云南省德宏州蚊虫分布特点及乙型脑炎病毒分离

１９８３年５月以及１９８４年和１９８９年７￣８月，在云南省德宠州路西，瑞丽和盈江三县，市捕获成年雌性蚊虫９属４４种１９０８３只。三带喙库蚊，霜背库蚊，棕头库蚊和中华按蚊是农村畜圈的主要蚊种。伪白纹伊蚊和白纹伊蚊是野外竹林区的优势蚊种。对所获蚊虫用Ｃ６／３６细胞和乳鼠方法分离病毒，结果从三带喙库蚊中分离到乙型脑炎病毒２株，从霜背库蚊，白纹伊蚊和窄翅伊蚊中各分离出１株乙型脑炎病毒。分析认为，三带喙库蚊     

克拉玛依市农业综合开发区的蚊虫种类调查

目的调查克拉玛依市农业综合开发区内的蚊虫。方法用人帐诱法、扫网法进行调查。结果克拉玛依市农业综合开发区采集制作蚊虫标本6 381份,采获蚊虫3属6种,按蚊属1种,伊蚊属3种,库蚊属2种;季节消长呈坡型,蚊虫于4月下旬开始出现,10月以后逐渐消失,以7月为活动高峰。淡色库蚊为优势种占49.97%,米塞按蚊（15.04%）、刺扰伊蚊（12.85%）、里海伊蚊（10.95%）所占比例相当,为该地区侵扰人类的重要蚊种。结论淡色库蚊、米塞按蚊、刺扰伊蚊、里海伊蚊是该地区危害人类的主要蚊种,本调查为蚊虫防制提供了生态学依据。     

2019—2020年哈密市蚊虫种类分布及携带病毒调查

目的　了解新疆维吾尔自治区哈密市蚊虫种类及病毒携带情况,并鉴定该市尖音库蚊所属亚种。方法　分别于2019、2020年7月中旬,在新疆维吾尔自治区哈密市伊州区、伊吾县、巴里坤县采用诱蚊灯法捕捉蚊虫,鉴定所捕获蚊虫种属及尖音库蚊种属。采用逆转录PCR技术检测捕获蚊虫携带黄病毒属、甲病毒属、布尼亚病毒属、流行性乙型脑炎病毒、辽宁病毒、Tahyna病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒及西尼罗病毒情况。结果　在哈密市伊州区、伊吾县、巴里坤县共捕获蚊虫1 496只,分属于3属3种。尖音库蚊为优势蚊种,占所捕获蚊虫总数的65.91%（986只）;其次为里海伊蚊,占30.55%（457只）;阿拉斯加脉毛蚊最少,仅占3.54%（53只）。所捕获尖音库蚊经雄蚊尾器鉴定为尖音库蚊指名亚种。经逆转录PCR法检测,所捕获蚊虫黄病毒属、甲病毒属、布尼亚病毒属、流行性乙型脑炎病毒、辽宁病毒、Tahyna病毒、蜱传脑炎及西尼罗病毒均为阴性。结论　2019—2020年哈密市存在尖音库蚊、里海伊蚊、阿拉斯加脉毛蚊3种蚊虫,以尖音库蚊为优势蚊种;所捕获尖音库蚊均为指名亚种,未发现蚊类携带相关虫媒病毒。     

甘肃省庆阳市媒介蚊虫类携带病毒调查

目的了解甘肃省庆阳市区域媒介蚊虫类分布特点及携带病毒情况,为防控虫媒病毒相关疾病提供科学依据。方法采用电子诱蚊灯、捕虫网诱捕,并进行分类;用细胞培养法分离病毒,用血清学分子生物学方法进行病毒鉴定。结果2012年捕获蚊虫5种,4238只,其中淡色库蚊2459只,占58．0％;中华按蚊794只,占18．73％;三带喙库蚊652只,占15．38％;刺扰伊蚊215只,占5．08％;济南按蚊118只,占2．8％;捕获的三带喙库蚊中分离出1株盖塔病毒,淡色库蚊检出6株库蚊黄病毒。结论淡色库蚊是庆阳市区域的优势蚊种,蚊虫携带黄病毒和盖塔病毒等虫媒病毒,应加大对该地区蚊虫及虫媒病毒的监测、调查、研究及防治工作。     

