Choroidal neovascularization secondary to half-dose photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: A case report

Rationale:Half-dose or reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin has been well acknowledged to be the most effective and permanent treatment with very low rates of complications. However, we report a case of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) who developed choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to half-dose PDT within only 3 weeks. Such an occurrence following this short a course of treatment has not been reported previously.Patient concerns:A 46-year-old Chinese man who had been diagnosed as acute more than 1 year ago revisited our department recently and complained of blurred vision again in his left eye.Diagnoses:Fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) revealed patchy hyperfluorescent dots and optical coherence tomography (OCT) indicated irregular flat pigment epithelium detachment (PED) in the central macula. The patient was diagnosed with chronic CSC.Interventions:The patient was treated by half-dose PDT with verteporfin. Three weeks later, the patient complained of sudden blurred vision and fundus examination showed macular hemorrhages with a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/250. OCT angiography (OCTA) showed a distinct area of flower-like CNV located within the deep retinal slab. Secondary CNV had developed after a quite short course of half-dose PDT treatment. Subsequently, the patient was administered by 2 intravitreal injections of aflibercept (2 mg).Outcomes:Two months after the second intravitreal injection, macular hemorrhages and secondary CNV were completely resolved, and the BCVA improved to 20/25.Lessons:Patients of chronic CSC with irregular PED who undergo PDT should be warned of secondary CNV within a short course after treatment. If happened, it should be treated by intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents as soon as possible.     

The laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:At present, laser is regarded as an effective treatment for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. With the breakthrough of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs in ophthalmology clinical research, the intravitreal injection of ranibizumab is widely applied, but both methods have their limitations, so some clinical studies have combined and applied them together. However, the clinical results are inconsistent and controversial, and there is no relevant system evaluation for the laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion now.Objective:Meta analysis is used to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion.Method:CNKI, VIP, WANFANG, China Biology Medicine disc, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library have used random controlled clinical trial of laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion from the establishment of the database to October 2020. Two researchers conducted independent screening, quality assessment and data extraction for the literatures, and used RevMan5.3 to conduct Meta analysis for the included literatures.Result:The research has evaluated the effectiveness and safety of the laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion through the aspects of the best corrected visual acuity 6 months after operation, macular center thickness and the incidence of adverse reactions such as elevated intraocular pressure, endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage and cataract.Conclusion:Laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion has good effect, and the research has provided reliable evidence for the use of clinical treatment of the laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion.     

Significant vision improvement and successful prevention of recurrence by electroacupuncture in hemiretinal vein occlusion combined with macular edema: A case report

Rationale:Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second commonest retinal vascular pathology, with macular edema (ME) as one of its major complications, which could finally cause vision loss. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF therapy), as the standard therapy, has an unsustainable effect and needs repeated injections, which associates with frequent adverse events and significant economic burden. We reported a patient who had developed RVO and ME, and finally recovered after electroacupuncture treatment.Patient concerns:A 56-year-old woman complained a decrease of visual acuity in the right eye for 1 year. She received injection of 0.5 mg Conbercept, one of the anti-VEGF therapies, in the vitreous cavity 6 times in 1 year, and finally turned to acupuncture for help out of short-term effectiveness after each injection and high expenditure (CNY 40,800). No other severe medical history was reported.Diagnosis:Under comprehensive consideration of clinical manifestations and the results of fluorescein fundus angiography and optical coherence tomography, the patient was diagnosed with hemi-RVO and ME.Interventions:The patient received electroacupuncture 3 sessions per week throughout 8 months (93 sessions in total).Outcomes:The visual acuity of the patient was improved from 0.6 to 0.9 after the 8-month electroacupuncture treatment and remained stable during the 24-month follow-up; the central retinal thickness remained stable between 350 and 414 throughout the treatment and follow-up periods. Patients regarded the vision-related quality of life as satisfactory. The total expenditure of electroacupuncture treatment was CNY 6045. The patient did not receive any Conbercept injection over the whole period of 32 months. No relevant adverse events occurred.Lessons:Electroacupuncture might be effective in alleviating the symptoms of hemi-RVO-associated ME, with a potential of long-lasting effect. The frequency of anti-VEGF therapy could be reduced to the most extent, and the possibility of recurrence could be reduced as well, resulting good economic benefits.     

