胆囊癌和胆囊结石相关危险性的分析

目的 明确胆囊癌和胆囊结石之间的相关关系。方法 回顾性调查了全国28个省市的3922例胆囊癌，结合病例对照方法研究胆囊结石的病程，胆囊结石大小和胆囊癌的关系。结果 (1)胆囊癌合并胆囊结石的发生率为46．7％，胆囊癌伴发胆囊结石的相对危险度为13．7。(2)合并胆囊结石的病程平均为10～15年。(3)胆囊结石直径大于3cm比结石直径在1cm内的风险高8．8倍。结论 直径大于3cm，病程达10～15年的胆囊结石是胆囊癌发生的高危险因素，建议对这类病人进行手术治疗。     

胆囊癌发生相关危险因素的探讨

目的 探索胆囊癌发生的相关危险因素,为防治胆囊癌提供理论依据.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年12月北京协和医院收治的153例胆囊癌患者(胆囊癌组)的临床病理资料,并抽取同期收治的300例胆囊结石患者(胆囊结石组)和300例非胆道疾病的成年患者(对照组)作为对照进行1:2病例对照研究.计数资料采用x2检验,对相关危险因素先进行单因素分析,采用x2检验,筛选出有统计学意义的可疑危险因素,再用多因素Logistic回归方程进行分析.结果 胆囊癌组与对照组患者比较,年龄、胆囊结石病史、绝经年龄、累积行经时间、生育与否及生育次数是胆囊癌的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(x2=58.22,180.14,9.59,24.30,18.66,15.17,P＜0.05);年龄、胆囊结石病史、累积行经时间及生育次数是胆囊癌的独立危险因素(x2=55.76,180.95,24.30,8.54,P＜0.05);进一步分析发现,有胆囊结石的患者罹患胆囊癌的危险性是无相关病史患者的34倍( OR =34.22).绝经年龄越晚(51～55岁)、累积行经时间越长(≥30年)、生育次数较多(3次)的女性患胆囊癌的可能性越大(OR=3.96,9.68,3.51).胆囊癌组胆囊结石患者与胆囊结石组患者比较,年龄、胆囊结石病程、累积行经时间及生育次数是胆囊癌的危险因素(x2=70.66,16.66,11.59,4.69,P＜0.05);年龄、胆囊结石病程及累积行经时间是患胆囊癌的独立危险因素(x2=64.29,8.82,5.58,P＜0.05);进一步分析发现,罹患胆囊癌危险性随着年龄升高而增大,胆囊癌发生的危险性随着结石病程延长而升高.对于女性患者,累积行经时间≥30年也会增加罹患胆囊癌的危险因素.结论 年龄、胆囊结石病史、胆囊结石病程、累积行经时间及生育次数可能是胆囊癌发病的危险因素.对于年龄≥60岁、胆囊结石病程≥3年的患者应切除胆囊,以降低胆囊癌的发病率;女性患者有以上表现者应高度重视,及时诊断和治疗.     

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管切开取石T管引流术后结石复发危险因素分析

目的探讨胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)联合胆总管切开取石T管引流术(LCHTD)治疗后结石复发的影响因素。方法回顾性分析247例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者的临床资料和随访资料,均行LC联合LCHTD治疗。对可能影响术后结石复发的相关因素进行Logistic分析。结果 247例患者中,术后1年累积复发率为2.43%,3年累积复发率为8.10%,5年累积复发率为14.98%。单因素分析显示,年龄、结石数量、胆总管直径、是否行碎石术、胆总管扩张、胆囊管扩张、合并炎症与术后结石复发有关(P0.05);性别、病程、胆总管结石类型、结石直径与术后复发无相关性(P0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,胆总管直径≥1.5 cm、胆总管扩张、胆囊管扩张、合并炎症是术后结石复发的独立危险因素(P0.05),而结石数量、胆总管扩张、胆囊管扩张与术后结石复发无关(P0.05)。结论胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行LC联合LCHTD治疗后结石复发是多种因素共同作用的结果,应认真评估患者术后复发的风险,并积极采取干预措施以降低术后结石复发率。     

影响胆囊结石合并胆总管结石手术治疗效果的因素分析

目的:探讨影响胆囊结石合并胆总管结石手术治疗效果的因素.方法:收集临床2007年9月-2011年9月期间腹腔镜下手术治疗的162例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者临床资料,并根据有无结石残留(残留组和取尽组)和术后是否复发(复发和未复发)将患者分组,并回顾性分析一般资料、围术期常规指标、术后并发症等,并采用Logistic回归模型分析影响结石清除和术后复发的因素.结果:(1)资料中有34例结石残留,128例结石取尽;25例术后复发,137例未复发;(2)年龄、总胆红素异常、胆总管直径、结石最大直径、结石数目、胆总管扩张、胆管扩张、胆管炎、胰腺炎、手术类型是导致结石残留和手术复发的影响因素,此外,导致手术复发的因素还包括结石残留和术后并发症;(3)胆总管直径、结石数目、胆总管扩张、胆管扩张、胆管炎和手术类型是影响胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者取石效果和手术复发的独立危险因素,此外,影响手术复发的独立危险因素还包括独立因素、结石残留和术后并发症.结论:腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的手术成功率较高,同时影响胆囊结石合并胆总管结石手术治疗效果的因素较多,应根据患者的具体情况制定相应的方案.     

导致经皮肾镜取石手术出血的相关危险因素分析

目的分析导致经皮肾镜取石术中、术后出血的相关危险因素,为临床提供参考。方法回顾性分析79例经皮肾镜取石患者的一般临床资料、结石情况和手术相关情况,通过单因素与多因素分析导致经皮肾镜取石术中和术后出血的独立危险因素。结果纳入患者中21例发生术中术后出血,出血率为26.58%。是否合并糖尿病、肾功能不全、泌尿系感染的患者间出血比例差异有统计学意义(P0.05);鹿角型结石患者较非鹿角型结石患者出血比例高(P0.05);不同手术通道、不同分期手术、不同手术时间患者间的出血比例差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析得出,部分合并疾病(糖尿病、肾功能不全、泌尿系感染)、某些结石情况(鹿角型结石)以及某些手术因素(分期手术)为经皮肾镜取石术患者手术出血的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论部分合并疾病(糖尿病、肾功能不全、泌尿系感染)、某些结石情况(鹿角型结石)以及某些手术因素(分期手术)可增加经皮肾镜取石患者出血的风险。     

腹腔镜下治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效影响因素分析

目的:探讨影响腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石疗效的相关因素。方法:回顾分析2009年6月至2011年6月为128例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜手术的临床资料,根据患者术后是否复发将其分为复发组及未复发组,分别采用单因素及Logistic回归模型分析影响胆囊结石合并胆总管结石术后复发的相关因素。结果:24例术后复发,复发率18.75%。经单因素分析得出,年龄、胆总管直径、结石数量、胆总管扩张、胆囊管扩张、胆管炎、总胆红素异常、胰腺炎、结石残留、术后合并症、黄疸、结石直径及手术类型与胆囊结石合并胆总管结石术后复发相关。经Logistic回归模型分析可知,胆总管直径、胆囊管扩张、胆总管扩张、结石数量、胆管炎、结石残留、术后合并症及手术类型是影响胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者术后复发的独立危险因素。结论:腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石术后复发的影响因素较多,临床应根据患者具体情况制定相应的预防控制措施,以降低术后复发率。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石手术困难因素分析及临床对策

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的困难因素,并提出相应的临床对策。方法:回顾分析2013年9月至2018年10月为116例患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查(LCBDE)的临床资料,按手术时间、是否中转开腹、有无结石残留分组,应用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析,探讨LC联合LCBDE手术困难的独立危险因素。结果:116例患者中容易组63例、困难组53例。单因素分析显示:胆囊大小、胆囊壁炎症严重程度、胆囊三角解剖关系显露情况、胆总管下段有无结石嵌顿及胆总管直径均是LC联合LCBDE手术难度较大的危险因素(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,胆囊三角显露不清(OR=14.090,P<0.001)、胆囊壁化脓坏疽(OR=20.057,P=0.011)、胆总管下段结石嵌顿(OR=23.001,P=0.006)及胆总管直径≥12 mm(OR=3.950,P=0.008)是LC联合LCBDE手术困难的独立危险因素。结论:胆囊结石合并胆总管结石伴有胆囊三角显露不清、胆囊壁化脓坏疽、胆总管下段结石嵌顿、胆总管直径≥12 mm时,LC联合LCBDE的手术困难、危险性明显增加,临床应重视此类患者的术前评估及术中操作,以降低手术困难发生率。     

