腰椎后路节段减压植骨内固定治疗退变性腰椎侧凸

目的评价腰椎后路节段减压植骨内固定治疗退变性腰椎侧凸的临床效果。方法自2009年9月-2010年12月采用腰椎后路节段减压植骨内固定手术治疗退变性腰椎侧凸53例。根据JOA评分标准评估患者术后神经功能的恢复情况,通过X线片观察腰椎前凸角、侧凸角的改善情况。结果随访3-12个月,平均随访时间8个月。末次随访JOA评分改善率平均为85．2％。优34例,良14例,可5例,优良率90．6％。腰椎侧凸Cobb’S角由术前的（30．5．4-6．1）。矫正到末次随访的（12．3±4．1）;腰椎前凸角由术前的（15.2±4．6）。矫正到末次随访的（32．1±7．3）。无矫正角度明显丢失及内固定物失效。结论腰椎后路节段减压植骨内固定手术是治疗退变性腰椎侧凸的一种有效方法。     

腰椎退行性病变行TLIF术后融合器下沉情况及影响因素Logistic回归分析

目的研究腰椎退行性病变行TLIF术后融合器下沉情况并进行影响因素Logistic回归分析。方法纳入2014年2月~2016年4月行经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术(transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)的144例腰椎退行性病变患者,随访24~48个月,平均(30.21±4.23)个月,将术后责任椎间隙高度丢失≥2 mm定义为融合器下沉,设为下沉组,共40例;2 mm设为正常组,共104例。调查两组患者一般情况及手术相关资料,经Logistic回归分析探讨TLIF术后融合器下沉的独立危险因素。结果144例患者行TLIF术后融合器下沉40例,下沉率27.78%;单因素分析显示,术前和术后椎间隙高度、术后节段性前凸角、责任椎间隙、合并骨质疏松、年龄、性别等资料的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示,术前椎间隙高度(OR=2.452)、术后椎间隙高度(OR=2.498)、术后节段性前凸角(OR=2.611)、责任椎间隙L5-S1(OR=2.351)、合并骨质疏松(OR=2.176),均是腰椎退行性病变TLIF术后融合器下沉的独立危险因素。结论腰椎退行性病变TLIF术后融合器下沉率较高,前、术后椎间隙高度、术后节段性前凸角、责任椎间隙L5-S1、合并骨质疏松均为其独立危险因素。     

腰椎单节段固定融合术后上位相邻节段退变及其与临床疗效的关系

目的:探讨腰椎单节段固定融合术后上位相邻节段退变及其与临床效果的关系,分析退变的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析2004年10月～2009年5月采用后路单节段椎弓根螺钉固定并椎体间cage植骨融合术治疗的49例L4/5退变性失稳患者,男22例,女27例,年龄28～72岁(平均53.4岁)。所有患者术前均行骨密度检测。在X线片上测量固定节段及其上位相邻节段椎间盘高度、椎间隙动态角度变化、椎体滑移距离以及固定节段和腰椎前凸角、腰骶关节角,并通过JOA评分及腰功能障碍指数(ODI)评价临床效果。根据末次随访时上位相邻节段有无影像学退变,分为退变组与非退变组,比较两组间临床效果及影像学测量结果。结果:随访时间为13～52个月,平均为29.3个月,所有患者术后均无神经损害加重症状。末次随访时11例患者(22%)出现上位相邻节段影像学退变。两组患者手术时的平均年龄有显著性差异(P<0.05);术前骨密度、腰椎前凸角、腰骶关节角、L4/5前凸角和椎体间滑移距离均无显著性差异(P>0.05);末次随访时L3/4椎体间滑移距离、L3/4椎间盘高度以及椎间隙动态成角变化值均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),ODI和JOA评分改善率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。患者年龄与末次随访时固定上位相邻节段椎间盘高度、椎间隙动态成角、椎体间滑移距离变化值存在正相关性,相关系数分别为0.353、0.521、0.472,余测量指标与固定上位相邻节段影像学指标变化均无显著相关性。结论:单节段腰椎固定融合术后上位相邻节段影像学退变与临床效果之间无显著相关性。此退变与患者年龄相关,而与骨密度和术前腰椎影像学测量指标无显著相关性。     

