慢性HIV/HCV合并感染患者血小板指标的变化

目的 探索反映血小板活化和功能的两个重要指标(血小板计数和血小板平均体积)在HCV/HIV合并感染者中的变化及临床意义.方法 2016年1月至2020年7月在我院就诊者共502例入组,其中HCV感染者166例,HCV/HIV合并感染者73例,HIV感染者133例及健康体检者130例.收集其临床资料,分析比较其外周血血常规,淋巴细胞分型和肝功能检查结果.结果 HIV、HCV及HCV/HIV合并感染者的血小板计数低于健康者(P=0.001),HCV/HIV合并感染者的血小板计数(PLT)高于HCV单感染者、低于HIV单感染者;合并感染者血小板平均体积(MPV)低于HCV单感染者、高于HIV单感染者(P值均=0.002),HIV感染者MPV低于健康者(P<0.001).PLT与MPV在总样本(r=-0.460,P<0.001)、HCV感染者(r=-0.325,P<0.001)、HCV/HIV合并感染者(r=-0.611,P<0.001)、HIV感染者(r=-0.333,P<0.001)及健康者(r=-0.326,P<0.001)中均呈负相关.结论 HCV合并感染可加重慢性HIV感染者PLT的下降、减轻其引起的MPV降低,PLT与MPV负相关,PLT在反映HIV/HCV合并感染者血小板状态方面优于MPV.     

某艾滋病治疗示范区人免疫缺陷病毒感染者合并隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染的调查分析

目的 调查分析某艾滋病治疗示范区人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）-1感染者中隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染的情况及其影响因素.方法 采集某艾滋病治疗示范区97例经血感染HIV-1的感染者的血浆,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测乙型肝炎表面抗原与抗体（HBsAg与抗HBs）、乙型肝炎e抗原与抗体（HBeAg与抗Hbe）、乙型肝炎核心抗体（抗HBc）及丙型肝炎抗体（抗HCV）;采用吸附柱法抽提HBV DNA;采用巢式聚合酶链反应（PCR）法检测HBV S区;采用流式细胞仪计数CD4＋T淋巴细胞.HBsAg阴性PCR阳性结果 者为合并隐匿性HBV感染者.合并隐匿性HBV感染者为实验组,未合并隐匿性HBV感染者为对照组.结果 97例HIV感染者中HBsAg阴性者92例（94.85%）.92例HBsAg阴性者中合并隐匿性HBV感染者27例（29.35%）,抗HCV阳性者73例（79.35%）.合并隐匿性HBV感染者和未合并HBV感染者CD4＋T淋巴细胞数、单独抗HBc阳性率分别为（212.11±133.1）和（318.9±172.2）cells/mm3、62.96%和18.46%,以上两指标两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,两组间年龄、性别、是否合并HCV感染及抗HBs阳性率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 经有偿献血途径感染HIV者中存在隐匿性HBV感染;HIV阳性合并隐匿性HBV感染者中易出现单纯抗HBc阳性;CD4＋T淋巴细胞数低的HIV感染者更容易合并隐匿性HBV感染.     

上海市男性同性恋HIV感染者中乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎病毒的合并感染情况横断面研究

目的 探讨男性同性恋HIV感染者中乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）的合并感染情况。方法 选择2016年1月~2018年1月在本区域内进行治疗的男性同性恋HIV感染者157例,以横断面调查的方法进行研究,收集所有入组患者的性别、年龄、文化程度、感染途径等资料。对所有患者HBV抗体、HCV抗体进行检测。结果 不同感染途径人群合并感染发生率对比,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）:同性性行为患者单纯HIV感染发生率最高,吸毒患者HIV+HBV感染率最高,输血患者HIV+HCV感染率最高,HIV+HBV+HCV感染率最高者为吸毒患者。不同学历合并感染发生率对比,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）:大专及以上的患者以HIV单纯感染为主,高中及中专患者以HIV和HIV+HBV为主,初中及以下的患者则以合并感染为主。不同职业合并感染发生率对比,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）:单纯HIV感染患者以自由职业及职员为主,职员在HIV+HBV感染发病率高于自由职业者及农民,农民在HIV+HCV及HIV+HBV+HCV的发病率均高于其他职业患者。结论 男性同性恋HIV感染者中乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒合并感染发生率均较高,患者感染途径、文化程度及职业的不同,合并感染情况均有显著差异。     

