腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石手术困难因素分析及临床对策

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的困难因素,并提出相应的临床对策。方法:回顾分析2013年9月至2018年10月为116例患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查(LCBDE)的临床资料,按手术时间、是否中转开腹、有无结石残留分组,应用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析,探讨LC联合LCBDE手术困难的独立危险因素。结果:116例患者中容易组63例、困难组53例。单因素分析显示:胆囊大小、胆囊壁炎症严重程度、胆囊三角解剖关系显露情况、胆总管下段有无结石嵌顿及胆总管直径均是LC联合LCBDE手术难度较大的危险因素(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,胆囊三角显露不清(OR=14.090,P<0.001)、胆囊壁化脓坏疽(OR=20.057,P=0.011)、胆总管下段结石嵌顿(OR=23.001,P=0.006)及胆总管直径≥12 mm(OR=3.950,P=0.008)是LC联合LCBDE手术困难的独立危险因素。结论:胆囊结石合并胆总管结石伴有胆囊三角显露不清、胆囊壁化脓坏疽、胆总管下段结石嵌顿、胆总管直径≥12 mm时,LC联合LCBDE的手术困难、危险性明显增加,临床应重视此类患者的术前评估及术中操作,以降低手术困难发生率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管探查及内镜括约肌切开治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的疗效对比

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(laparos copiccommon bile duct exploration,LCBDE)与LC联合内镜括约肌切开(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)取石术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效。方法:回顾分析2009年1月至2011年12月247例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者的临床资料,其中91例行LC+LCBDE,156例行LC+EST;对比两种术式手术时间、中转开腹率、术后并发症、残石率、住院时间及住院费用等。结果:LC+LCBDE组手术时间短、术后并发症少、住院费用低,但住院时间稍长,两组中转开腹率、残石率差异无统计学意义。结论:LC联合LCBDE及LC联合EST治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石安全、可靠。应根据患者具体情况进行个体化治疗,病情允许时LC联合LCBDE可作为首选。     

胆囊切除术联合腹腔镜下胆总管探查术后胆总管一期缝合与T管引流的疗效比较

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)联合腹腔镜下胆总管探查术(LCBDE)后胆总管一期缝合与T管引流治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效差异。方法:回顾分析2013年4月—2018年4月218例行LC+LCBDE患者的临床资料,其中90例一期缝合,128例T管引流。对比两组患者的相关临床指标,分析患者术后并发症发生的影响因素。结果:两组患者的术前一般资料、术中出血量、术后肛门首次通气时间、术后电解质紊乱发生率、术后结石残余率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。一期缝合组手术时间、术后住院时间、住院费用明显少于T管引流组,腹腔引流时间长于T管引流组(均P0.05);一期缝合组术后胆汁漏发生率明显高于T管引流组(8.89%vs.2.34%,P=0.030),术后结石复发率明显低于T管引流组(1.11%vs.7.03%,P=0.040)。统计分析显示,一期缝合是术后胆汁漏的独立危险因素,而T管引流是术后结石复发的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论:LC+LCBDE术后一期缝合可有效减少术后胆总管结石复发,T管引流可有效减少术后胆汁漏发生。两者尚不能完全互相替代,需把握严格的手术指征。     

老年腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管探查取石术的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨经腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管切开探查取石术(LCBDE)治疗老年胆囊疾病合并胆总管结石患者的临床效果及安全性。方法:回顾性分析采用LCBDE治疗(LCBDE组)与内镜下Oddi括约肌切开取石术(EST)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗(LC-EST组)的老年(≥60岁)胆囊疾病合并胆总管结石患者各60例的临床资料。结果:两组患者术前一般资料具有可比性。LCBDE组患者的手术时间、住院时间及手术并发症发生率均明显的低于LC-EST组(均P0.05);术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、手术成功率、一次性手术成功率、中转开腹率、一次性结石清除率两组间差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:LCBDE治疗老年胆囊疾病合并胆总管结石与LC联合EST手术效果相当,但具有手术时间短、术后恢复快、并发症率低的优点。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊及胆总管结石中转开腹列线图模型的建立

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的术前危险因素,建立预测中转开腹的列线图模型。方法回顾性分析沧州市人民医院2015年1月1日—2019年12月31日309例行LC联合LCBDE患者的临床资料,根据是否中转开腹分为未开腹组290例,开腹组19例。通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析得到中转开腹的独立预测因素,应用RStudio建立列线图模型并对其进行验证。结果单因素分析结果表明腹部手术史、BMI、白细胞、中性粒细胞比率、碱性磷酸酶、血清总胆红素、胆囊壁厚度、胆总管直径及胆总管下段结石嵌顿是LC联合LCBDE发生中转开腹的相对危险因素(OR=0.195,0.369,0.287,0.241,0.237,0.082,0.166,0.198,0.190;95%CI:0.073~0.517,0.114~1.195,0.096~0.859,0.085~0.682,0.092~0.613,0.023~0.287,0.058~0.475,0.073~0.537,0.056~0.649);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,白细胞>10×10^9/L、碱性磷酸酶>150 U/L、血清总胆红素>17.1 umol/L、胆囊壁厚度>4 mm、胆总管直径>12 mm、胆总管下段结石嵌顿是LC联合LCBDE中转开腹的独立预测因素(OR=6.498,3.656,22.160,5.762,4.849,7.916;95%CI:1.434~29.442,1.095~12.203,4.485~109.496,1.491~22.262,1.384~16.988,1.366~45.884)。基于独立预测因素建立列线图模型,随后采用Bootstrap重复抽样对预测模型进行内部验证,校正曲线发现预测模型一致性良好,C-index为0.924(95%CI:0.857~0.990),受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积为0.924(95%CI:0.855~0.992),说明预测模型准确性高。结论基于胆总管下段结石嵌顿、胆囊壁厚度、胆总管直径、白细胞、碱性磷酸酶及血清总胆红素因素建立的列线图模型预测LC联合LCBDE中转开腹能力较好,临床应用价值高。     