Recurrent macular hole retinal detachment in a patient with pathologic myopia treated by additional intravitreal silicone oil injection: A case report

Rationale:Treatment of macular hole retinal detachment (MHRD) in patients with pathologic myopia may require multiple surgeries due to the risk of surgical failures or recurrences. Intravitreal silicone oil injection before an additional surgery may be another option for recurrent MHRD in aphakic eyes, but this procedure is rarely performed.Patient concerns:A 69-year-old man visited the hospital with a chief complaint of metamorphopsia in his right eye for 5 days. The right eye had undergone a cataract extraction 5 years prior and an Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy 1 year prior. The axial length was 36.18 mm; the fundus examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed inferior retinal detachment with a macular hole involving the posterior pole. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, endolaser photocoagulation, and silicone oil tamponade were performed. Five months after the surgery, the retina was detached, and a macular hole was observed.Diagnosis:Recurrent MHRD in a patient with pathologic myopia.Intervention:PPV with ILM peeling, endolaser photocoagulation, and silicone oil tamponade at the initial visit and additional intravitreal silicone oil injection (0.5 ml) at follow-up visits.Outcomes:The retina was well-attached until 5 months after the additional intravitreal silicone oil injection.Lessons:Additional intravitreal silicone oil injection can be a good option for treating MHRD in aphakic eyes if the detachment of the retina is dependent on posturing. The surgeon should consider the volume of silicone oil or postoperative posturing in the treatment of MHRD.     

Unilateral branch retinal artery occlusion in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report

Rationale:Ocular involvements in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are not rare but extremely varied. Here we present a very meaningful case with unilateral branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) secondary to undetected SLE, for which immunotherapy showed significant effect, which led to complete resolution of macular edema.Patient concerns:A 31-year-old female patient, so far without any previous illnesses, presented with a sudden onset of painless diminution of vision in left eye for 5 days. Diagnosis: Signs of branch retinal artery occlusion and macular ischemic edema were observed on the left fundus, which was further confirmed by Fundus fluorescein angiography and OCT. BRAO was initially proposed. However, after ophthalmological treatment for BRAO, visual acuity and macular edema improvement was limited. Physical examination revealed erythema on the hands and feet, together with her experience of hair loss and joint pain. The patient was diagnosed with SLE.Interventions and outcomes:The patient received systemic immunotherapy, which resulted in visual improvement to 20/20.Lessons:This is a rare monocular vaso-occlusive retinopathy in SLE with mainly diffuse nonperfusion and small arterial and arteriolar occlusion in the retina, as distinct from more common vasculitis. Even without intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF, systemic immunotherapy can be effective for the treatment of macular edema.     

Photodynamic therapy for radiation maculopathy: A case report

Rationale:The best treatment protocol for radiation maculopathy in children has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on radiation maculopathy.Patient concerns:An 11-year-old boy who was originally diagnosed with orbital rhabdomyosarcoma when he was 1 year old, in October 2008. The lesion improved after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. A cataract was detected in his right eye in May 2011, and he underwent cataract surgery in July 2011. Continuous amblyopia training maintained his visual acuity in his right eye. In January 2017, his visual acuity was reduced and macular edema was detected with optical coherence tomography.Diagnoses:We diagnosed radiation maculopathy, from the history of radiation therapy, macular edema by optical coherence tomography, and hyperfluorescent site by fluorescein angiography.Interventions:We performed PDT in June 2017.Outcomes:Treatment with PDT improved macular edema and his visual acuity.Lessons:Radiation retinopathy is progressive disorder with poor prognosis. PDT could be considered to treat radiation maculopathy.     

Age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration is a major cause of blindness worldwide. With ageing populations in many countries, more than 20% might have the disorder. Advanced age-related macular degeneration, including neovascular age-related macular degeneration (wet) and geographic atrophy (late dry), is associated with substantial, progressive visual impairment. Major risk factors include cigarette smoking, nutritional factors, cardiovascular diseases, and genetic markers, including genes regulating complement, lipid, angiogenic, and extracellular matrix pathways. Some studies have suggested a declining prevalence of age-related macular degeneration, perhaps due to reduced exposure to modifiable risk factors. Accurate diagnosis combines clinical examination and investigations, including retinal photography, angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Dietary anti-oxidant supplementation slows progression of the disease. Treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration incorporates intraocular injections of anti-VEGF agents, occasionally combined with other modalities. Evidence suggests that two commonly used anti-VEGF therapies, ranibizumab and bevacizumab, have similar efficacy, but possible differences in systemic safety are difficult to assess. Future treatments include inhibition of other angiogenic factors, and regenerative and topical therapies.     