基于核糖体 DNA 第二内转录间隔区基因的 9 种蚊虫分子鉴定

目的 分析常见 9 种蚊虫核糖体 DNA 第二内转录间隔区( rDNA-ITS2 )基因序列特征,为蚊虫种类分 子鉴定方法探讨提供依据。 方法 在山东省济宁市采集淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊、二带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、刺扰伊蚊、中 华按蚊、骚扰阿蚊、常型曼蚊和黄色柯蚊成蚊,形态学种类鉴定后,提取上述 9 种蚊虫 DNA,PCR 扩增 rDNA-ITS2 基 因并测序;在 GenBank 中进行同源性比对,采用 Bioedit 7. 0 软件及 DNAMAN 软件对测序结果进行比对分析,通过 DNASTAR、ClustalX 1. 81 和 Mega6 软件分析列特征并构建系统进化树探讨系统发生关系。 结果 9 种蚊虫的 rDNA- ITS2 长度在 343 bp 与 577 bp 之间,共有 59 个保守位点、449 个变异位点、235 个简约信息位点和 191 个单态位点,9 种蚊虫种间序列同源性为 28. 21% ~ 53. 76%;所有蚊虫的 rDNA-ITS2 基因分子鉴定与形态学鉴定吻合率 100%,库 蚊属的淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊和二带喙库蚊聚成一类,伊纹属的白纹伊蚊和刺扰伊蚊聚成一类,不同种蚊虫为独立 分支。 结论 核糖体 DNA 第二内转录间隔( rDNA-ITS2 )基因可用于蚊虫属和种的鉴定。     

云南楚雄2014年蚊媒及其病毒感染调查

目的了解云南楚雄元谋、武定和双柏3县蚊虫及其主要虫媒病毒种类,为制定出有效的虫媒传染病防控对策提供依据。方法2014年6-7月采用诱蚊灯在调查点通宵捕捉蚊虫,对现场采集蚊虫进行形态分类鉴定;采用C6/36细胞培养法和RT-PCR扩增目的基因片段对蚊虫体内病毒进行分离、鉴定。结果共捕获4属15种12 384只蚊虫,三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊、致倦库蚊和微小按蚊分别占捕获蚊虫总数的59.95%、19.31%、10.90%和 4.13%;C6/36细胞培养处理116组蚊虫,其中29组发生细胞病变,经基因鉴定为版纳病毒(BAV)、Totivirus 病毒(TOV)、乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)和Nam Dinh病毒(NDiV)4种,其中,三带喙库蚊的JEV、BAV、TOV和NDiV基因扩增批阳性率分别为1.87%、11.32%、3.77%和9.43%;希氏库蚊的NDiV基因扩增批阳性率为25.00%;致倦库蚊和中华按蚊的BAV、NDiV批阳性率分别为20.00%、33.34% 和5.00%、7.50%。结论楚雄地区蚊虫种类多,且以三带喙库蚊和中华按蚊为优势蚊种,从两种蚊虫标本中能分离到JEV、TOV、BAV和NDiV病毒,表明调查地区发生乙脑及其它虫媒病毒性疾病流行的危险较大。     

免疫荧光技术检测室内感染蚊虫体内登革病毒的研究

目的　探讨检测媒介蚊虫体内登革病毒的方法。　方法　以埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊两种有效媒介为研究对象 ,在人工经口感染大剂量登革 2型病毒 (DEN- 2 )的基础上 ,通过蚊细胞培养病毒分离和蚊头部压片免疫荧光技术进行病毒抗原检测。　结果　埃及伊蚊感染 DEN- 2病毒 1d后 ,接种 C6 / 36细胞 ,盲传一代后第 5 d出现空斑现象 ,确证细胞发病。白纹伊蚊经口感染登革病毒后 ,取吸血雌蚊每日进行头部压片免疫荧光检测 ,结果显示 ,从蚊虫感染后第 1d～第 2 0d内均能检测到病毒抗原。　结论　用免疫荧光技术 ,可直接检测出感染蚊体内是否携带登革病毒 ,是较为简便、省时、敏感的方法     

