective treatment for tremor. The limitation is the lack of effect on other symptoms. Other targets were therefore investigated, and the procedure was applied to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi). STN stimulation can improve a wide range of symptoms and is currently the preferred target for many patients. Nevertheless, the morbidity seems higher than with other targets, and the selection criteria have to be quite strict. When STN DBS is not advised, thalamic DBS remains an option for patients with severe tremor, and GPi stimulation for those with severe dyskinesias. DBS remains a symptomatic treatment for a limited number of patients; it does not seem to alter the disease progression, and many patients are not suitable. There is, therefore, the need for further research into other targets and other approaches.     

Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of movement disorders]

The introduction of deep brain stimulation (DBS) was a historical step forward for the treatment of advanced and medically intractable movement disorders that include Parkinson's disease, dystonias, essential tremor, and Holmes' tremor. DBS is able to modulate the target region electrically in a reversible and adjustable fashion in contrast to an irreversible and destructive lesioning procedure. In the treatment of movement disorders, the potential targets are the thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim), globus pallidus internus (GPi), subthalamic nucleus (STN), pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), and thalamic Vo-complex nucleus. With the development of DBS technology and stereotactic neurosurgical techniques, its therapeutic efficacy has been increased while reducing surgical complications. DBS has become an established therapy for disabling movement disorders and is currently being used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders.