喹硫平与利培酮对血清催乳素影响的研究

目的了解喹硫平与利培酮对精神分裂症患者的疗效及对血清催乳素的影响。方法对71例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的精神分裂症患者随机分为喹硫平治疗组（33例）与利培酮治疗组（38例）,观察12周,分别于治疗前及治疗后4周、8周、12周予以阳性症状与阴性症状量表（PANSS）,副反应量表（TESS）及血清催乳素测定。结果喹硫平组和利培酮组疗效差异无显著性,两组治疗后4周、8周及12周PANSS总分及各因子分显著下降（P〈0.01）,利培酮组的不良反应高于喹硫平组,主要表现在肌强直、震颤、泌乳（χ^2=5.69,P〈0.01）及闭经（χ^2=6.74,P〈0.01）等不良反应上,利培酮组治疗后4周、8周及12周血清催乳素明显增加（t=13.48,P〈0.01）,而喹硫平组治疗前后无差异。结论喹硫平与利培酮对精神分裂症均有效,但利培酮不良反应大,明显升高血清催乳素,且有较高高血清催乳素不良反应,而喹硫平对血清催乳素影响较少。     

喹硫平与舒必利对男性首发精神分裂症患者血清催乳素及体重的影响

目的比较喹硫平、舒必利对男性首发精神分裂症患者血清催乳素(PRL)及体重的影响。方法将90例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为喹硫平组和舒必利组,共治疗6周。在治疗前后分别测定血清PRL水平和体重。结果治疗后,喹硫平组血清催乳素及体重无明显增加,舒必利组则均显著增加。体重和PRL水平变化呈正相相关。结论喹硫平对患者PRL及体重无明显影响,舒必利对患者PRL及体重明显增加。     

利培酮与氟哌啶醇对女性首发精神分裂症患者血清催乳素水平的影响

目的探讨女性首发精神分裂症患者血清催乳素(PRL)水平,利培酮与氟哌啶醇对PRL水平的影响,以及PRL水平与疗效的关系.方法用酶联免疫法测定66例女性首发精神分裂症患者利培酮与氟哌啶醇治疗前后的PRL水平,与25名正常人对照,并在治疗前后进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定.结果女性首发精神分裂症患者的基础PRL水平与正常对照组无差异;两组患者治疗后血清PRL水平较治疗前显著升高,但两组比较无明显差异;两组患者基础PRL水平与患者年龄、病程、基线PANSS总分及各因子分无明显相关性,与治疗后PANSS总分及各因子分无明显相关性.两组患者PRL增加值与PANSS减分值和各因子减分、药物剂量无明显相关性.结论利培酮和氟哌啶醇都能使女性首发精神分裂症患者PRL水平显著升高,但PRL水平与疾病严重程度及疗效无关.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者血清催乳素水平的影响

目的 探讨利培酮对精神分裂症患者的血清催乳素(PRL)水平的影响及其与临床疗效的关系。方法 采用固定剂量利培酮治疗精神分裂症患者23例，分别在治疗前、治疗后第4周、第8周进行放射免疫法测定血清催乳素水平，以及简明精神病量表(BPRS)评定。结果 男性组PRL第4周、第8周与服药前比较均有显著升高，而女性无明显变化；治疗前后PRL的差值与BPRS的减分值以及与利培酮剂量无明显相关性。结论 利培酮对男性精神分裂症患者的血清催乳素有显著影响，但PRL不能作为疗效判定的指标。     

抗精神病药对男性精神分裂症患者垂体-性腺轴的影响

目的:研究氯丙嗪、利培酮、奎硫平及奥氮平对男性精神分裂症患者垂体性腺轴的影响。方法:88例首发男性精神分裂症患者随机分为氯丙嗪组、利培酮组、奎硫平组及奥氮平组,检测治疗前、治疗4周及8周血清促卵泡素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、催乳素(PRL)、睾酮(T)的水平变化。结果:氯丙嗪组治疗8周后,血清PRL水平显著高于治疗前。利培酮组在治疗4周及8周后PRL水平均显著高于治疗前,治疗8周后T及LH水平显著低于治疗前。奎硫平组在治疗4周及8周后血清PRL、LH、T水平与治疗前比较差异均无显著性。奥氮平组治疗4周后PRL水平显著高于治疗前,治疗8周后即与治疗前差异无显著性。结论:奎硫平对垂体性腺轴激素水平无明显影响。     

