海南产番木瓜籽挥发油的稳定性及抗假丝酵母菌活性的研究

目的研究海南产番木瓜籽挥发油的稳定性及抗假丝酵母菌的活性。方法采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GCMS)结合保留指数分析和鉴定海南产番木瓜籽挥发油成分,考察挥发油成分在0,3,6,9,12个月的稳定性,并采用纸片法探索其对5种11株假丝酵母菌(白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌及近平滑假丝酵母菌)的抑菌活性。结果番木瓜籽挥发油的主成分异硫氰酸苄酯在考察时间内稳定,RSD为0.18%;10.0 mg/ml的挥发油对实验中的11株假丝酵母菌的抑菌圈为14.2~33.2 mm,且抑菌圈随着挥发油浓度的减小而减小。结论海南产番木瓜籽挥发油稳定且具有较强的抗假丝酵母菌活性,为进一步研究其抗真菌药用价值提供了实验依据。     

唇香草抑菌活性筛选及挥发油类化学成分分析

目的 筛选唇香草抑菌活性成分及分析其挥发油类化学成分.方法 采用纸片琼脂扩散法和对倍稀释法对唇香草水提取物与挥发油进行抑菌实验研究,经GC-MS联用技术,结合Kovats指数技术对唇香草挥发油抑菌的活性成分进行了成分分析.结果 唇香草挥发油对白假丝酵母菌有较强的抑制作用,水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑制作用,而对大...     

女性阴道分泌物真菌培养及耐药性分析

目的分析女性阴道分泌物中分离的真菌并对其进行耐药性分析,指导临床用药。方法用法国科玛嘉显色培养基及法国梅里埃Vitek-32 YBC卡对阴道分泌物中分离的真菌进行鉴定,用法国梅里埃ATB Fungus 2进行药敏试验,并进行耐药性分析。结果从阴道分泌物分离出352株真菌,其中白色假丝酵母菌228株(64.8%),光滑假丝酵母菌59株(16.7%),热带假丝酵母菌38株(10.8%),克柔假丝酵母菌19株(5.4%);分离的真菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑有不同程度的耐药,对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B耐药率较低。结论临床医生应对真菌感染及耐药问题引起高度重视,加强真菌培养及耐药性检测,合理使用抗生素及抗真菌药,以降低真菌感染的发生率及耐药率。     

中西医结合治疗123例中老年肺部白假丝酵母菌感染

由于广谱抗生素、抗肿瘤药、免疫抑制剂等的广泛应用,导致菌群失调和机体对真菌的抵抗力降低,致使深部真菌病的发病率日趋增高,院内感染真菌以白假丝酵母菌为主,及时应用高效的抗真菌药,对于提高真菌感染的治愈率非常重要,现结合进修医院的t临床病例谈氟康唑与中药治疗肺部白假丝酵母菌感染的临床疗效。     

重症监护室患者深部真菌感染的病原菌 分布特点及其耐药性分析

〔摘 要〕 目的：探讨重症监护室（ICU）患者深部真菌感染的病原菌分布特点及耐药性。方法：选择 2020 年 1 月至 2021 年 6 月厦门市中医院 ICU 收治的 137 例患者作为研究对象,137 例 ICU 患者送检标本 816 份,分离出真 菌 410 株,均进行病原菌鉴定及药敏试验,分析 ICU 患者深部真菌感染的病原菌分布特点及耐药性。结果：410 株深 部真菌主要为白色假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌及克柔假丝酵母菌,分别占比 39.51 %、17.07 %、 11.22 %、10.00 %;410 株深部真菌标本主要来源于痰液、尿液、粪便及引流液,分别占比 38.05 %、18.05 %、15.61 %、 6.83 %;克柔假丝酵母菌及热带假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑及伊曲康唑耐药性较高,耐药率在 15.00 % 以上,对 5– 氟尿嘧啶、两性霉素 B 及制霉菌素较敏感,其中克柔假丝酵母菌对氟康唑的耐药性在 50.00 % 以上;白色假丝酵 母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌对伊曲康唑、氟康唑的耐药率在 5.00 % 以上,对 5– 氟尿嘧啶、两性霉素 B 及制霉菌素较敏感。 结论：ICU 深部真菌感染标本以痰液为主,菌种以白色假丝酵母菌为主,且不同病原菌耐药性不同,应结合 ICU 患 者的病原菌情况,合理选用抗真菌药物。     

五种金粟兰属植物挥发油成分及其抗真菌活性研究

本文对五种金粟生属植物挥发油成分进行了GC-MS分析和抗真菌活性的研究。初步鉴定出53种成分,并发现五种植物挥发油都具有一定的抗真菌活性。     

呼吸内科肺部真菌感染病原及其临床治疗效果分析

目的:分析探讨呼吸内科肺部真菌感染病原及其临床治疗效果。方法:选择我院2012年1月-2014年1月收治的264例呼吸内科肺部真菌感染患者为观察对象,74例患者接受伊曲康唑治疗,190例患者接受氟康唑治疗,分析患者肺部真菌感染病原及其临床治疗效果。结果:呼吸内科肺部真菌感染病原多样化,主要有曲霉菌、白色假丝酵母菌、光滑念珠菌及白色念珠菌;感染患者接受抗真菌疗法治疗的总有效率为85%左右,且慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发病率较高。结论:呼吸内科肺部真菌感染患者接受抗真菌治疗,有助于患者临床症状的改善。     

牛至挥发油对白假丝酵母菌体外抗菌作用及机制的初步研究北大核心CSCD

目的:探讨牛至挥发油对白假丝酵母菌体外抗菌活性及作用机制。方法:采用打孔琼脂扩散法与微量稀释法测定牛至挥发油对白假丝酵母菌的抑菌活性和最小抑菌浓度(MIC);牛至挥发油处理白假丝酵母菌后,测定真菌碱性磷酸酶(AKP)含量、吸光度,麦角甾醇含量、胞外蛋白含量、线粒体中活性氧(ROS)含量;DAPI染色观察细胞核;结晶紫染色、扫描电镜观察菌体结构。结果:牛至挥发油对白假丝酵母菌的抑菌圈为(24±2)mm;最低抑菌浓度为1.98 mg/mL。形态学观察,牛至挥发油会破坏真菌细胞壁,使菌体扭曲变形,细胞核碎裂,菌液吸光值显著升高(P<0.01);与正常对照组相比,牛至挥发油2 mg/mL能提高菌液AKP含量、胞外蛋白含量、ROS含量,降低麦角甾醇含量(P<0.01)。结论:牛至挥发油可能通过破坏白假丝酵母菌菌体的完整性,以及导致线粒体功能障碍,促使细胞坏死的方式杀灭白假丝酵母菌,抑菌效果良好。具有广阔的应用前景。     

肺部真菌感染的临床分析

目的探讨呼吸内科病房患者肺部真菌感染发病的易患因素、临床特征和治疗方法。方法对2004年9月—2005年5月收住内科的经微生物检查证实继发肺部真菌感染的35例患者资料进行分析。结果在呼吸内科病房中,院内肺部真菌感染发生率为2.6%。慢性阻塞性肺疾病是继发院内肺部真菌感染最常见的基础疾病,长期使用广谱抗生素、低蛋白血症、长期使用糖皮质激素及合并糖尿病是主要易患因素。肺部真菌感染的临床表现无特异性,确诊需结合痰培养、组织病理学和临床表现,病原菌以白色假丝酵母菌（60%）为主。结论白色假丝酵母菌是院内肺部真菌感染的主要致病菌,除有效的抗真菌治疗外,积极的综合治疗有助于提高真菌感染的治愈率。     

ICU重症患者肺部真菌感染的临床分析

目的:对重症监护病房(ICU)重症患者肺部真菌感染的临床特点进行系统分析,以期为临床治疗提供更多的参考数据。方法:回顾分析本院2013年1月-2014年6月收治的145例发生肺部真菌感染的ICU重症患者的临床资料,并就其临床感染症状、体征、真菌种类进行统计分析,并就ICU引发患者肺部真菌感染的相关危险因素进行系统分析。结果:145例ICU重症患者出现症状与体征多以发热为主,依次为肺部湿啰音、痰量增多,黏稠、呼吸急促等。经痰液、肺部分泌物、血液标本检测,共分离真菌156株;其中白色假丝酵母菌居首(52.6%),其次为热带假丝酵母菌(17.3%),第三为光滑假丝酵母菌(11.5%)。引发ICU重症患者肺部真菌感染危险因素多集中于以下几方面:长期应用广谱抗菌药物、气管插管以及气管切开、低蛋白血症、长期应用各种激素等。结论:ICU重症患者发生肺部真菌感染后,其主要临床症状、体征多为发热、痰量增多、黏稠、肺部湿啰音;其感染真菌以白色假丝酵母菌居多;长期使用广谱抗菌药物则是引发ICU重症患者肺部真菌感染的主要危险因素。     

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and ethanol extract of Phlomis fruticosa L. (Lamiaceae)

The essential oils and an ethanol extract of Phlomis fruticosa L. were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Seven bacterial and seven fungal species were used. Among them were human, animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning bacteria and fungi which are known as potential mycotoxin producers. The essential oils showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Micrococcus luteus. The essential oils extracted from the plants collected from two different localities showed similar antibacterial activities. The antifungal activity of the essential oils was positive against Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium tricinctum and Phomopsis helianthi. The ethanol extract showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium tricinctum and Phomopsis helianthi.     

Antifungal activity of medicinal plant extracts; preliminary screening studies

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In the setting of HIV and organ transplantation, opportunistic fungal infections have become a common cause of morbidity and mortality. Thus antifungal therapy is playing a greater role in health care. Traditional plants are a valuable source of novel antifungals. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess in vitro antifungal activity of aqueous plant extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for each extract in the setting of human pathogenic fungal isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plants were harvested and identification verified. Aqueous extracts were obtained and antifungal susceptibilities determined using serial dilutional extracts with a standardized microdilution broth methodology. Twenty-three fungal isolates were cultured and exposed to the plant extracts. Five known antifungals were used as positive controls. Results were read at 48 and 72 h. RESULTS: Of the 14 plants analyzed, Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, Epilobium angustifolium L. and Potentilla simplex Michx. demonstrated strong antifungal potential overall. Fragaria virginiana had some degree of activity against all of the fungal pathogens. Alnus viridis DC., Betula alleghaniensis Britt. and Solidago gigantea Ait. also demonstrated a significant degree of activity against many of the yeast isolates. CONCLUSION: Fragaria virginiana, Epilobium angustifolium and Potentilla simplex demonstrate promising antifungal potential.     

Essential oils from Distichoselinum tenuifolium: Chemical composition,cytotoxicity, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Several aromatic plants and their essential oils are known to possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Distichoselinum tenuifolium (Lag.) Garcia Martin & Silvestre, an Iberian endemism, is traditionally used in the treatment of contact dermatitis and skin infections. However, the cellular mechanisms through which this plant exerts their beneficial effects are not known.

Aim of the study

The aims of this study were to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from Distichoselinum tenuifolium, and to test the efficacy of the essential oil as an antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential.

Materials and methods

The oils were investigated by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and the antifungal activity (minimal inhibitory concentrations: MIC and minimal lethal concentrations: MLC) were evaluated against yeasts, dermatophyte and Aspergillus strains. Assessment of cell viability was made by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of Distichoselinum tenuifolium oil was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS, in the absence or in the presence of the oil, in a mouse macrophage cell line.