The combination therapy of subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection and intravitreal brolucizumab for brolucizumab-related intraocular inflammation

Rationale:Brolucizumab is a novel anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent with clinical trials demonstrating excellent efficacy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in both visual and anatomic outcomes. However, there is concern of intraocular inflammation (IOI), and we propose concurrent subtenon triamcinolone acetonide (STTA) to prevent IOI.Patient concern:A 73-year-old man was treated with aflibercept for neovascular AMD in his right eye. Despite 11 months of monthly intravitreal aflibercept injections, optical coherence tomography demonstrated persistent exudation. Ten days following his second brolucizumab injection, the patient presented with decreased vision due to vitritis in his right eyeDiagnosis:Brolucizumab-related IOI in neovascular AMD refractory to aflibercept.Interventions:A combination therapy involving of intravitreal brolucizumab and STTAOutcomes:The anti-vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor was changed back to aflibercept; however, exudation persisted. Therefore, a combination therapy involving STTA (5 mg/0.5 mL) and intravitreal injection of brolucizumab (6.0 mg/0.05 mL) was performed to treat the exudation and as prophylaxis to recurrent IOI. Combination therapy achieved no recurrent IOI and resolution of exudation with 8-week treatment intervals.Lessons:This case might indicate that STTA is not only an optimal treatment option for brolucizumab-related IOI but also a preventive agent for this condition.     

雷珠单抗治疗老年患者视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的临床观察

目的分析玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗对老年视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)继发黄斑水肿(ME)患者的疗效。方法回顾性研究2018年1月—2019年12月,复旦大学附属华东医院眼科收治的37例(37眼)老年RVO继发ME确诊患者。所有患者均接受3+PRN治疗方案,玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗。分别于治疗前和治疗后1、3、6个月时,检测患者最佳矫正视力(BCVA);通过光学相干断层扫描分析患眼黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CMT)、黄斑区平均视网膜厚度(MMT)及黄斑中心体积(CMV)的变化情况。结果与治疗前比较,治疗后1、3和6个月患者的平均BCVA改善(χ²=37.70,P<0.05),CMT(F=22.06,P<0.01)及MMT变薄(F=30.75,P<0.01),CMV减小(F=27.57,P<0.01)。研究期间2例患者出现球结膜下出血,未见其他严重不良反应。结论玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗治疗能一定程度上提高老年RVO继发ME患者的视力,减轻ME,有助于恢复患者的视网膜正常结构。     

Bilateral Trichosporon asahii keratitis after ptosis correction: A case report

Rationale:Fungal keratitis (FK) is a severe vision-threatening disease that can lead to corneal perforation or endophthalmitis despite proper treatment. It is important to diagnose the disease promptly due to its indolent nature and disproportionate disease symptoms. Trichosporon asahii is reported rarely as the causative organism of FK. We report a case of highly unusual bilateral T asahii keratitis following ptosis surgery.Patient concerns:An 86-year-old female underwent bilateral levator resection surgery for ptosis. Postoperatively, the patient complained of gradually worsening bilateral ocular pain and a decrease in visual acuity associated with a chronic non-healing epithelial defect.Diagnoses:Both eyes of the patient were evaluated using best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit-lamp examination, fundus examination, and corneal culture. Multifocal deep stromal infiltrates were found in both corneas. Cultures from both corneal ulcers revealed growth of T asahii. Optical coherence tomographic examination showed bilateral macular edema.Interventions:The patient was treated with revisional ptosis surgery, an antifungal agent for the corneal ulcer, and intravitreal injection of steroid for macular edema.Outcomes:Both eyes recovered well. Her best-corrected visual acuity improved from 20/200 to 20/40 in the right eye and from 20/100 to 20/40 in the left eye.Lessons:FK can develop in the cornea when certain risk factors are present, including recent lid surgery, chronic keratitis, and steroid eye drop use. Identification and correction of risk factors can be beneficial in the treatment of FK.     