柳州地区HIV感染者合并HBV、HCV及TP感染现状分析

目的分析人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者中合并乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）以及梅毒螺旋体（TP）感染的流行现状及其特点。方法对确诊的184例HIV感染者进行流行病学调查，并采集血标本进行HBV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测。结果HIV感染者感染途径分别为：静脉注射毒品44．0％，性传播20．1％，母婴传播4.3％，输血或血制品3．8％，其他（原因不详）27．7％。184例HIV感染者中，抗-HCV阳性者36人（19．6％），HBsAg阳性者29人（15．8％），梅毒感染者21人（11．4％）。HIV、HBV和HCV三重感染者9人，约占4．9％。结论柳州市HIV感染以静脉注射毒品为主，性传播有所上升，HIV感染正由特殊人群向普通人群蔓延。HIV合并HBV、HCV、TP感染较为常见。建议在性病门诊中常规开展HIV的筛查，对HIV感染者常规进行HBV、HCV的相关检查并积极采取相关的预防治疗措施。     

HIV合并肝炎病毒感染肝功能相关指标及免疫功能变化分析

目的 探讨HIV感染者合并肝炎病毒感染后，肝功能及淋巴细胞亚群的变化，为单纯性HIV感染和HIV合并肝炎病毒感染的研究提供相关依据。方法 选取苏州市第五人民医院HIV感染者460例，用实时荧光定量PCR的方法检测乙肝DNA载量(HBV-DNA)和丙肝病毒RNA载量(HCV-RNA),以HBV-DNA含量大于500IU/mL为乙肝病毒感染，以HCV-RNA含量大于500IU/mL为丙肝病毒感染，将460例HIV感染者分为HIV单纯感染、HIV合并HBV、HIV合并HCV 3组。全自动生化分析仪检测3组HIV感染中血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(GGT-γ);应用流式细胞仪检测外周血淋巴细胞及亚群分布；同时用五分类血细胞分析仪检测外周血淋巴细胞的数量，采用双平台检测的方法得出CD4⁺T淋巴细胞的绝对值。对数据进行性别、年龄、病毒载量、肝功能、淋巴细胞及亚群等多因素分析。结果 (1)460例HIV感染者，单纯HIV感染为208例(45.2%),HIV合并HBV感染为173例(37.6%),HIV合并HCV感染为79例(1...     

HIV/HCV共感染者自然杀伤细胞表面活化性与抑制性受体表达的研究

目的 比较HIV/HCV共感染、单纯HCV感染、单纯HIV感染者和健康人自然杀伤细胞（NK）数量及其表面受体的变化,了解HIV/HCV共感染者NK细胞表面活化性与抑制性受体表达特点.方法 采用流式细胞术对24例HIV/HCV共感染者,28例单纯HCV感染者,21例单纯HIV感染者外周血NK细胞数量与其表面活化与抑制性受体进行检测并与20例健康人进行比较分析.结果 HIV/HCV共感染组NK细胞绝对值较其他3组显著减少;共感染组、单纯HIV感染组、单纯HCV感染组NK细胞上NKP30和NKP46的表达频率都显著低于健康对照组,但NKP30的频率在前3组之间差异无统计学意义.共感染组和单纯HIV感染组的NKP46表达频率都显著低于HCV单纯感染组,而前2组之间差异无统计学意义;共感染组和单纯HCV感染组的NKG2A表达频率显著高于健康对照组和单纯HIV感染组,而前2组之间差异无统计学意义,但单纯HIV感染组NKG2A表达频率显著低于健康对照组;NK细胞NKG2D、CD158a和CD158b的表达频率在各组间差异无统计学意义.结论 HIV/HCV共感染者NK细胞绝对值明显降低,其表面活化性受体表达减少,某些抑制受体表达增加,甚至高于单纯HIV感染者,HIV/HCV共感染者NK细胞受损更加严重.     

