两种13价肺炎球菌多糖结合疫苗的接种安全性比较

目的 评价两种(TT载体与CRM197载体)13价肺炎球菌多糖结合疫苗(肺炎疫苗)的接种安全性,为其应用积累安全性数据。方法 以2021年1月至2022年6月在杭州市拱墅区同时开展两种13价肺炎疫苗接种的7家接种门诊、按3剂基础+1剂加强程序接种的1.5月龄(满6周龄至不满3月龄)婴幼儿纳入研究对象;通过国家疾病预防控制信息系统的“AEFI监测管理”系统收集研究对象接种后不良反应发生情况。结果 共观察13 936剂次肺炎疫苗,其中TT载体组占19.8%(2 754剂次),不良反应发生率29.05/万剂次(8例);CRM197载体组占80.2%(11 182剂次),不良反应发生率31.30/万剂次(35例),其转归均为痊愈;两组疫苗接种不良反应发生率、接种疫苗至出现症状间隔时间及严重程度差异均无统计学意义;TT载体组接种部位红肿硬结发生率18.16/万剂次(5例),高于CRM197载体组的4.47/万剂次(5例,Fisher确切P=0.031),其余症状发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论 两种13价肺炎球菌多糖结合疫苗的安全性总体上类似。     

四价流感病毒裂解疫苗和23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗在≥60岁老年人中同时接种的安全性评价

目的分析60岁及以上老年人群同时接种四价流感病毒裂解疫苗与23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗后的安全性。方法于2021年11月至2022年5月, 在江苏省泰州市招募符合标准的60岁及以上老年人群, 最终纳入2 461名受试者。每名受试者同时接种1剂四价流感病毒裂解疫苗和1剂23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗, 并在接种后28 d内进行安全性观察。采用主动填报和定期回访的方式收集受试者接种疫苗后的安全性信息。结果 2 461名受试者完成两种疫苗的同时接种, 并完成了接种后28 d的安全性观察随访。受试者年龄为(70.66±6.18)岁;男性占54.61%(1 344名);均为汉族居民;罹患基础疾病者占22.51%(554名)。同时接种后0～28 d内, 总体不良反应的发生率为2.07%(51/2 461), 主要为1级不良反应[1.83%(45/2 461)], 未观察到4级及以上不良反应以及与疫苗相关的严重不良事件。局部不良反应发生率为0.98%(24/2 461), 主要症状为接种部位疼痛[0.93%(23/2 461)];全身不良反应的发生率为1.42%(35/2 461), 其主要症状为发热[0.85%...     

婴幼儿不同部位接种7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗不良反应发生情况比较及分析

肺炎链球菌是导致婴幼儿脑膜炎、菌血症及肺炎等严重疾病的首位病原菌,也是引起鼻窦炎、急性中耳炎（AOM）的最常见病因[1].接种肺炎球菌疫苗是最经济有效的预防措施.目前我国已经上市的有7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗（PCV7）和23价肺炎链球菌多糖疫苗（PPV23）,PPV23适用于2岁以上人群,对2岁以下的儿童只能使用PCV7进行保护.据文献报道,国内PCV7（接种部位未报告）的不良反应发生率为5.27％～10.83％,高于其他二类疫苗[2-4].根据儿童肺炎链球菌性疾病防治技术指南（2009年版）[5]推荐,PCV7接种部位首选为婴儿的腿前外侧区域（股外侧肌）或儿童上臂三角肌,因此,比较股外侧肌和上臂三角肌两个不同接种部位不良反应的发生情况,可为减少婴幼儿PCV7接种后的不良反应提供依据.     

国产23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗上市后安全性评价

目的评价23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗大面积使用的临床安全性。方法对接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗的受种者发放监测卡,30 d以后回收监测卡,统计局部及全身反应情况,收集罕见不良反应。结果观察共接种6 550人,回收有效监测卡4 361张,局部反应发生率0.71%,全身反应发生率1.56%,未见罕见和极罕见不良反应。结论国产23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗上市后大面积使用是安全的。     

2008年青岛市李沧区部分成人接种某国产成人剂型流感裂解疫苗安全性观察

[目的]观察北京某生物制品有限公司上市后流行性感冒裂解疫苗的安全性,特别是老年人群中使用的安全性。[方法]2008年11~12月李沧区选择符合接种人群,分为成年(18~60岁)、老年(>60岁)2组人群,随访观察接种后0~72 h内接种反应。[结果]接种128人,成年、老年各64人。接种0~72 h内成人组11人发生不良反应,不良反应发生率为17.19%;老年组16人发生不良反应,不良反应发生率为25.00%,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]该流感裂解疫苗具有较好的安全性,可在成年、老年人群中推广使用。     