云南首次分离到辛德毕斯(Sindbis)、巴泰(Batai)和Colti病毒

目的了解云南省虫媒病毒分布情况,为防治提供依据。方法在云南省思茅地区和西双版纳州采集蚊虫以及发热病人血清,液氮冻存。标本常规处理,接种C6/36细胞和乳鼠以分离病毒,并用血清学和分子生物学方法对分离到的病毒进行鉴定。同时采集发热病人和健康人血清,用ELISA和血凝抑制试验检测病毒抗体。结果从西双版纳发热病人血清中分离到1株辛德毕斯(Sindbis)病毒,从澜沧县菲律宾按蚊中分离到1株巴泰(Batai)病毒,从思茅市翠云区和澜沧县三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊、菲律宾按蚊、迷走按蚊等蚊虫中分离到10株Colti病毒。血清抗体检查,西双版纳发热病人血清中辛德毕斯病毒抗体阳性率为2.50%(3/120),巴泰病毒抗体阳性率为4.17%(5/120);思茅和西双版纳地区健康人血清中辛德毕斯病毒抗体阳性率为1.93%(11/571),其中澜沧、思茅、景洪、勐腊和勐海的阳性率依次为4.55%(6/132)、0.89%(1/112)、1.25%(2/160)、1.96%(2/102)和0.00%(0/65);西双版纳发热病人和脑炎病人血清中还检测出Colti病毒抗体。结论云南省分布有经蚊虫传播的辛德毕斯、巴泰和Colti病毒,当地人群中也存在该病毒自然感染。今后应加强这3种虫媒病毒病的调查研究和防治工作。     

云南省西双版纳州蚊虫分布特点及与虫媒病毒的关系

１９８１、１９８２、１９８３、１９８６、１９８７和１９８８年在西双版纳州景洪、勐海和勐腊县（市）捕获成年雌性蚊虫８属３４种３４５０８只。夜晚在农村畜圈及其周围采获蚊虫２１种,优势蚊种为棕头库蚊和三带喙库蚊;白天在野外竹林采获蚊虫２５种,优势蚊种为贺斑伊蚊和白蚊伊蚊。从三带喙库蚊（８株）、霜背库蚊（４株）、伪杂鳞库蚊（３株）、环带库蚊（１株）、棕头库蚊（１株）、中华按蚊（３株）、刺扰伊蚊（２株）、白     

应用rDNA-ITS2诊断性序列现场对3种重要蚊媒的鉴定

目的 建立利用核糖体DNA第二内转录间隔区(rDNA-ITS2)诊断性序列鉴别蚊媒的分子生物学方法. 方法 根据淡色库蚊、白纹伊蚊、嗜人按蚊rDNA-ITS2基因两侧的5.8S和28S保守区设计诊断性引物,进行3种蚊虫的rDNA-ITS2克隆鉴定,并利用其rDNA-ITS2特征进行现场蚊虫的鉴别. 结果 诊断性引物对于淡色库蚊、白纹伊蚊、嗜人按蚊DNA模板的扩增产物分别为440、514和558 bp,3种蚊虫阳性克隆的测序结果与GenBank-blast相应蚊种rDNA-ITS2序列的同源性均为99%.用Biosept、DNAstar等软件分别分析发现各蚊虫克隆的个体间存在一定程度的单核苷酸多态性(SNP).将现场采集的蚊虫诊断性引物扩增产物进行阳性克隆进行序列测定和分析,显示与淡色库蚊阳性对照的一致性为99%;与GenBank中淡色库蚊rDNA-ITS2基因的同源性为99%. 结论 通过对淡色库蚊、白纹伊蚊、嗜人按蚊核糖体DNA第二内转录间隔区(rDNA-ITS2)基因的序列分析,表明3种蚊媒的rDNA-ITS2基因具有可鉴别的种属特异性.利用同一体系的共享引物扩增,可以建立适用于3种蚊媒的现场鉴定方法.     

Isolations of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) from field-collected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Connecticut, USA: a ten-year analysis, 1997-2006

Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) (Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) is a mosquito-borne zoonosis belonging to the California serogroup. It has a wide geographic distribution, occurring throughout much of temperate North America. White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus are the principal amplification hosts, and boreal Aedes and Ochlerotatus mosquitoes are the primary vectors. A 10-year study was undertaken to identify potential mosquito vectors in Connecticut, quantify seasonal prevalence rates of infection, and define the geographic distribution of JCV in the state as a function of land use and white-tailed deer populations, which have increased substantially over this period. Jamestown Canyon virus was isolated from 22 mosquito species. Five of them, Ochlerotatus canadensis, Oc. cantator, Anopheles punctipennis, Coquillettidia perturbans, and Oc. abserratus were incriminated as the most likely vectors, based on yearly isolation frequencies and the spatial geographic distribution of infected mosquitoes. Jamestown Canyon virus was isolated from Oc. canadensis more consistently and from a greater range of collection sites than any other species. Frequent virus isolations were also made from Aedes cinereus, Aedes vexans, and Oc. sticticus, and new North American isolation records were established for Anopheles walkeri, Culex restuans, Culiseta morsitans, Oc. sticticus, Oc. taeniorhynchus, and Psorophora ferox. Other species from which JCV was isolated included C. melanura, Oc. aurifer, Oc. communis, Oc. excrucians, Oc. provocans, Oc. sollicitans, Oc. stimulans, Oc. triseriatus, and Oc. trivittatus. Jamestown Canyon virus was widely distributed throughout Connecticut and found to consistently circulate in a diverse array of mosquito vectors. Infected mosquitoes were collected from June through September, and peak infection rates paralleled mosquito abundance from mid-June through mid-July. Infection rates in mosquitoes were consistent from year to year, and overall virus activity was directly related to local mosquito abundance. Infected mosquitoes were equally distributed throughout the state, irrespective of land use, and infection rates were not directly associated with the abundance of white-tailed deer, possibly because of their saturation throughout the region.     

Mosquito surveys carried out on Green Island, Orchid Island, and Penghu Island, Taiwan, in 2003

Field surveys of mosquitoes were carried out on Green, Orchid, and Penghu Islands in 2003 to ascertain the status of mosquito vectors. Eighteen species of mosquitoes were collected, including three species of Anopheles, four species of Aedes, eight species of Culex, two species of Armigeres, and one species of Malaya. Seventeen previously recorded species were not collected in this study but 11 species collected had not previously been recorded. Ten newly recorded species, An. maculatus, An. takasagoensis, Ae. alcasidi, Ae. lineatopennis, Ae. vexans vexans, Ar. omissus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. halifaxii, Cx. hayashii, and Cx. neomimulus, were collected on Green Island and one previously unrecorded species, Ar. subalbatus, was collected on Orchid Island. Potential vectors An. maculatus and An. sinensis, malaria vectors in Korea and Mainland China, Ae. albopictus, a vector of dengue in Taiwan and West Nile virus in the USA, Cx. vishnui and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Japanese encephalitis vectors in Taiwan, Ae. vexans vexans, an eastern equine encephalitis vector in the USA, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, a vector of filariasis in Taiwan and West Nile virus in the USA, were among the mosquito species collected.     

Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977-1980. II. Arthropod collections and virus isolations from Argentine mosquitoes

Prospective surveys for arboviruses were carried out in Santa Fe, Corrientes, and Chaco provinces, Argentina, aperiodically during 1977-1980. A total of 313,233 mosquitoes and 598 biting flies other than mosquitoes were collected and tested for virus in 5,197 and 45 pools, respectively. Forty virus strains were isolated, all from mosquitoes, as follows: Santa Fe Province: 4 Gamboa group viruses from Aedeomyia squamipennis, 1 strain each of St. Louis encephalitis virus from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Culex (Culex) spp.; Corrientes Province: a single strain of a newly discovered Anopheles A serogroup virus, Las Maloyas, from Anopheles albitarsis; and Chaco Province: 4 Gamboa group viruses from Ad. squamipennis, 6 strains of new Bunyaviridae (1 Antequera, 1 Barranqueras, and 4 Resistencia) from Culex (Melanoconion) delpontei, 3 strains of a new subtype of western equine encephalitis virus and 1 strain of Para virus from the Cx. (Mel.) ocossa group, 12 strains of a newly discovered subtype (VI) of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex from Cx. (Mel.) delpontei, and 1 strain each from Ad. squamipennis, Aedes scapularis, Ae. spp., Cx. (Cux.) spp., Cx. (Mel.) ocossa group, Mansonia spp., and Psorophora spp. Bloodmeals from 265 engorged mosquitoes were identified by precipitin test. These data, coupled with data on engorgement rates for 25,995 mosquitoes from bait collections, provide information on the host feeding patterns of several mosquito species. This information is discussed, along with data on relative abundance of mosquito species, within the context of the vector relationships of the species from which viruses were isolated. The association of Cx. (Mel.) delpontei with 18 strains of 4 different viruses in Chaco Province, plus its catholic feeding habits, clearly indicate for the first time the importance of this species as an arbovirus vector.     