胆总管结石术后复发危险因素的分析

目的:分析胆总管结石术后复发的危险因素。方法:选择2009年2月—2012年5月胆总管结石患者385例,从一般情况、胆道情况、结石情况、治疗情况4个方面对胆总管结石的复发进行统计分析。结果:385例中胆总管结石复发组58例,未复发组327例,胆总管结石复发率为15.1%。年龄60岁患者胆总管结石复发率明显升高,(P=0.009),乳头旁憩室、胆总管直径≥10 mm、胆总管下段狭窄为结石复发的危险因素(P=0.002,P=0.006,P=0.01),而合并胆囊结石与胆总管结石的复发无相关性(P=0.167),多发结石(≥2)患者的复发率为18.05%,而单发结石患者复发率为6.78%,前者的复发率明显升高(P=0.004);结石直径≥10 mm的患者复发率为21.65%,而结石直径10 mm的患者复发率为12.85%,二者相比具有统计学意义(P=0.036),EST相较于开放或腹腔镜胆总管探查更容易出现结石复发(P0.001),术后给予中药治疗相较于为治疗组可以明显降低胆总管结石的复发率。结论:高龄、有乳头旁憩室、胆总管直径≥10mm、多发结石和行EST治疗是胆总管结石复发的独立危险因素,而术后给予中药治疗可以明显降低胆总管结石的复发。     

经皮肾镜取石术中及术后出血的相关危险因素分析

目的:分析经皮肾镜取石术中及术后出血的相关危险因素。方法:选取珠海市人民医院800例经皮肾镜取石的住院患者作为研究对象,收集入选患者的一般临床资料(性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、肝功能不全、肾功能不全、肾积水、泌尿系感染)、结石情况(结石的部位、多少、是否为鹿角型结石)、手术相关情况(通道数目、单通道术中的通道大小、单通道术中的肾盏入路、单通道的体表穿刺位置、是否为分期手术、手术时间),通过单因素分析,发现出血比例与未出血比例的差异具有统计学意义的因素,再将这些因素代入多因素Logistic回归分析,找出导致经皮肾镜取石术中及术后出血的独立危险因素。结果:合并糖尿病的患者术中术后出血的比例明显高于非糖尿病患者(28.57%vs 6.10%),合并肾功能不全患者术中术后出血的比例明显高于肾功能正常者(24.59%vs 6.49%),合并泌尿系感染的患者术中术后出血的比例明显高于非泌尿系感染患者(18.87%vs 5.78%),鹿角型结石患者术中术后出血的比例高于非鹿角型结石患者(16.92%vs 5.56%),单通道取石患者术中术后出血的比例高于多通道取石患者(10.78%vs 1.52%),一期取石患者术中术后出血的比例高于二期取石患者(11.22%vs 2.27%),手术时间≥90 min患者术中术后出血的比例高于手术时间90 min患者(2.60%vs 10.84%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,合并糖尿病、合并肾功能不全、合并泌尿系感染、鹿角型结石、分期手术为术中术后出血的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:合并糖尿病、合并肾功能不全、合并泌尿系感染、鹿角型结石、分期手术是经皮肾镜取石引发术中术后出血的独立危险因素。     

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石术后复发的危险因素分析

目的：探讨内镜手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者复发的相关影响因素。 方法：回顾性分析2010年1月—2012年12月应用内镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石99例患者（51例行腹腔镜下胆囊切除+胆总管切开取石术,48例行腹腔镜下胆囊切除+十二指肠镜乳头切开取石术）的临床与随访资料,对影响结石复发的相关因素行单因素与多因素分析。 结果：术后共19例患者复发,复发率为19.19%。单因素分析显示,术后结石复发与年龄、黄疸、胆管扩张、胆总管直径、结石最大直径、结石数目、胆管、胰腺炎症以及手术类型等因素有关（均P<0.05）,Logistic多因素回归分析发现,年龄（OR=2.692,P=0.011）、胆总管直径（OR=2.249,P=0.022）、结石数量（OR=2.647,P=0.017）、结石最大直径（OR=2.348,P=0.009）、合并炎症（OR=2.801,P=0.013）、手术类型（OR=2.421,P=0.018）是结石复发的独立危险因素。 结论：内镜手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石术后结石复发受多种因素影响,应当根据具体情况采用有针对性措施降低复发率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.