Difference in the efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implant before and after silicone oil removal: A case report

Rationale:An intravitreal dexamethasone (IV-DEX) implant is safe and effective for the treatment of macular edemas; however, the efficacy of IV-DEX implants in silicone oil (SO)-filled eyes remains controversial. There is no previous study comparing an IV-DEX implant in the same eye with and without intravitreal SO.Patient concerns:A 72-year-old man with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, treated with pars plana vitrectomy with SO tamponade had refractory macular edema.Diagnosis:Refractory macular edema.Intervention:Subtenon triamcinolone injection, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection, and IV-DEX implantation were performed; this was followed by intravitreal SO removal combined with IV-DEX implantation.Outcomes:The macular edema did not decrease significantly with posterior subtenon triamcinolone injection, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection, and IV-DEX implantation; however, the edema was relieved after SO removal and a new IV-DEX implantation.Lessons:IV-DEX implant may be less efficacious in the treatment of macular edema in an SO-filled eye than that in a normal vitreous cavity.     

Efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease and bilateral panuveitis: Two case reports

Introduction:Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease is a multisystemic disorder characterized by intraocular inflammation associated with serous retinal detachment, optic disc edema, uveitis, and vitritis, and is often associated with neurologic and cutaneous manifestations. Diagnosis can be assisted by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography that can help evaluate changes in the retina. Therapy relies mainly on the use of corticosteroids, administrated through oral or intravenous high-dose pulses, and immunosuppressants. The purpose of our study was to assess the outcome of VKH disease with bilateral panuveitis treated with dexamethasone intravitreal implant.Patient concerns:Two patients without underlying disease had severe vision deterioration, eye pain, following flu-like symptoms.Diagnosis:At initial diagnosis, macular edema and sub-retinal fluid lobulated accumulation were noted under SD-OCT exam. FAG revealed multiple pinpoint leakage around macula and pooling of dye within sub-retinal space.Interventions:All two patients received intravenous pulse methylprednisolone at the diagnosis, followed by oral prednisolone and cyclosporine. One patient received bilateral eye dexamethasone intravitreal implant two weeks after diagnosis, while the other received left eye dexamethasone intravitreal implant at the time of diagnosis.Outcomes:Vision and macular structure recovered more rapidly after receiving dexamethasone implants in the short-term follow-up. All macular structures recovered to normal, and vision recovered to 20/20 in both eyes. One patient, receiving bilateral dexamethasone implant, didn’t relapse during the 13-month follow-up; the other, receiving left eye dexamethasone implant, didn’t relapse during the 6-month follow-up. None of them required intravenous high-dose steroids again.Conclusion:VKH disease is a multisystemic disorder; intravenous pulse steroid therapy and oral prednisolone can control systemic inflammation. In addition to systemic prednisolone treatment of VKH disease in the acute phase, dexamethasone implants can enhance short-term and long-term control of intraocular anti-inflammation.     

Bilateral retinal pigment epithelial tears in acute central serous chorioretinopathy without bullous retinal detachment: A case report

Rationale:Several reports have described retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tears in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). However, there have been no reports of spontaneously large RPE tears in acute CSC without bullous retinal detachment (RD). Herein, we report and provide sequential images of a case of bilateral spontaneous large RPE tears in patient with acute CSC without bullous RD.Patient Concerns:An 88-year-old female patient was admitted with impaired vision in both eyes, which began 10 days prior. The visual acuity was 0.4 and 0.5 in the right and left eye, respectively. She had started taking oral steroids 2 weeks prior for polymyalgia.Diagnosis:Ophthalmologic examinations, including fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescence angiography, were performed, and she was diagnosed with steroid-induced acute CSC in both eyes with large pigment epithelial detachment (PED) of approximately 4-disc diameter. Discontinuation of steroids and follow-up ophthalmic examinations were performed. However, a spontaneous large RPE tear occurred in the right eye.Interventions:We performed follow-ups more frequently and CSC treatment such as laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections were not performed.Outcomes:Nine months later, a spontaneous large RPE tear occurred sequentially in the left eye. Her final visual acuity was 0.3 and 0.15 in the right and left eye, respectively.Lessons:Patients may spontaneously develop large RPE tears in both eyes, despite no treatment for acute CSC with non-bullous RD. Large PED and old age may affect this. Therefore, for a CSC patient with a large PED and advanced age, attention must be paid when determining treatment.     

Therapie des diabetischen Makulaödems

Background

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a common cause of diabetes-related visual impairment that also affects patients of working age. Laser treatment has been the gold standard of DME treatment for decades. The introduction of intravitreal injection therapies, e.?g. anti-VEGF therapy, has widened the range of treatment options. This allows more individualized DME therapy and improves the prognosis for vision.

