造口旁疝的外科治疗现状及展望

造口旁疝是永久性肠造口术后最常见的远期并发症之一,属于造口旁腹壁切口疝的一种。其发病率逐年增加,虽然大部分造口旁疝患者无明显临床症状,或仅有轻微的腹部不适感,可通过保守治疗改善,但当患者出现严重腹痛、肠梗阻及腹部膨隆等并发症时常需手术治疗。手术方式主要包括3种：缝合修补术、造口移位术及补片修补术。对于有高危险因素的患者,可考虑在造口时预防性放置补片。复习国内外相关文献,就造口旁疝的外科治疗研究进展进行总结论述。     

造口旁疝发生的危险因素及预防策略

造口旁疝是肠造口术后的常见并发症之一, 发生率高达30%以上。诊断依靠体格检查及腹部CT。可能影响造口旁疝发生的因素包括:造口方式(造口肠管选择、造口与腹膜的关系、造口位置选择及造口孔径)、手术时间及患者自身因素等。预防造口旁疝对提高患者术后生活质量至关重要, 预防性放置补片和围手术期护理工作可能预防造口旁疝的发生, 补片材料类型可能影响造口旁疝的发生率。为降低复发率, 目前常用腔镜下Sugarbaker法修补造口旁疝。如何有效预防和治疗造口旁疝仍需高质量研究提供依据。     

造口旁疝的诊治

目的：探讨造口旁疝的诊断方法及有效的治疗措施。方法：回顾性地分析1990－1997年行结肠造口术病例429例，随访时间5－12年。结果：11例发生造口旁疝，肠造口手术至出现造口旁疝时间中位数为30个月。7例行造口带治疗，4例行造口旁疝修补术。结论：造口旁疝的主要表现为造口旁肿物，如扪及造口旁缺损即可诊断。B超或CT检查有助于诊断。早期或症状轻微者经造口带治疗多可缓解症状。原位筋膜修补术加体网补片修补术是最佳手术方法，该术式成功的关键在于手术前严格 的肠道准备，术中注意无菌操作，术后合理使用抗生素，避免造口周围伤口感染。     

应用聚丙烯补片腹膜前修补造口旁疝16例

目的 探讨聚丙烯补片腹膜前修补术在直肠癌术后并发造口旁疝中的临床应用.方法 回顾性分析2006年6月至2012年5月涿州市医院应用聚丙烯补片腹膜前修补手术治疗直肠癌术后造口旁疝16例患者的临床资料、手术方法及治疗效果.结果 所有患者术后切口均一期愈合,术后随访6个月至5年,除2例患者有腹壁修补处僵硬不适感外,其他患者无腹胀、腹痛、排便不畅等症状,无切口感染、脂肪液化、补片取出者,无造口狭窄或缺血坏死等情况.结论 应用聚丙烯补片腹膜前修补术治疗直肠癌术后并发造口旁疝是一种安全、有效、可靠、符合生理的治疗方法,值得推广应用.     

造口旁疝修补的技术发展

造口旁疝作为腹壁造口术后常见并发症, 尽管欧洲疝学会指南建议, 应用手术治疗处理造口旁疝, 但没有"金标准"术式。造口旁疝修补手术方式的探索实践已进行多年, 从早先的疝环组织缝合修补和造口移位修补术, 到补片的加强(如Keyhole修补技术和Sugarbaker修补技术)以及腹腔镜技术的应用, 再到各种方法的结合。单孔和机器人手术的介入、造口旁疝的预防、治疗的专科化、多学科合作及诊断方式的改进等, 都将为造口患者提供更优化的解决方案。本文将回顾总结造口旁疝手术技术的发展历程并予以评价。     

补片修补造口旁疝38例疗效

目的总结造口旁疝应用Keyhole补片及超普平片进行疝修补术的疗效。 方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2018年4月,上海交通大学附属第六人民医院采用Keyhole补片及超普平片对38例造口旁疝患者行疝修补术治疗的临床资料。 结果38例造口旁疝患者均采用置入补片的疝修补术实施修补。其中15例行开放手术,6例行纯腔镜下腹膜内补片植入手术,5例行开放结合腔镜的杂交手术,12例行Lap-re-Do手术。手术时间40～300 min,平均（150±72）min。全部随访时间2～46个月,其中造口旁疝复发2例（缝合疝环、补片加固）,浆液肿4例,切口感染3例,造口肠管血运轻度障碍1例,均处理痊愈。 结论造口旁疝应积极应用补片行疝修补手术,疗效可靠。术式需根据术前仔细评估和术中情况做相应选择。     