Results

The oils are predominantly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons, being myrcene the main compound (47.7–84.6%). The oils revealed significant antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and dermatophyte strains and significantly inhibited NO production stimulated by LPS in macrophages, without affecting cell viability at concentrations ranging from 0.64 μL/mL to 1.25 μL/mL.

Conclusion

These findings add significant information to the pharmacological activity of Distichoselinum tenuifolium essential oils, specifically to its antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties, thus justifying and reinforcing the use of this plant on traditional medicine. Therefore, their beneficial effects and use in disease prevention, especially those related to fungal infections and inflammation, should be explored in more depth.     

Antifungal Activity of 10 Guadeloupean Plants

Screening of the antifungal activities of ten Guadeloupean plants was undertaken to find new extracts and formulations against superficial mycoses such as onychomycosis, athlete's foot, Pityriasis versicolor, as well as the deep fungal infection Pneumocystis pneumonia. For the first time, the CMI of these plant extracts [cyclohexane, ethanol and ethanol/water (1:1, v/v)] was determined against five dermatophytes, five Candida species, Scytalidium dimidiatum, a Malassezia sp. strain and Pneumocystis carinii. Cytotoxicity tests of the most active extracts were also performed on an HaCat keratinocyte cell line. Results suggest that the extracts of Bursera simaruba, Cedrela odorata, Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Pluchea carolinensis have interesting activities and could be good candidates for developing antifungal formulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biofilm inhibition by Cymbopogon citratus and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils in the strains of Candida albicans

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Syzygium aromaticum have been used in traditional medicine to treat fungal infections of skin, mouth, urinary and vaginal tract in Asian countries particularly India and other developing countries.

Aim of the study

To evaluate essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Syzygium aromaticum for their anti-biofilm activity against strong biofilm forming strains of Candida albicans.

Materials and methods

XTT reduction assay, Time kill assays, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to determine the effect of test oils on the Candida albicans biofilms.

Results

Most of the Candida albicans strains tested displayed formation of moderate to strong biofilms. Preformed Candida biofilms showed ≥1024 times increased resistance to antifungal drugs, 2 times to Syzygium aromaticum, but no increased tolerance for Cymbopogon citratus. Test oils were more active against preformed biofilms compared to amphotericin B and fluconazole. At 0.5× MIC, Cymbopogon citratus followed by Syzygium aromaticum were most inhibitory against biofilm formation. Light and electron microscopic studies revealed the deformity of three dimensional structures of biofilms formed in the presence of sub-MICs of Cymbopogon citratus. The cell membranes appeared to be the target site of compounds in sessile cells as displayed by SEM observations.

Conclusion

Our data had demonstrated promising in vitro anti-biofilm activity by Cymbopogon citratus and Syzygium aromaticum and confirm the ethnopharmacological use of these oils in muco-cutaneous Candida infections. Furthermore, it suggests exploitation of these oils as new anti-biofilm products to deal with the problem of drug-resistance and recurrent infection associated with biofilm mode of growth of Candida spp.     

黄芩及其有效成分抗菌作用新进展

近年来,随着免疫功能下降人群的不断增多,细菌/真菌感染率大幅上升,伴随耐药现象的出现,临床可供选择的抗菌药物越来越有限。黄芩Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi为唇形科黄芩属多年生草本,黄芩及其有效成分具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗菌等多重药理作用,尤其显著的抗细菌抗真菌活性对于治疗日渐增多的耐药性细菌/真菌感染有重要意义。该文结合国内外对黄芩及其有效成分的研究,对近年来其抗菌作用及机制研究进展作一综述。     