婴幼儿接种EV71疫苗的安全性观察

目的了解婴幼儿接种两种肠道病毒71型灭活疫苗(EV71疫苗)的安全性,为宁海县婴幼儿EV71疫苗的选择提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样法,在宁海县18个乡镇(街道)抽取6家卫生院儿童预防接种门诊作为免疫安全性主动监测点,于2016年11月—2017年8月对宁海县接种Vero细胞EV71手足口病疫苗(Vero细胞疫苗)或人二倍体细胞EV71手足口病疫苗(人二倍体细胞疫苗)的6～35月龄常住婴幼儿进行观察,对疫苗接种后的不良反应发生率、不良反应类型和不良反应严重程度进行描述性分析。结果共有效观察917人,累计接种EV71疫苗1 806剂次,发现不良反应38例,不良反应发生率为2.10%,第一剂次接种不良反应发生率为3.05%,高于第二剂次不良反应发生率的1.12%(P0.05)。Vero细胞疫苗不良反应发生率为1.70%,人二倍体细胞疫苗不良反应发生率为2.49%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。共观察到局部反应4例,其中Vero细胞疫苗3例,人二倍体细胞疫苗1例;全身反应34例,其中第一剂次后发生25例,第二剂次后发生9例。Vero细胞疫苗不良反应严重程度1级、2级、3级病例数分别为4、9和2例;人二倍体细胞疫苗分别为1、16和6例,两种EV71疫苗的不同严重程度的不良反应发生率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论宁海县6～35月龄婴幼儿接种两种EV71疫苗后均具有较高的安全性。     

老年人同时接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗与流感病毒亚单位疫苗的安全性观察

目的 提高老年人对同时接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗（PPV23）和流感病毒亚单位疫苗的安全性认识.方法 2012年10-12月对符合接种条件的≥60岁的老年人在接种流感病毒亚单位疫苗的同时接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗（须分别注射于不同手臂）,观察接种后30 min内的即时反应、72 h内的局部反应和全身反应. 结果 不良反应发生率36.2％,发生的预防接种反应都是一般反应,并以局部反应为主,且无1人发生急性过敏反应和疑似异常反应.流感病毒亚单位疫苗的局部反应发生率为11.9％,低于PPV23 （28.5％,x2=20.07,P＜0.01）;健康老人与患有慢性疾病的老人同时接种疫苗后不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（x2=1.67,P＞0.05）. 结论 老年人同时接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗和流感病毒亚单位疫苗是安全的、可耐受的.     

流行性感冒裂解疫苗安尔来福在婴幼儿及儿童中应用的安全性观察

目的 进一步考察流感裂解疫苗安尔来福在6个月至3岁内婴幼儿及3～11岁儿童中应用的安全性,发现新药临床试验中可能未发现的不良反应.方法 本试验采用开放式临床试验设计,受试者为6个月至3岁以内婴幼儿和3～11岁儿童各100名,婴幼儿组使用剂量为0.25 ml/支,免疫程序为0、28 d.儿童组使用剂量为0.5 ml/支,免疫程序为1针.接种后进行30 min即时反应观察,以及进行24、48、72 h随访观察,接种后第7天如受试者未主动报告任何不良事件,将结束随访观察.结果 接种疫苗后总体不良反应发生率为6.0%(12/200),其中局部不良反应发生率为1.0%(2/200),全身不良反应发生率为5.5%(10/200),幼儿组和儿童组不良反应发生率分别为8.0%(8/100)和4.0%(4/100),均为轻度和中度反应,未见严重不良反应发生.结论 流感裂解疫苗安尔来福在6个月至3岁以内婴幼儿及3～11岁儿童中应用安全性良好.     

接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗的安全性观察

肺炎球菌感染以老年人及婴幼儿最为严重,主要引起中耳炎、鼻窦炎、咽炎/扁桃体炎、下呼吸道感染(主要是肺炎)、菌血症、脑膜炎等。接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗是预防肺炎球菌感染的有效途径。为了了解使用23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗安全性,柳城县疾病预防控制中心对2012年10月接种23价肺炎疫苗的415人开展了临床观察。     

2015-2019年成都市武侯区老年人群肺炎球菌疫苗接种安全性分析

目的评价国产23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗在成都市武侯区60岁及以上老年人群中大规模使用的安全性,为肺炎防治中相关免疫接种提供科学依据。方法通过中国疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)信息管理系统,收集2015-2019年成都市武侯区老年人群接种国产23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗后发生AEFI个案数据,采用SPSS 21.0软件进行数据分析,分类资料采用χ~2检验,等级资料用秩和检验,检验水准α=0.05。结果共接种73 610人,累计报告22例AEFI,AEFI发生率为29.89/10万。全身不良反应的发生率为19.02/10万,局部反应发生率为27.17/10万,未见罕见和极罕见不良反应。结论由成都市生物制品研究所生产的23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗在老年人群中大规模使用具有良好的安全性。     