Objectives

This article aims to provide a short overview of current therapy options and their relevance in DME treatment based on recent studies and treatment recommendations.

Results

VEGF-Inhibitors represent a first-line treatment and are superior to laser treatment when DME affects the fovea. In addition to ranibizumab and aflibercept, bevacizumab is used off-label. High treatment frequencies with an average of seven to nine injections in the 1st year and monthly controls, if possible using optical coherence tomography, are crucial. The number of injections required decreases thereafter. The gain in visual acuity of on average two to three lines demonstrated in studies is usually not achieved in real life due to under-treatment. Intravitreal steroids provide longer treatment effects, but are second choice due to local side effects, mainly cataract and glaucoma. Laser therapy remains an option (1st choice in extrafoveal DME). In special cases, vitrectomy may be indicated.

Conclusions

Modern DME treatment permits individualized therapies based on multimodal diagnostics while taking the patient’s individual situation and wishes into account. However, in order to make effective use of these opportunities , early diagnosis (screening), adequate patient motivation, and appropriate risk factor adjustment are required.

     

Diagnosis of keratoconus in a young male by electrophysiological test findings: A case report

Rationale:The purpose of this report was to describe the diagnostic process of a case of keratoconus (KCN) after electrophysiological examination.Patient concerns:A 23-year-old male army officer presented with decreased visual acuity (VA) in the left eye for 5 months. Best-corrected VA was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/300 in the left eye. The cornea and lens were clear in both eyes with a normal anterior chamber. No specific abnormalities were found on fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), or full-field electroretinography (ffERG) of both eyes. Pattern visual-evoked potentials (PVEP) detected a reduced amplitude and delayed peak time of the P100-wave in both eyes, which was more severe in the left eye. The amplitude and peak time of the P2-wave in flash VEP (FVEP) were comparable in both eyes and were within the normal ranges.Diagnosis:Corneal topography was performed, and KCN was diagnosed by the presence of an asymmetrical bowtie pattern in both eyes, which was worse in the left eye.Interventions:Transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking was performed.Outcomes:The BCVA of both eyes remained stable after treatment at follow-up.Lessons:KCN should be suspected in cases of unimproved VA and significant irregular stigmatism, while no obvious lesions exist in other parts of the eyes. The evidence of lesion location by electrophysiological examinations could sometimes be of favor in diagnosing KCN.     

Effect of intravitreal ranibizumab on serous retinal detachment in diabetic macular edema

PurposeTo evaluate the functional and anatomical results of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) treatment in diabetic macular edema (DME) with and without serous retinal detachment (SRD).Material and methodsFifty-one eyes treated with three consecutive intravitreal injections of ranibizumab for DME with and without SRD were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings. Group 1 consisted of 25 DME patients with SRD, Group 2 consisted of 26 DME patients without SRD. After three consecutive IVR injections, changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were analyzed and compared between groups.ResultsThe mean age was 64.16 ± 6.43 and 68.77 ± 7.19 years, respectively (p = 0.036). Initial BCVA was 0.55 ± 0.36, 0.62 ± 0.39 LogMAR, respectively (p: 0.613). Initial CMT was 548.7 ± 111.6 μm, 446.4 ± 104.1 μm in groups, respectively and it was significantly higher in Group 1 (p = 0.001). After three consecutive IVR, mean BCVA improved to 0.47 ± 0.30 LogMAR (p = 0.281) and CMT decreased to 331.6 ± 165.1 μm (p = 0.000) in Group 1. Mean BCVA improved to 0.40 ± 0.34 LogMAR (p = 0.005) and CMT decreased to 287.2 ± 148.8 μm (p = 0.000) in Group 2. While the decrease in CMT values was similar between the groups, the increase in BCVA was more pronounced in Group 2 after IVR treatment.ConclusionsSimilar morphological results were obtained in both of the groups, but the visual gain was lower in patients with SRD.     