生物补片在合并造口旁疝的肠造口还纳术中的应用

目的探讨生物补片在合并造口旁疝的肠造口还纳术中的应用价值。 方法回顾分析2017年5月10日至2019年9月30日中山大学附属第六医院,应用生物补片（SIS）在合并造口旁疝的肠造口还纳术中进行一期修补的22例患者的临床资料,观察造口部位切口疝（SSIH）的发生率及术后疼痛、血清肿、补片感染等并发症发生率。 结果所有手术均顺利完成,Onlay修补16例,Sublay修补6例。仅1例（4.5%）出现SSIH（Onlay修补）,术后疼痛以轻-中度为主,1周内基本回复正常,无血清肿、补片感染病例。Onlay与Sublay修补在SSIH发生率和其他并发症发生率方面差异无统计学意义。 结论应用生物补片在合并造口旁疝的肠造口还纳手术中加强筋膜缺损,在不明显增加手术并发症的情况下能显著降低SSIH的发生率,是一安全、有效的方法。     

造口旁疝手术时机、适应证及术式选择

造口旁疝是肠造口术后常见的并发症之一,发生率可达50%～70%,切口早期愈合不良,腹膜化组织长入切口使肌肉筋膜薄弱或连续性中断是造口旁疝形成的重要机制。当造口旁疝合并反复发作的嵌顿、肠梗阻、局部疼痛、造口周围皮肤破损以及造口护理困难等合并症时,须采取手术治疗。目前,补片修补术是造口旁疝的主要手术方式,其中Sugarbaker手术相对常用,但具体术式仍需根据病人自身情况进行个体化选择。     

肠造口旁疝的手术治疗(附7例报告)

肠造口旁疝是指与肠造口有关的疝，是肠造口术后最常见的晚期并发症，其发生率占所有造口病人的10％-25％．且肠造口旁疝修补术后的复发率在50％左右，因此肠造口旁疝是疝和腹壁外科治疗的难题。本文回顾分析我院疝和腹壁外科治疗和培训中心2001年1月至2004年12月入院手术治疗的7例肠造口旁疝病人的手术方式、术后并发症、住院时间、复发情况等，供大家探讨。     

不同手术方式治疗腹壁造口旁疝24例

目的 探讨造口旁疝的病因、修补方法及临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年7月至2010年7月安徽医科大学第二附属医院收治的腹壁造口旁疝64例,手术治疗24例,比较三种手术方式的术后复发率及并发症情况.结果 行Onlay修补术5例,复发1例,复发率20%.行Sublay修补术12例,复发2例,复发率16.66%;出现皮下积液、切口感染3例.行IPOM修补术7例,复发1例,复发率14.28%;出现肠粘连肠梗阻症状1例,出现肠漏1例.三组手术方式相比,IPOM及Sublay修补术造口复发率稍低,但无统计学意义（χ2=0.462,P=1.000）.预防性使用补片病例无一例发生造口旁疝,造口旁疝发生率低于常规手术组（χ2=1.533,P=0.539）.结论 造口旁疝发病率较高,修补术后复发率高,并发症多,至今仍无统一的修补标准.预防性放置补片可有效的降低造口旁疝发生率.     

Recurrent parastomal hernia and middle incisional hernia: surgical treatment through midline incision with wide prosthetic mesh

Parastomal hernia is a frequent complication of stoma surgery. The results of parastomal hernia repair however are poor, showing an high incidence of postoperative recurrences. In the last years, hernia repair with prosthetic mesh has given better postoperative results. The parastomal hernia, however, is associated with middle incisional hernia. The authors review the problem of surgical repair of parastomal hernia and report a case of recurrent parastomal hernia associated to middle incisional hernia. The technique of surgical repair using, through midline incision, one, wide, prosthetic polypropylene mesh, in sublay position, according to Rives' technique, is described. The mesh has been incised in a trasverse direction for the stoma crossing. At 6 years follow-up the patient does not show postoperative recurrence. According literature and the authors' results, the parastomal hernia might be considered an incisional hernia and, therefore, a sing of diffuse abdominal wall disease. The Rives' surgical technique might be the gold standard for treatment of parastomal hernia, even if not associated to incisional hernia. The more complexity of Rives' technique compared to local fascial mesh repair is compensated by the result of total abdominal wall reinforcement.     

Lateral repair of parastomal hernia.