Serious invasive pneumococcal disease in young children: the importance of vaccination

In three children with fever, two girls aged 8 and almost 10 months and one boy aged 5 months, invasive pneumococcal disease was present. The youngest girl presented with pneumococcal sepsis which was complicated by haemolytic uraemic syndrome--she recovered--and the boy developed fulminant fatal pneumococcal sepsis/meningitis. The oldest girl was admitted for pneumococcal cellulitis and recovered. More than 80% of the cases of childhood invasive pneumococcal disease occur in children less than 2 years of age. However, the long available 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is not effective in this age group. Recently, a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was registered in the Netherlands. This conjugate vaccine is effective in protecting infants and children from invasive pneumococcal disease. The Health Council of the Netherlands has recommended inclusion of the conjugate vaccine in the standard vaccine schedule. In the absence of a universal vaccination, the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is recommended for children at high risk of invasive disease.     

Laboratory surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia in 2001 to 2002--implications for vaccine serotype coverage.

This paper reports the results of comprehensive laboratory surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Australia during 2001 and 2002. The 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine was introduced for high risk paediatric groups, including Indigenous children, in late 2001. Of 1,355 isolates from non-Indigenous children, 86 per cent belonged to serotypes and 93 per cent to serogroups represented in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Thirteen per cent and 24 per cent of isolates had reduced susceptibility to penicillin and erythromycin, respectively and of these, more than 99 per cent belonged to serogroups represented in the 7-valent vaccine. Of the 1,504 isolates from non-Indigenous adults, 96 per cent belonged to serotypes included in the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine; 14 per cent and 15 per cent had reduced susceptibility to penicillin and erythromycin, respectively and more than 95 per cent of these belonged to serotypes included in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine. In Western Australia and the Northern Territory (the only states for which Indigenous status was consistently available), there were 29 cases of IPD in Indigenous children, of which 21 were due to 7-valent vaccine serotypes in 2001, compared with 24 cases, including 10 due to vaccine serotypes, in 2002. This represents a statistically significant increase in the proportion of total isolates due to non-vaccine serotypes (chi2 = 3.93, p = 0.048) following the introduction of the 7-valent conjugate vaccine, principally due to serotypes 7F and 12F. The number of episodes due to penicillin resistant isolates decreased from nine in 2001 to two in 2002. Ninety per cent of isolates from Indigenous adults were included in the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine and six per cent and five per cent had reduced susceptibility to penicillin and erythromycin, respectively. Conjugate pneumococcal vaccines can be expected to reduce the incidence of IPD due to vaccine serotypes in vaccinated children and potentially, their adult contacts. It may also impact favourably on the incidence of IPD due to penicillin and erythromycin resistant strains. Continued surveillance of both serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility are required to identify serotype replacement by non-vaccine serotypes and to monitor the overall impact of current and future vaccine programs on invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia.     

Reduction in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease after general vaccination with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Germany

General vaccination with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was recommended in Germany in July 2006 for all children <2 years. The proportion of reported invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by vaccine serotypes before vaccine introduction was considerably lower than in the US.     

Tolerability and immunogenicity of an 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults

We studied the safety and immunogenicity in healthy adults of an 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Capsular polysaccharides (PS) of serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 9V, 19F and 23F were conjugated to tetanus toxoid, and of serotypes 3, 6B, 14 and 18C to diphtheria toxoid. Ten subjects received the conjugate vaccine with and the other ten subjects without aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. The reference vaccine was a marketed 23-valent PS vaccine. Safety data were recorded over 5 days after the immunisation. IgG antibody concentrations, avidity and subclass distribution were measured by EIA. The conjugate without aluminium induced more local adverse effects than the conjugate with aluminium or PS vaccine. All vaccines evoked significant antibody increases to all vaccine specific antigens. Both conjugate vaccines induced antibodies mainly of IgG(2) subclass, and adjuvanted conjugate vaccine induced IgG antibodies with increased avidity. This first administration, to man, of a mixed protein carrier 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine demonstrated its ability to induce an immune response without significant adverse effects, enabling further study on its use in paediatric populations.     