单节段后路椎间融合内固定术对腰椎前凸角度变化的影响

目的探讨L4/L5单节段后路椎间融合器置入椎弓根内固定术对患者腰椎前凸角度变化的影响。方法回顾性随访分析43例L4/L5单节段后路椎间融合器置入配合使用椎弓根内固定术的患者,对患者术前、术后总腰椎前凸角度、L4/L5节段前凸角、骶骨倾斜角进行比较。结果 L4/L5单节段后路椎间融合术后患者总腰椎前凸角度与术前对比平均增加8.4°（P〈0.01）;L4/L5节段前凸角与术前对比平均增加3.5°（P〈0.05）;骶骨倾斜角与术前对比平均增加4.2°（P〈0.05）。结论 L4/L5单节段后路椎间融合器置入椎弓根内固定术可以明显改善患者腰椎前凸角度,对于改善腰椎序列和缓解患者术后腰痛症状以及延缓邻近节段退变均有积极意义。     

后路椎管减压融合矫形椎弓根钉内固定治疗Aebi1型退变性脊柱侧凸

目的 探讨后路椎管减压融合矫形椎弓根钉内固定治疗Aebi 1型退变性脊柱侧凸的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析自2007-02-2012-01收治的21例Aebi 1型退变性脊柱侧凸,采用后路椎管减压融合矫形椎弓根钉内固定手术治疗,随访19-26个月,平均22.3个月,观察JOA评分改善率、VAS评分以及侧凸Cobb角和腰椎前凸角矫正角度等指标进行疗效评价。结果 本组手术过程均顺利,随访期间观察VAS评分、JOA评分改善率、侧凸Cobb角和腰椎前凸角等指标,并在术后1、6、12、18个月分别进行评价,各项数据与术前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 彻底减压、合理选择融合节段、提高融合率、适度矫形重建腰椎力学平衡是成功治疗Aebi 1型退变性脊柱侧凸的关键。     

Prospace融合器结合关节突融合在单节段经后路腰椎间融合术中的初步应用

目的评价Prospace融合器结合自体骨关节突融合技术应用于单节段经后路腰椎间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)中的效果。方法 2002年5月~2004年12月,收治76例脊柱疾患。其中男52例,女24例;年龄23~81岁,平均53.2岁。退变性腰椎间盘病60例,腰椎峡部裂9例,翻修手术7例。病程1.2~8.7年,平均3.6年。实施PLIF的节段:L2、32例,L3、47例,L4、554例, L5~S110例,L4~S11例,L5、62例。减压后双侧植入Prospace融合器,并将椎板减压所得自体骨填塞于融合器之间及其周围椎间隙内,结合椎弓根螺钉系统,将剩余自体骨填塞在双侧关节突关节。JOA评分评估临床疗效,腰椎侧位X线片测量椎间隙高度比和腰椎前凸角,CT扫描示有骨小梁通过椎间隙、关节突关节、腰椎动态侧位X线片无椎间活动、内植物周围无透亮间隙则评定为融合。结果平均手术出血量和手术时间分别为384 ml和178 min。获随访24~43个月,平均32个月。随访末期JOA评分为26.1±2.7,高于术前评分(14.5±4.0),且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);平均JOA恢复率为81.1%(37.5%~100.0%);椎体融合率为97.4%(74/76)。平均椎间隙高度比和融合节段腰椎前凸角分别由术前的0.27±0.07、5.8±2.2°,改善为随访末期的0.33±0.06、11.3±2.0°,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。无明显与内植物相关的并发症发生。结论若手术指征选择恰当,Prospace应用于单节段PLIF可获得满意的临床和影像学效果,且安全有效。     