INTRODUCTION: Parastomal hernia is a common complication of stoma construction. Although the majority of patients are asymptomatic, about 10% require surgical correction. AIMS: We describe a new surgical approach for the repair of parastomal hernias, which avoids both the need for laparotomy and stoma mobilization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine patients (4 female) with parastomal hernia underwent surgical repair. Median age was 55 years (range 38-73 years). There were 8 para-ileostomy herniae and one paracolostomy hernia. A lateral incision was made approximately 10 cm from the stoma, and carried down to the rectus sheath. The dissection was carried medially towards the stoma, and around the defect in the abdominal musculature. The hernia sac was excised when possible and the fascial defect closed with non-absorbable, monofilament suture. A polyprolene mesh was placed round the stoma by making a slit in the mesh. The skin was closed with subcuticular monofilament absorbable suture. RESULTS: All patients returned to normal diet on the first postoperative day, and were discharged from hospital within 72 h. There were no wound infections, and no recurrences after a median follow up of 6 months (range 3-12 months). DISCUSSION: The technique we describe is simple and avoids the need of laparotomy. The mucocutaneous junction of the stoma is not disturbed, reducing the risk of contamination of the mesh, stenosis or retraction of the stoma. Grooving of the stoma and difficulty in fitting appliances is avoided because the wound is not placed near the mucocutaneous junction. This approach may be superior to other mesh repairs for parastomal hernia.     

Modified technique for parastomal hernia repair in patients with intractable stoma-care problems

OBJECTIVE: Although stoma relocation is generally the first choice of treatment for parastomal hernia, a repair using polypropylene prosthetic mesh is sometimes employed in cases of parastomal hernia recurrence. Use of this mesh, however, has been associated with a high risk of bowel erosion, adhesions formation, and fistulization. We therefore began to use expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) mesh to perform an onlay parastomal hernia repair. Our initial clinical experience with this procedure is described. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients aged 39-70 years with intractable stoma problems underwent a modified intra-abdominal onlay technique with implantation of a large (26 x 36 cm) sheet of ePTFE mesh. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 29 months (range, 5-52 months), no mesh-related bowel erosion, fistulization, or adhesion formation were observed. Two patients had a recurrence of the hernia due to technical failure. Re-operation in one of these resulted in wound dehiscence and removal of the contaminated mesh. Another patient developed intestinal obstruction postoperatively. The mesh was removed, and a gastrointestinal stromal tumour was found. Finally, a nonmesh related small bowel erosion required removal of the mesh in one patient. All other patients had full relief of symptoms. CONCLUSION: The modified onlay technique using a large sheet of ePTFE prosthetic mesh is a feasible option for treatment of parastomal hernia recurrence. Possible advantages of the procedure include stoma preservation, strengthening of the abdominal wall, and a reduced risk of recurrence, contamination, fistulization, and bowel adhesions and erosion.     

造口旁疝诊断和治疗中值得关注的若干问题

造口旁疝是疝与腹壁外科领域较为棘手的疾病之一,目前我国造口旁疝的流行病学资料仍不完善。通过查询结直肠肿瘤相关流行病学资料及国内几家大型结直肠外科中心的数据,粗略的对我国造口旁疝发生率进行估计分析。虽然我国接受永久性造口的病人数量相对不多,但造口旁疝的发生率很高,可达到>80%。造口旁疝修补手术复杂,影响手术的因素很多,治疗效果并不理想,复发率高,甚至在一段时间后产生严重的并发症。因此,目前仍然建议严格掌握手术指征。同时,应充分发挥腹腔镜技术的优势,在多种术式中Sugarbaker手术效果相对更好。另外,随着补片材料的不断改进,预防性造口旁疝补片修补术将会有很好的临床应用前景。     

Reprint of: Parastomal hernia: Surgical management

Parastomal hernia is a common clinical problem that is difficult to manage. Although surgical repair is recommended for the majority of other incisional hernias to prevent the complications of incarceration, obstruction, or strangulation, most authors recommend nonoperative management of parastomal hernias. Surgical management is usually reserved for those patients whose parastomal hernia results in intractable difficulty maintaining an effective stoma appliance or who develop a severe complication. This article reviews the nonoperative and operative management of parastomal hernias by fascial repair and stomal relocation. Unfortunately, no randomized trials exist to guide the surgeon in the choice between the accepted nonoperative and surgical management options. Fascial repair without a prosthetic should probably be used only in the rarest of circumstances. If stoma relocation is selected, the stoma should be relocated to the opposite side of the abdominal wall and reconstructed using techniques associated with the lowest risk of stoma-related complications and parastomal hernia. However, the best outcomes may require the use of a prosthetic either to either repair or prevent a parastomal hernia.     