Distribution of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne arboviruses in Inner Mongolia, China

During summers in 2007 and 2008, an investigation was conducted to identify the distribution of mosquitoes and circulation of mosquito-borne arboviruses in Inner Mongolia, China. A total of 10,542 mosquitoes consisting of seven species from the Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles genera were trapped by UV-light traps, and they were sorted into 211 pools according to species, location, and date of collection. The result showed that Aedes dorsalis was the most common species, accounting for 41.0% (4327/10,542) of the total. Culex modestus (17.1%, 1801/10,542) made up the second largest species, followed by Aedes flavidorsalis (16.3%, 1714/10,542). Six virus isolates were obtained from pooled mosquitoes using cell culture and were identified as Tahyna virus (two isolates from Ae. dorsalis and C. modestus), Banna virus (one isolate from C. modestus), and Culex Pipiens pallens Densovirus (three isolates from Aedes caspius) by serological and molecular methods.     

Review: artificial container-breeding mosquitoes and cemeteries: a perfect match

Artificial container-breeding mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Culex pipiens, are well-recognized vectors of diseases throughout the world. Cemeteries are considered major sources of mosquitoes and the results of more than 30 studies concerning mosquitoes in cemeteries have been published over the last decade. The characteristics of these environments in regard to the availability of resources for mosquito development were discussed. Also, studies about early detection of Aedes vectors, ecological issues, and mosquito control performed in cemeteries were reviewed. Among 31 mosquito species found breeding in cemeteries from 16 countries, the invasive Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were the most frequent ones. Species of the genus Ochlerotatus, Culex, Toxorhynchites, Culiseta, Armigeres, Lutzia, Uranotaenia, and Tripteroides were also reported. Overall, cemeteries are highly suitable habitats for artificial container-breeding mosquitoes due to the great availability of the different resources that they need (i.e. sugar substances, blood, shelter and water-filled containers). In addition, these places are mostly ideal settings to perform studies in urbanized areas because of high mosquito abundance, heterogeneity of macro- and microhabitats, and an easier access in comparison with private premises. However, the feasibility of a cemetery as a study area must be evaluated in each case considering the objectives of the study and cemetery characteristics.     

Potential for New York mosquitoes to transmit West Nile virus

We evaluated the potential for several North American mosquito species to transmit the newly introduced West Nile (WN) virus. Mosquitoes collected in the New York City Metropolitan Area during the recent (1999) WN outbreak were allowed to feed on chickens infected with WN virus isolated from a crow that had died during this outbreak. These mosquitoes were tested approximately 2 weeks later to determine infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. Culex pipiens mosquitoes were highly susceptible to infection, and nearly all individuals with a disseminated infection did transmit WN virus by bite. In contrast, Aedes vexans were only moderately susceptible to oral infection; however, those individuals inoculated with WN virus did transmit virus by bite.     

Vector competence of California mosquitoes for California encephalitis and California encephalitis-like viruses.

Mosquitoes collected from coastal, inland valley, and alpine locations in California were evaluated for their experimental vector competence for two viruses in the California serogroup (Bunyaviridae:Bunyavirus). Aedes squamiger, a coastal salt marsh mosquito, was an efficient vector of a California encephalitis (CE)-like virus isolated from its habitat (89% of the pledget-fed females became infected and 61% transmitted virus). Aedes dorsalis, a coastal mosquito, and Ae. melanimon, an inland valley mosquito, were competent vectors of prototype CE virus (98% and 100% of the pledget-fed females became infected and 56% and 30%, respectively, transmitted virus). Aedes squamiger and Ae. dorsalis transmitted both viruses vertically to one or more of 20 of their progeny. Culiseta inornata was susceptible to infection with both viruses, but 5% or less transmitted virus perorally. Alpine mosquitoes, Ae. cataphylla, Ae. increpitus, and Ae. tahoensis, became infected with both CE and CE-like viruses, but 3% or less transmitted virus. All species of mosquitoes were more efficient vectors of both viruses following intrathoracic inoculation than following pledget feeding, suggesting the presence of mesenteronal barriers.