291例HIV感染者合并HCV及HSV-2感染状况及相应免疫特征分析

目的了解HIV感染者中HCV及HSV-2合并感染的情况及CD4＋T细胞免疫特征。方法用ELISA方法检测291例HIV感染者的抗HCV及HSV-2抗体,对HIV感染者进行CD4＋T淋巴细胞绝对计数和其占T淋巴细胞的百分比分析。结果 HIV合并HCV感染43例,合并HSV-2感染99例,合并HCV和HSV-2感染31例。CD4＋T淋巴细胞百分比以合并感染HCV组最高（78.4%）,合并感染HSV-2组和无合并感染次之,合并感染HCV和HSV-2组最低,组间差异无统计学意义。CD4＋T淋巴细胞绝对数以合并感染HCV和HSV-2组最低,合并感染HCV组、合并感染HSV-2组居中,无合并感染组最高,组间差异无统计学意义。结论 HIV感染者合并HCV、HSV-2感染率较高,HIV合并HCV和HSV-2感染时,CD4＋T细胞绝对数和CD4＋T淋巴细胞百分比下降,加重损害机体的免疫系统。     

HBV、HCV合并感染患者血清抗丙肝抗体分片段与HCVRNA测定的意义

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）合并感染患者与单HCV感染者血清抗HCV抗体分片段阳性率以及HCV RNA阳性率是否有显著性差异以及检测意义。方法 对76例同时感染HBV和HCV患者进行抗HCV抗体分片段以及HCV RNA检测,同时从同期仅感染HCV患者中随机抽取163例作为对照组进行以上检测。结果 HBV、HCV合并感染患者与单HCV感染者比较：抗HCV抗体分片段相同片段间比较差异无统计学意义,但其S/CO值比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;相同片段组合间除抗-C＋抗-NS3组合阳性率HBV、HCV合并感染患者比仅HCV感染患者显著要低（P〈0.05）外,其余各组合间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;HBV、HCV合并感染患者HCV RNA阳性率比仅HCV感染患者低（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。结论 HBV、HCV合并感染时HBV对HCV复制存在抑制作用,从而导致HCV RNA含量显著降低,合并感染与单独感染间抗HCV抗体分片段无显著性差异,但由于HCV复制受到抑制从而导致抗HCV抗体分片段含量降低,这对研究HBV、HCV合并感染时患者体内HBV对HCV间的抑制作用有一定意义。     

HIV/HCV合并感染者淋巴细胞活化及第二受体表达的研究

目的了解中国不同疾病进展阶段人类免疫缺陷病毒和丙型肝炎病毒（HIV／HCV）合并感染者T淋巴细胞与自然杀伤细胞（natural killer cells，NK）数量变化及T淋巴细胞活化、受体表达情况，并探讨HCV感染对HIV感染免疫指标及疾病进展的影响。方法应用流式细胞术分析228例不同疾病进展阶段的HIV／HCV合并感染者及101例单纯HIV感染者外周血T淋巴细胞、NK细胞数量及T淋巴细胞活化受体（HLA-DR、CD38）、第二受体（CCR5、CXCR4）表达情况。结果（1）HIV／HCV合并感染组中，CD4^＋T淋巴细胞、NK细胞数量随疾病进展持续下降，其中艾滋病组（AIDS）明显低于无症状HIV感染组（HIV）（P〈0．05），HIV组明显低于长期不进展组（LTNP）（P〈0．01），LTNP组与健康对照组差异无统计学意义。LTNP组、HIV组及AIDS组CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞表面活化受体HLA-DR、CD38的表达依次升高，其中各组间CD8／CD38的升高差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05），AIDS组CD4／HLA-DR、CD8／HLA-DR的升高明显高于LTNP组和HIV组（P〈0．01）。LTNP组、HIV组及AIDS组CD4^＋、CD3^＋T细胞表面CCR5的表达亦依次升高，各组间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；CD3^＋T细胞表面CXCR4的表达依次升高，AIDS组明显高于HIV组和LTNP组（P〈0．01）。（2）HIV／HCV合并感染组与单纯HIV感染组相比，AIDS组NK细胞明显下降（P〈0．05），CD4^＋T细胞下降，但无统计学意义，CD4／HLA-DR、CD8／HLA-DR、CD4／CXCR4、CD3／CXCR4明显升高（P〈0．01）；HIV组NK细胞明显下降（P〈0．01），CD4／CXCR4明显升高（P〈0．05）；LTNP组各项指标与单纯HIV感染组相比差异无统计学意义。（3）HIV／HCV合并感染组的HIV病毒载量随疾病进展不断升高，与单纯HIV感染组相比差异无统计学意义；HCV病毒载量在疾病不同阶段差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论随疾病进展，HIV／HCV合并感染者的免疫功能逐渐下降，HIV病毒载量逐渐升高。与单纯HIV感染相比，合并HCV感染可通过破坏机体天然免疫功能、促进免疫系统活化和受体表达，加速HIV感染的疾病进展。     