胆囊切除加胆总管探查治疗胆结石的临床效果

目的:对比分析开腹胆囊切除术(open cholecystectomy,OC)+胆总管探查术(common bile duct exploration,CBDE)及腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)+腹腔镜胆总管探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)治疗胆结石的临床效果,确定LC+LCBDE的疗效及可行性。方法:2011年3月至2015年2月收治66例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者,随机分为两组,分别采用OC+CBDE(对照组,n=32)与LC+LCBDE(实验组,n=34)进行治疗,记录两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后通气时间、术后镇痛次数、住院时间及住院费用,对比两组患者术后并发症、一次性结石清除率。结果:实验组患者术中出血量、术后通气时间、术后镇痛次数、术后住院时间均小于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组手术时间、住院费用、并发症发生率、一次性结石清除率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:LC+LCBDE具有手术创伤小、患者康复快、住院时间短等优点,手术疗效明确,可达到一次性清除结石的效果。在掌握手术适应证的前提下,LC+LCBDE安全可行,值得推广应用。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除联合术中内镜逆行胰胆管造影治疗老年胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的:详细评估腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合术中经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(IOERCP)治疗老年胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的可行性、安全性及效果。方法:选择2015年5月—2017年10月绵阳市第三人民医院收治的胆囊结石合并胆总管结石老年患者(≥60岁)共82例,用随机数字表的方法随机分成两组,分别行LC联合IOERCP(LC+IOERCP组,42例)与LC联合腹腔镜胆总管探查取石(LCBDE)(LC+LCBDE组,40例),比较两组相关临床指标。结果:两组患者的基线资料具有可比性。两组手术时间、术中出血量、中转手术率无统计学差异(均P0.05),LC+IOERCP组结石残留率明显低于LC+LCBDE组(0 vs.15.4%,P0.05)。两组总并发症及各并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。LC+IOERCP组住院费用高于LC+LCBDE组,住院时间短于LC+LCBDE组(均P0.05)。结论:LC联合IOERCP同期治疗老年胆囊结石合并胆总管结石是安全、可行的,具有恢复快、住院时间短及结石残余率低等优点。     

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石两种微创治疗术式的应用体会

目的探讨微创技术在治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的手术方式的选择。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2009年12月采用腹腔镜胆囊切除联合内镜下Oddi括约肌切开取石术(lapa-roscopic cholecystectomy combined with endoscopic sphincterectomy,LC+EST)和腹腔镜胆囊切除、胆总管探查术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LC+LCBDE)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的资料。结果 LC+EST应用在2004-2006年与2007-2009年各3年度治疗效果对比:手术并发症、手术成功且无手术并发症例数差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),而中转开腹例数差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。LC+LCBDE应用在2004-2006年与2007-2009年各3年度治疗效果对比:手术并发症、手术成功且无手术并发症及中转开腹例数差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。LC+EST和LC+LCBDE在治疗效果上对比:手术并发症、手术成功且无手术并发症及中转开腹例数差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胆石病的微创治疗方式与术者熟练程度有关。LC+EST、LC+LCBDE有着不同的适应证范围:LC+EST术式宜用于结石小于1.5cm,发生部位为肝胆管以下平面,并且胰腺段胆总管结石病人选择LC+EST术式更为合理;LC+LCBDE术式适宜于胆总管扩张超过1.5cm的较大结石。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合胆总管切开取石T管引流术的复发多因素分析

目的探讨胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者采用腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合胆总管切开取石T管引流术(LCHTD)治疗后结石复发的发生率及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2011年6月至2014年1月采用LC+LCHTD治疗的319例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者的临床资料,观察术后2~5年内患者胆囊结石复发情况,并探讨影响结石复发的危险因素。采用SAS 10.0软件进行统计学分析,性别、饮酒率、吸烟率、糖尿病患病率、胆囊管扩张率、高血压患病率、≥15 mm胆总管直径患者所占百分比、多发结石患者所占百分比、≥10 mm结石患者所占百分比、胆总管扩张率采用百分比(%)进行统计描述,组间比较采用χ~2检验;多因素分析方法采用非条件Logistic回归分析法;P值0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果术后1年累积复发14例(4.4%)、3年累积复发30例(9.4%)、5年复发累积47例(14.7%);采用非条件Logistic回归进行分析,结果显示结石数目多发、采用碎石术、胆总管扩张、胆囊管扩张是LC+LCHTD术后胆囊结石复发的独立危险因素(OR=1.721,OR=1.582,OR=1.404,OR=1.381,P0.05)。结论碎石术、胆总管扩张、胆囊管扩张是LC+LCHTD术后胆囊结石复发的独立危险因素。     

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的微创治疗体会

目的:比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)与内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)、内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)+LC治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床疗效。方法:在2010年1月至2015年11月收治的胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者中选取可耐受腹腔镜手术、ERCP且ASA分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级的成年患者作为研究对象,危急重症胆囊炎、急性胆管炎及要求保守治疗的患者未纳入研究。分为两组:LC+LCBDE组与ERCP/EST+LC组,比较分析两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间、住院费用及术后并发症等指标。结果:共纳入76例患者,30例行LC+LCBDE,其中2例中转开腹;46例行ERCP/EST+LC,其中2例因ERCP取石失败,不予统计。两组患者术中出血量、术后并发症差异无统计学意义,LC+LCBDE组手术时间、住院时间、住院费用优于ERCP/EST+LC组,差异有统计学意义。结论:两种术式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效相当,但LC+LCBDE可能更加经济实惠。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.