不同终板形态对经椎间孔入路腰椎椎间融合术后融合器沉降的影响

目的　探讨不同椎体终板形态对经椎间孔入路腰椎椎间融合术(TLIF)后融合器沉降发生率的影响。方法回顾性分析2015年1月—2016年8月接受TLIF治疗的75例单节段腰椎退行性疾病患者的临床和影像学资料。根据术前矢状面MRI椎体终板形态分为规则组54例(A组)和不规则组21例(B组),比较2组患者术前、术后及末次随访时腰椎侧位X线片上测量的影像学参数(椎间隙高度、椎间孔高度、腰椎前凸角及腰椎局部前凸角),采用Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评估患者腰椎功能,采用腰痛和下肢痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分评估患者生活质量。结果所有手术顺利完成。所有患者术后随访2.0 ～ 3.9(2.7±0.7)年。末次随访时,B组椎间隙高度及腰椎局部前凸角矫正丢失率高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);2组椎间孔高度和腰椎前凸角矫正率无明显丢失。末次随访时,2组患者ODI及腰痛、下肢痛VAS评分较术前显著改善,B组腰痛VAS评分高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。末次随访时,16例(21.3%)患者发生融合器沉降,A组7例(13.0%),B组9例(42.9%);其中重度沉降3例,A组1例,B组2例。结论终板形态不规则患者TLIF术后融合器沉降发生率显著高于终板形态规则患者,且术后易发生椎间隙高度及腰椎局部前凸角的矫正度丢失。     

腰椎间盘镜单节段髓核摘除术远期疗效分析

[目的]评价腰椎间盘镜(microendoscopic discectomy,MED)单节段髓核摘除术的远期疗效.[方法]回顾性分析2004年1月～2005年1月在本院行MED单节段髓核摘除术的32例患者.术前和术后第1,2,3年行JOA评分、腰椎X线检查,在X线片上测量腰椎前凸角及手术节段椎间隙高度.[结果]术后平均随访36个月(24～46个月),术前与术后JOA评分、手术节段椎间隙高度差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),腰椎前凸角的变化无统计学意义(P>0.05).[结论]腰椎间盘镜单节段髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的远期疗效肯定,对脊柱稳定性的影响小,且并发症少.     

短节段椎弓根钉治疗退变性腰椎侧凸效果分析

[目的]探讨采用短节段后路腰椎椎弓根钉固定、椎体间融合术(posterior lumbar inter-body fusion,PLIF)治疗退变性腰椎疾病合并腰椎侧凸的临床效果.[方法]总结2004年9月～2007年8月经PLIF手术治疗的57例退变性腰椎疾病合并腰椎侧凸的矫正效果、并发症和随访结果.[结果]整组病例术后平均随访40个月(24～60个月),腰椎侧凸矫正率为98.2%,腰椎矢状面前屈曲度矫正率78.9%,麻木疼痛缓解率91.2%,无假关节形成,本组患者围手术期没有出现切口感染,2例术后出现肺部感染症状,5例残余下肢麻痛症状,经过对症处理后好转.随访期间腰椎冠状面及矢状面序列矫正度数及椎间隙高度无丢失,融合器无移位.[结论]短节段PLIF手术是治疗退变性腰椎疾病合并腰椎侧凸的一种有效方法.     

后路选择性短节段矫形固定治疗退变性腰椎侧凸症疗效分析

目的探讨后路选择性减压短节段融合固定术治疗退变性腰椎侧凸症的中期效果。方法回顾分析2006-06-2010-03我院采用后路选择性减压短节段融合固定术治疗的退变性腰椎侧凸症患者71例,定期随访VAS、JOA评分并测量腰椎Cobb’s角和前凸角。结果患者术后症状明显好转,四个指标均明显改善(P<0.05):平均VAS评分由术前6.32降至术后1.86,JOA评分由13.31增加至24.17,冠状位Cobb’s角由19.65°矫正至10.32°,矢状位Cobb’s角由32.38°增加至42.31°。JOA改善率为32.64%,侧凸矫正率为47.48%。经过平均4.14年的随访发现上述效果出现轻度丢失,末次随访时16例侧凸进展,其中12例症状加重。结论对于侧凸角度不大、脊柱基本平衡的DLS患者,采用后路选择性减压短节段融合固定术可获得良好的效果,并可以显著的减少手术创伤和术后并发症。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.