细胞毒性T淋巴细胞增殖、分化能力对HIV/HCV重叠感染患者病情进展的影响

目的 探讨HIV/HCV重叠感染患者细胞毒性T淋巴细胞增殖能力和分化状态对病情进展的影响.方法 采用流式细胞仪检测CD57、CD27和CD28在CD8+T细胞上的表达,根据其表达差异,判断CD8+T细胞的增殖能力和不同的分化状态,比较HIV/HCV重叠感染者和单独HCV感染者增殖能力和分化状态的差异.探讨CTL功能与病情进展的关系.结果 HIV/HCV重叠感染者中CD57在CD8+T细胞上高表达28.84%±4.49%,而在HCV单独感染者中较低表达8.24%±5.05%,两组差异非常显著(P＜0.001).CD57+CD8+T细胞的百分数与HCV载量对数值间存在着正线性相关(P=0.023,R2=0.21).HIV/HCV重叠感染者的CTL细胞分化状态以晚期为主,而HCV单独感染者的CTL细胞分化状态以中期为主,两者比较差异非常显著(P＜0.001).结论 HIV/HCV重叠感染患者较HCV单独感染者CTL细胞增殖能力较低、呈终末期分化状态,进而影响CTL的免疫应答,可能是重叠感染者肝病进展的原因之一.     

Pathogenicity of PMV-3/parakeet/Netherlands/449/75 for chickens

Infection of 1-day-old chicks with PMV-3/parakeet/Netherlands/449/75 (449) by intramuscular, intranasal or contact routes resulted in severe impairment of growth in all groups compared to uninfected control birds. In the group infected intramuscularly with 449 virus 16/22 birds died within 14 days of infection. No clinical signs were seen in 6-week-old chickens infected with 449 by intramuscular, intranasal or contact routes. One-day-old chicks infected with a large dose of NDV-B(1) and one-day-old chicks placed in contact with these birds also showed significant impairment of growth compared to uninfected controls.     

Nucleotide sequence of RNA segment 3 of the avian influenza A/FPV/Rostock/34 and its comparison with the corresponding segment of human strains A/PR/8/34 and A/NT/60/68

The nucleotide sequence of RNA segment 3 of A/FPV/Rostock/34 (H7N1), an avian strain of influenza A virus, has been determined from a cloned DNA copy. Segment 3 codes for the PA polypeptide and the sequence specifies an acidic polypeptide of 716 amino acid residues. Comparison of the sequence with the corresponding segment of two human strains A/PR/8/34 and A/NT/60/68 indicates significant divergence of the avian sequence from the human sequences at the nucleotide level. At the amino acid level there is considerably greater homology between the avian and human strains. This presumably reflects a constraint on divergence of the PA polypeptide imposed by a common functional requirement of PA in all influenza virus strains.     

Determination of the rpoB gene sequences of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana for phylogenic analysis

Using the Genome Walker™ procedure, which allows PCR amplification of genomic DNA using a single gene-specific primer and direct automated sequencing methodology, we obtained the nucleotide sequence of the RNA polymerase β subunit (rpoB) from Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana. A phylogenetic tree constructed from these data and other rpoB sequences available in GenBank is, in part, consistent with those previously derived from 16S rRNA gene sequences and confirms the position of Bartonella within the α subdivision of Proteobacteria. In fact, this analysis showed that rpoB data are similar to 16S rRNA data for the α, β and γ subdivisions of Proteobacteria. In contrast, concerning other bacteria included in our study, the topologies of phylogenetic trees were different. Based on the bootstrap values derived from rpoB phylogenic analysis, we believe that this molecule should contribute to better understanding the evolutionary process.     

Evaluation of the A/Seal/Mass/1/80 virus in squirrel monkeys

An influenza A virus isolated from seals [A/Seal/Mass/1/80 (H7N7)] and an isolate of this virus obtained from a human conjunctiva were evaluated for replication and virulence in squirrel monkeys. When the seal virus was administered intratracheally, it replicated in lungs and nasopharynges and induced illness almost to the same extent that a human influenza A virus [A/Udorn/72 (H3N2)] did. In one monkey that died of pneumonia, the seal virus was recovered from spleen, liver, and muscle as well as lung. After conjunctival administration in monkeys, the seal virus replicated to a peak titer in the conjunctivae 30-fold greater than that attained by the human virus, but this difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, the seal virus replicated less well than the human virus in the tracheae and nasopharynges when administered by the conjunctival route. These results indicate that the seal virus can replicate efficiently in primates, that it can spread systemically, and that it might differ from human virus in being able to replicate slightly better in primate conjunctival tissue.     