腹腔镜造口旁疝修补术13例报告

目的探讨采用腹腔镜钥匙孔手术行造口旁疝修补术的可行性。方法回顾性分析2007年11月～2011年10月采用钥匙孔技术及Proceed补片完成的13例腹腔镜造口旁疝修补术的临床资料。2例回肠代膀胱造瘘,11例左下腹永久性乙状结肠造瘘,其中1例为造口旁疝修补术后复发。术中游离疝周粘连后,将补片适当修剪,中间留圆孔,置于疝囊下方,用5mm螺旋钉枪固定于腹壁。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术。术中并发症2例：横结肠系膜血管损伤1例,造瘘肠管损伤1例;术后并发症3例：切口感染1例,血清肿2例。术后随访5-52个月,平均26个月,1例复发,1例死于肺部感染。结论采用腹腔镜钥匙孔手术及Proceed补片行腹腔镜造口旁疝修补术是安全可行的,临床疗效较为满意,在降低造口旁疝修补术后补片相关并发症发生率和复发率方面具有一定的意义。     

Parastomale Hernienversorgung mit prothetischer Netzplastik

After stoma formation, parastomal hernia develops in 30–50% of patients, with one-third of these require operative correction. Recurrence rates are very high after suture repair of parastomal hernias or relocation of the stoma. Open or laparoscopic mesh repairs have resulted in much lower recurrence rates. Long-term follow-up of the various techniques for parastomal hernia repair is lacking, as are randomized trials. A prophylactic prosthetic mesh placed in a sublay position at the index operation has reduced the rate of parastomal hernia in randomized trials. A prophylactic mesh in an onlay position, a sublay position, and an intraperitoneal onlay position has also been associated with low herniation rates in non-randomized studies. Although several questions within this field still have to be answered, it seems obvious that use of a mesh represents a suitable measure for the prevention of parastomal hernia as well as parastomal hernia repair.     

腹壁造瘘口旁疝44例防治体会

目的探讨腹壁造瘘口旁疝的防治方法.方法回顾性分析44例腹壁造瘘口旁疝的临床特点及修补方法.结果采用局部缝合23例,网片修补16例,重新造瘘加补片5例.39例均恢复良好,5例发生切口感染.41例获得随访,随访时间6～108个月,平均49个月.复发3例,复发率为6.8%.结论造瘘口旁疝的发生与多重因素有关,应当改善围手术期患者营养状况,治疗伴发的疾病,改进操作技术以预防造瘘口旁疝的发生;手术是惟一的治愈方法,对于巨大造瘘口旁疝需用网片修补,必要时应重新移位造瘘.     

Parastomal Hernia-Repair Using Mesh and an Open Technique

Introduction Parastomal hernia occurs in 35%-50% of patients who have had a stoma formed, whether for the digestive tract or the urinary tract. There are many repair techniques including primary repair and repair using different types of mesh prosthesis, and the surgical approach may be open or laparoscopic. However, all techniques suffer the disadvantage of a high index of hernia recurrence. Patients and methods This study included 125 patients from the stoma clinic at our hospital. Hernia repair was performed on 25 of these patients who had a terminal colostomy because of either cancer or inflammatory disease. Preoperative colon preparation involved a cathartic, an evacuating enema, and antibiotic therapy in the preoperative period. The repair was conducted via an anterior approach, dissecting the skin around the stoma in the way a plastic surgeon handles an umbilical scar during abdominoplasty, in order to enter the hernia site. The hernial sac was left intact to form a bed on which to lay a lightweight polypropylene mesh, and this was then fixed to the deep face of the aponeurosis all around the stoma, with sutures placed in a U-shape with 1/0 or 2/0 non-absorbent material. The mesh was also fixed to the external surface of the colon with simple sutures of 3/0 polyglycocolic acid. A closed supra-aponeurotic drain was left in situ, and the skin was closed with 3/0 nylon. Results Of the corpus, 50 patients presented with parastomal hernia (40%), and 25 of them underwent surgery. These patients were followed for a period of 12 months, on average (range: 8–24 months). After operation, 2 patients (8%) experienced hernia recurrence and underwent further surgery to reinforce the abdominal wall with a new insertion of mesh prosthesis; 2 patients (8%) suffered surgical wound infection; and 2 patients (8%) developed a seroma. There was no rejection of the mesh, erosion of the colon, or fistula formation. Conclusions Inserting a mesh prosthesis by this technique is a safe effective treatment for parastomal hernia, adding another option to the available repair solutions. Prospective and comparative studies are required to reinforce this study, and they should ideally include a greater number of patients in the study corpus.