两种不同方式治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的meta分析

目的系统评价激光联合玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗与单独玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)继发黄斑水肿的疗效及安全性。方法通过检索PubMed、CNKI、万方等数据库收集有关治疗BRVO继发黄斑水肿的随机对照试验研究(RCT)。检索时间为建库至2019年5月。采用RevMan 5.3软件对纳入文献进行meta分析。结果共纳入12篇文献,包括1081例患者。meta分析结果显示:与单纯注药组相比,联合治疗组黄斑中心凹厚度(CMT)在随访1、3、6个月时均降低,差异有统计学意义[95%CI(-135.44^-15.54),P<0.001];但对于最佳矫正视力(BCVA)的提高,2组间无统计学差异[95%CI(-1.75~0.80),P>0.05];2组不良反应的发生率无统计学差异[OR=1.50,95%CI(0.97~2.30),P=0.07]。结论激光联合玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗能够显著降低BRVO继发黄斑水肿患者的CMT,早期疗效优于单纯注药组。但两种方式对于治疗后BCVA的影响及不良反应的发生尚需要大样本的随机对照双盲研究加以验证。     

Optical coherence tomography angiography for the diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis with serous retinal detachment: A case report

Rationale:Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare systemic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. GPA affects multiple ocular tissues, most commonly the orbit, conjunctiva, cornea, and sclera. Retinal and choroidal manifestations are rare in GPA, but they often include choroidal neovascularization (CNV).Patient concerns:A 36-year-old man was diagnosed with GPA. He had been taking oral steroid treatment for 8 years. He experienced disease recurrence and the dose of oral prednisolone was increased after steroid pulse therapy. Fundus examination showed small retinal pigment epithelial detachment and serous retinal detachment (SRD). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed a protruded lesion inside the SRD. Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed a small, dot-shaped fluorescein leakage in the SRD, and indocyanine green fluorescein fundus angiography showed choroidal vascular hyperpermeability that was consistent with the hyperfluorescence seen with FA. We had to determine whether the protruded lesion inside the SRD was CNV secondary to the inflammation due to GPA or whether it was central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC)-like condition caused by high-dose steroid treatment.Diagnoses:We confirmed that the SRD was due to CSC but not CNV because the protruded lesion examined by B-scan OCT angiography (OCTA) showed no blood flow.Interventions:We decided to reduce the dose of steroid.Outcomes:Since the reduction of steroids, no sign of worsening in the protruded lesions with SRD has been observed.Lessons:We therefore propose the effectiveness of this advanced function of OCTA for the examination of blood flow signal images to detect CNV.     

Hyperacute iris neovascularization following cataract surgery

Rationale:We describe a case of acute neovascularization of the iris after uneventful cataract surgery.Patient concerns:A 78-year-old man visited our clinic for cataract surgery and glaucoma management.Diagnoses:The patient underwent bilateral laser iridotomy 4 years ago. On ocular examination, the best-corrected visual acuity was no light perception in the right eye and 20/100 in the left eye. We observed pseudophakic bullous keratopathy in the right eye and cataracts and hemicentral retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in the left eye.Interventions:The patient underwent cataract surgery in the left eye without complications.Outcomes:The day after surgery we observed 360° of neovascularization in the iris and aggravated hemi-CRVO with macular edema. Therefore, we administered intravitreal bevacizumab in the left eye, after which the iris neovascularization and macular edema improved.Lessons:Cataract surgery can rapidly aggravate hemi-CRVO and cause iris neovascularization, which is responsive to bevacizumab.     

Transluminal Nd: YAG laser embolysis for branch retinal artery occlusion: Case report

Rationale:Central retinal artery occlusion and branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) result in partial or complete retinal ischemia and sudden loss of vision; to date there is no effective therapy for central retinal artery occlusion and BRAO. Transluminal Nd:YAG laser embolysis (TYE) could represent a therapeutic approach for retinal vascular occlusive diseases.Patient concerns:We report 2 cases with BRAO, 1 with inferor-temporal and 1 with superor hemiretinal BRAO. All the patients complained of a history of sudden blurry vision and impaired visual field and had a visible embolus within the intravascular, all of them treated with TYE, the laser applications being delivered directly to the embolus.Diagnosis:The diagnosis was based on the results from color retinography, optical coherence tomography and visual field testing. Fundus fluorescein angiography clearly indicated the location of retinal artery occlusion.Interventions:The patients’ symptoms could not be relieved after dilating the blood vessels in the eye, lowering intraocular pressure, massaging the eyeball, and inhaling oxygen. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for TYE and the patients were referred for this procedure.Outcomes:Upon the successful competition of the TYE procedure the embolus was removed completely, restoring the blood flow in the intraocular vessels and improving significantly the patients’ visual acuity.Lessons:World-wide experience with TYE is still limited, but the technique seems feasible for the treatment of RAO caused by visible emboli on the optic disc surface and the posterior pole of the fundus oculi.