Characterization of bacteriophages fromtox-containing, non-toxigenic isolates ofCorynebacterium diphtheriae

Non-toxigenic strains ofCorynebacterium diphtheriaecontinue to cause disease within immunized populations. A subset of these corynebacteria carry the diphtheria toxin gene but in a cryptic form. To determine whether such strains might contribute to the re-emergence of functional toxin genes, the phages andtoxmutations within three clone types were examined.tox-containing, β-related phages were isolated from two of the strain types. The third isolate appeared to harbour a defective prophage. One of thetox⁻phages encoded truncated, yet enzymatically-active, forms of diphtheria toxin, suggesting that it had sustained a point mutation within the latter half of its toxin gene. In contrast, the other mutant phage did not elicit the production of either a cross-reacting material or an ADP-ribosylating activity. Complementation tests employing a series of double lysogens confirmed that the mutations responsible for the non-toxigenic phenotype of all of the phages werecisdominant. Given these findings, it is reasonable to hypothesize thattox⁺genes can arise within human populations by either homologous recombination between two distincttox⁻phages or spontaneous reversion within a single mutant allele.     

Sequence of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza A/parrot/Ulster/73

The nucleotide sequence of the nucleoprotein (NP) gene of the avian influenza A virus strain A/parrot/Ulster/73 (H7N1) has been determined. The gene (RNA segment 5) consists of 1565 bases. The only large open reading frame of the complementary RNA codes for a protein of 498 amino acids. A comparison of its sequence with that of three other influenza virus NPs shows that the NP of the parrot Ulster strain, although closely related to the NP of the other avian strain (A/FPV/Rostock/34), is definitely more closely related genetically to the NPs of the two human influenza strains, A/PR/8/34 and A/NT/60/68 than that of FPV. This raises the question how far the NP gene can cross the species barrier by reassortment and become adapted by mutation to the new host.     

An evaluation of the genetic stability and pathogenicity of the Russian cold-adapted influenza A donor strains A/Leningrad/134/17/57 and A/Leningrad/134/47/57 in ferrets

The influenza A components of live attenuated vaccines used in Russia have been prepared as reassortants of the cold-adapted (ca) H2N2 viruses, A/Leningrad/134/17/57-ca (Len/17) and A/Leningrad/134/47/57-ca (Len/47), and virulent epidemic strains. The lesions responsible for attenuation within the six internal genes of each donor strain have been sequenced and described, but relatively little is known as to their stability before and after passage in susceptible hosts. In the work reported in this paper, RT-PCR restriction analysis and limited sequencing of individual genes were used to evaluate the stability of lesions in stocks of the both donor strains after passage in ferrets, which have been used widely as susceptible hosts for assessment of the virulence of influenza strains. Len/47 was shown to possess expected lesions by RT-PCR and restriction analysis. Substitution at position 1066 of the NP gene, which has been previously reported to be unique to Len/47 [Klimov et al., Virology 186 (1992) 795], was also shown to be present in all clones of Len/17. This change was confirmed by limited sequence analysis and was shown to be retained in progeny viruses isolated from the lungs and turbinates of inoculated ferrets. Two other changes in the PB2 and PB1 genes that were present in Len/47 were detected by limited sequence analysis alone. Further previously unreported minor changes were shown to be present for Len/17 and Len/47, but not both, and their significance is unknown. Limited replication of each donor strain occurred in ferrets and minimal clinical signs and histopathology were present. By contrast, the parental strain Len/57 and the recent epidemic strain A/Sydney/6/97 induced clinical signs and histopathology that were typical of influenza disease.     

Cold-Adapted Variants of Influenza A Virus: Evaluation in Adult Seronegative Volunteers of A/Scotland/840/74 and A/Victoria/3/75 Cold-Adapted Recombinants Derived from the Cold-Adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 Strain

Influenza A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) and A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) cold-adapted (ca) recombinant viruses, prepared by mating the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) ca donor virus and influenza A wild-type virus, were evaluated in adult seronegative volunteers (serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer, 相似文献