Possibility of application of new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in children in Slovenia

The emergence of pneumococcal strains resistant to penicillin caused a lot of problems in the therapy of invasive diseases, and added new dimensions to the role of immunisation. In addition to the currently available 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) and a new 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV) (Prevnar, Wyeth Lederle), two new conjugate vaccines—a 9- and a 11-valent—are being developed. So far, the choice of most appropriate vaccines has depended on the established prevalence of serotypes causing invasive diseases and their antibiotic resistance in the Slovene children population. Between 1993 and 2001, 263 invasive pneumococcal strains isolated from children with invasive diseases were typed. During the period 1998–2001, the same 161 invasive strains were tested for their antibiotic sensitivity. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified as the major cause of invasive bacterial diseases in the Slovene children population, especially in children under 4 years of age. Distribution by age groups showed the highest incidence in children aged 0–1 years. The predominant serotypes in all age groups were serotypes 14, 1, 19F, 23F, 6B, 18C and 6A. The distribution of penicillin-intermediate and penicillin-resistant strains showed the predominance of serotypes 23F, 14 and 19F. As concerns infection with S. pneumoniae serotypes, we have proved that children aged less than 5 years are more likely to be infected with penicillin-nonsusceptible or intermediate susceptible strains than older children. The 7-valent conjugate vaccine covers 74% of invasive strains in toddlers, but is less effective in older children.

We can conclude that the 9-valent vaccine formulation is optimal for our country, but further cost-effectiveness analysis must be done for recommendation of wide use.

At that moment it is reasonable to use the 7-valent conjugate vaccine for children with chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary and liver diseases, with asplenia, neoplasmia, diabetes, meningomyelocoele, before or after bone marrow transplantation and in cases of immunodeficiency.     

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease 3 Years after Introduction of 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine,the Netherlands

Three years after a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was replaced by a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the Netherlands, we observed a decrease in incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 1, 5, and 7F. Our data do not support or exclude cross-protection against serotype 19A.     

Characterization of Emerging Serotype 19A Pneumococcal Strains in Invasive Disease and Carriage,Belgium

After switching from 13-valent to 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) (2015–2016) for children in Belgium, we observed rapid reemergence of serotype 19A invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Whole-genome sequencing of 166 serotype 19A IPD isolates from children (n = 54) and older adults (n = 56) and carriage isolates from healthy children (n = 56) collected after the vaccine switch (2017–2018) showed 24 sequence types (STs). ST416 (global pneumococcal sequence cluster [GPSC] 4) and ST994 (GPSC146) accounted for 75.9% of IPD strains from children and 65.7% of IPD (children and older adults) and carriage isolates in the PCV10 period (2017–2018). These STs differed from predominant 19A IPD STs after introduction of PCV7 (2011) in Belgium (ST193 [GPSC11] and ST276 [GPSC10]), which indicates that prediction of emerging strains cannot be based solely on historical emerging strains. Despite their susceptible antimicrobial drug profiles, these clones spread in carriage and IPD during PCV10 use.     

National survey of invasive pneumococcal diseases in Taiwan under partial PCV7 vaccination in 2007: Emergence of serotype 19A with high invasive potential

We conducted an active, population-based laboratory surveillance study to evaluate the epidemiologic features of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Taiwan. Concurrently, nasopharyngeal colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae was evaluated among 1128 healthy children aged ≤5 years. The overall incidence was highest among children aged 2–4 years (15.6/100,000). Serotype 19A, which had never been reported in Taiwan previously, caused a substantial fraction of the invasive diseases (OR, 9.6; 95% CI, 3.1–29.4) among children aged 2–4 years. Comparing serotype distributions of the isolates from nasopharyngeal colonization among children aged ≤5 years, serotypes 14 (OR, 17.3; 95% CI, 5.2–57.9) and 19A (OR, 14.9; 95% CI, 1.9–117) had the highest invasive potential. The study found that serotype 19A expanded in Taiwan, a country with a low 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine coverage. The 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccines covered 73% of cases in children aged between 2 and 4 years, and 64.7% of cases in children aged <2 years. Among patients aged ≥65 years, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine covered 70.4% of cases. In the future, a broader pneumococcal vaccine is needed.     

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after Routine Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Children,England and Wales

We assessed known risk factors, clinical presentation, and outcome of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children 3–59 months of age after introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in England and Wales. During September 2006–March 2010, a total of 1,342 IPD episodes occurred in 1,332 children; 14.9% (198/1,332) had comorbidities. Compared with IPD caused by PCV7 serotypes (44/248; 17.7%), comorbidities were less common for the extra 3 serotypes in the 10-valent vaccine (15/299; 5.0%) but similar to the 3 additional PCV13 serotypes (45/336; 13.4%) and increased for the 11 extra serotypes in 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) (39/186; 21.0%) and non-PPV23 serotypes (38/138; 27.5%). Fifty-two (3.9%) cases resulted from PCV7 failure; 9 (0.7%) case-patients had recurrent IPD. Case-fatality rate was 4.4% (58/1,332) but higher for meningitis (11.0%) and children with comorbidities (9.1%). Thus, comorbidities were more prevalent in children with IPD caused by non-PCV13 serotypes and were associated with increased case fatality.