植物精油及活性成分防控黄曲霉生长及其毒素产生的研究进展

黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus是一种病原性真菌,极易污染中药材、食品和农作物等。黄曲霉次生代谢产生的黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxins,AFT)具有致癌性和剧毒性,给动物和人类的健康带来严重的威胁。因此,寻求黄曲霉及AFT产生的抑制剂受到各国科研工作者的广泛关注。植物精油是一种从高等植物中提取并高度浓缩的天然抑菌剂,具有抑菌效果好、污染小、对人体相对安全等优点。目前,已有研究报道具有抗真菌活性的植物精油主要包括百里香、牛至、紫苏、小茴香等多种精油,其中醇、醛、酚类等活性成分抑真菌效果相对较好。对黄曲霉及AFT的致病性及精油防控的研究进展进行综述,为进一步探究植物精油的抑菌机制以及开发天然、绿色的抑菌产品提供参考。     

The chemical composition of some Lauraceae essential oils and their antifungal activities

The antifungal activity of Aniba rosaeodora, Laurus nobilis, Sassafras albidum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oils were investigated against 17 micromycetes. Among the tested fungal species were food poisoning, spoilage fungi, plant and animal pathogens. In order to determine fungistatic and fungicidal concentrations (MIC and MFC) macrodilution and microdilution tests were used. Linalool was the main component in the essential oil of A. rosaeodora, while 1.8-cineole was dominant in L. nobilis. In sassafras essential oil safrole was the major component and in the oil of C. zeylanicum the main component was trans-cinnamaldehyde. The essential oil of cinnamon showed the strongest antifungal activity.     

Antifungal constituents of the plant family Amaryllidaceae

Globalization, the modern lifestyle, immuno‐suppressive agents, invasive surgical procedures, the loss of efficacies of existing drugs, and multidrug resistance are some of the factors used to explain the rise in fungal infections in recent years. Significant advances have been made in attempts to replace existing antifungal schedules, especially with synthetic targets. The identification of other platforms for drug discovery is now entrenched in research programs across the globe. Plants offer significant benefits owing to their numerical superiority, exceedingly broad chemical basis and appealing sustainability characteristics. Furthermore, plants have a long and rich historical association with traditional approaches towards fungal diseases. These have in numerous instances served as markers in the bioassay‐guided identification of the active constituents. Although the plant family Amaryllidaceae is conventionally associated with cancer and motor‐neuron disease chemotherapies, around 30 of its species have been examined for antifungal activities with microgram per millilitre inhibitory activities detected in several instances. This review focuses on the nearly 40 constituents from the family, mainly isoquinoline alkaloids, which have been screened against around 50 fungal pathogens. Encouragingly, microgram per millilitre growth inhibitory activities were applicable for several of the compounds with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 μg/ml seen to be the lowest.     

Antifungal Activity of Gallic Acid In Vitro and In Vivo

Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol natural compound found in many medicinal plant species, including pomegranate rind (Punica granatum L.), and has been shown to have antiinflammatory and antibacterial properties. Pomegranate rind is used to treat bacterial and fungal pathogens in Uyghur and other systems of traditional medicine, but, surprisingly, the effects of GA on antifungal activity have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of GA on fungal strains both in vitro and in vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the NCCLS (M38‐A and M27‐A2) standard method in vitro, and GA was found to have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity, with MICs for all the tested dermatophyte strains between 43.75 and 83.33 μg/mL. Gallic acid was also active against three Candida strains, with MICs between 12.5 and 100.0 μg/mL. The most sensitive Candida species was Candida albicans (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL), and the most sensitive filamentous species was Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 43.75 μg/mL), which was comparable in potency to the control, fluconazole. The mechanism of action was investigated for inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis using an HPLC‐based assay and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Gallic acid reduced the activity of sterol 14α‐demethylase P450 (CYP51) and squalene epoxidase in the T. rubrum membrane, respectively. In vivo model demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection administration of GA (80 mg/kg d) significantly enhanced the cure rate in a mice infection model of systemic fungal infection. Overall, our results confirm the antifungal effects of GA and suggest a mechanism of action, suggesting that GA has the potential to be developed further as a natural antifungal agent for clinical use. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.