抗精神病药对男性精神分裂症患者垂体-性腺轴的影响

目的：研究氯丙嗪、利培酮、奎硫平及奥氮平对男性精神分裂症患者垂体．性腺轴的影响。方法：88例首发男性精神分裂症患者随机分为氯丙嗪组、利培酮组、奎硫平组及奥氮平组，检测治疗前、治疗4周及8周血清促卵泡素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、催乳素（PRL）、睾酮（T）的水平变化。结果：氯丙嗪组治疗8周后，血清PRL水平显著高于治疗前。利培酮组在治疗4周及8周后PRL水平均显著高于治疗前，治疗8周后T及LH水平显著低于治疗前。奎硫平组在治疗4周及8周后血清PRL、LH、T水平与治疗前比较差异均无显著性。奥氮平组治疗4周后PRL水平显著高于治疗前，治疗8周后即与治疗前差异无显著性。结论：奎硫平对垂体．性腺轴激素水平无明显影响。     

利培酮或喹硫平治疗女性首发精神分裂症患者12个月中血清催乳素及体重变化的随机对照研究(英文)

背景:血清催乳素升高和体重增加是非典型抗精神病药物常见的副作用,但很少有研究评估这些副作用的长期情况。目标:比较利培酮或喹硫平治疗女性首发精神分裂症患者12个月后对血清催乳素及体重变化的影响。方法:80例女性首发精神分裂症住院患者被随机分配接受利培酮(N=40)或喹硫平(N=40)为期12个月的治疗。在开始治疗前一天和开始治疗后第1,3,6,9和12个月分别进行催乳素浓度,体重和身高的测定。在每一个时间段同时采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估症状的严重程度。结果:利培酮组31例患者和喹硫平组33例患者完成12个月的治疗。两组PANSS评分在每次后续的评估中都有所下降;利培酮组在治疗3个月和6个月时的改善显著,但在治疗第9个月两组的水平改善相似。喹硫平组血清催乳素在12个月内保持稳定,但利培酮组的血清催乳素水平在一年的随访中升高3.5至5.2倍。两组均出现体重增加,特别是在治疗的头3个月:两组的体重指数在治疗3个月时增加了62%。体重变化组间没有显著差异。体重变化和催乳激素水平变化之间的相关性呈弱阳性:利培酮组rs=0.17(p=0.104),喹硫平组r=0.07(p=0.862)。结论:虽然利培酮更迅速有效,但利培酮和喹硫平在治疗首发精神分裂症的第一年有相似的疗效。慢性高泌乳素血症与利培酮使用有关,但喹硫平没有。长期服用这两种药物与体重持续增加有关;两种药物在体重增加的时间性和幅度上相似。体重增加和催乳素水平变化不是密切相关的。     

奎硫平与氯丙嗪对血清催乳素的影响

目的:探讨奎硫平与氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者血清催乳素(PRL)的影响及血清PRL水平与药物疗效的相互关系。方法:对191例精神分裂症患者分别以奎硫平或氯丙嗪治疗。以阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)进行评估,同时测血清PRL浓度,于治疗前及治疗8周时各测1次。结果:经8周治疗,氯丙嗪组血清PRL(680.23±90.26)μg/L,显著高于奎硫平组(124.24±13.56)μg/L(P<0.001)。奎硫平组男女患者血清PRL水平差异无显著性(P>0.05);氯丙嗪组女性血清PRL(785.72±15.81)μg/L,显著高于男性的(557.75±99.23)μg/L(P<0.05),两组患者血清PRL浓度与PANSS减分率均无显著相关。结论:奎硫平对精神分裂症患者血清PRL水平基本无影响,氯丙嗪可明显升高患者血清PRL水平。血清PRL水平与药物疗效无显著相关。     

奎硫平与利培酮对血清催乳素影响对照研究

目的:探讨奎硫平与利培酮对女性患者血清催乳素(PRL)及体质量指数(BMI)的影响。方法:将60例精神分裂症或分裂样精神病女性患者随机分为奎硫平组和利培酮组,每组各30例,采用磁酶免疫法测定两组治疗前后的PRL水平,并计算治疗前后体质量指数。结果:治疗后利培酮组PRL显著高于治疗前PRL(t=6.165,P<0.01)。治疗后利培酮组BMI和奎硫平组BMI均显著高于治疗前(P均<0.05),利培酮组高于奎硫平组(t=3.013,P<0.01)。结论:奎硫平对PRL影响不明显,利培酮对PRL影响明显。     

奎硫平与利培酮治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的:探讨奎硫平治疗精神分裂症的疗效及安全性.方法:将90例精神分裂症患者随机分两组,分别给予奎硫平与利培酮治疗8周.采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应,于治疗前及治疗8周末各测血清催乳素.结果:两组之间疗效及不良反应差异均无显著性,但奎硫平组锥体外系反应(EPS)少,且对血清催乳素水平基本无影响.结论:奎硫平是一种有效且更安全的抗精神病药.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.