2002-2010年山东省老年艾滋病病例流行特征分析

[目的]了解山东省老年艾滋病病例流行特征,为进一步开展艾滋病专题调查及防治工作提供依据。[方法]对山东省2002～2010年50岁及以上老年艾滋病病例资料进行分析。[结果]2002～2010年,山东省累计报告老年艾滋病病例166例,其中男性108例,女性58例;已婚有配偶者占71．08％;50～60岁占75．30％;初中及以下文化占81．93％;农民占66．47％;93．98％病例为本省病例;166例分布在全省15个市,其中菏泽市50例、济南市19例、潍坊市14例;异性传播占57．23％,其中有非婚性行为者占37．89%;54．82％的病例由医疗机构报告。[结论]异性传播已成为山东省老年人艾澈病病例的丰要传播涂径,艾滋病对老年的影响逐步显现,需采取有针对性预防措旆预防艾滋病在该人群传播．     

2010年山东省艾滋病疫情分析

[目的]了解2010年山东省艾滋病病毒感染者和病人的流行病学特征,为制定艾滋病防治措施提供科学依据。[方法]对2010年山东省疫情资料进行分析。[结果]2010年山东省共报告HIV感染者和艾滋病病人725例,其中男性563例,女性162例;20～39岁491例,40～49岁138例;农民260例,工人81例,商业服务人员63例;青岛市112例,济南市99例,临沂市74例;异性传播327例,同性传播243例;检验样本源为检测咨询199例。[结论]性传播为山东省艾滋病流行的一个主要传播途径。     

2010—2020年兰溪市≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例流行特征分析

目的:对2010—2020年兰溪市≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例流行特征进行分析,为相关防控策略的制定提供参考依据。方法:从艾滋病防治信息系统及历年艾滋病流行病学个案调查表中,收集2010—2020年兰溪市报告的≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例资料,对病例的基本情况、人口学特征、地区分布、传播途径、样本来源、首次CD4检测结果等数据进行统计分析。结果:2010—2020年兰溪市共报告≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例67例,占HIV/AIDS总病例数的27.57%。病例年龄主要集中在50～59岁,占全部≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例的59.70%,中位数为58 (56,60)岁。男女比例为3.19∶1,其中已婚有配偶者占73.13%,文化程度为小学及以下者占61.19%,农民占67.16%,本市户籍者占61.19%。传播方式主要以异性传播为主,占89.55%。不同性别HIV/AIDS病例异性传播接触史比较,差异有统计学意义(χ²=20.881,P<0.01)。样本来源为医疗机构检测的占62.69%,感染时间为8年及以上者占63.49%。结论:兰溪市≥50岁HIV/AIDS...     

云南省临沧市老年人感染 HIV/AIDS疫情分析

[目的]通过对云南省临沧市50岁及以上HIV/AIDS病例进行分析，了解临沧市50岁及以上老年人HIV/AIDS病例疫情分布特点，旨在为了探索在老年人中开展健康教育、行为干预等艾滋病防治工作提供科学参考。[方法]利用SPSS 11.5统计软件包对临沧市50岁及以上病例的人口学资料、死亡情况、感染途径等进行分析。[结果]累计报告208例50岁及以上的老年人HIV/AIDS病例，其中平均年龄(62.2±8.3)岁，男性141人，占67.8%，女性67人，占32.2%，男女比例：2.1：1；职业以农民为主（39.4%），汉族居多（69.2%），结婚有配偶占多大数（77.4%），文化程度大多为小学文化（34.1%），感染途径以异性感染为主，占78.8%。老年人HIV/AIDS经异性途径感染占异性总报告的比重由2004年0.0%，上升到2008年4.6%，2009年6.7%、2010年6%。死亡30例，占14.4%，其中男性24人，占80%，女性6人，占20%。[结论]临沧市老年人艾滋病流行呈逐年上升趋势，在加强艾滋病常规防治工作的同时应加大对老年人群性教育以及艾滋病防治工作。     

2012-2016年温州市50岁及以上艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者流行特征分析

目的 了解2012-2016年温州市50岁及以上HIV/AIDS病例流行特征,为制定针对老年人群艾滋病防控措施提供科学依据。方法 通过艾滋病综合防治信息系统收集2012-2016年温州市50岁及以上HIV/AIDS病例资料,对病例人口学特征、传播途径、发现途径、首次CD4检测等进行分析。结果 温州市2012-2016年新报告50岁及以上HIV/AIDS病例736例,占总报告数的25.85%,老年病例构成比呈现逐年上升趋势(χ2=6.000,P=0.014)。本市户籍占87.64%,男女性别比为3.57∶1,确诊时平均年龄为(62.94±9.66)岁,主要分布在50～59岁年龄组,占43.34%,已婚有配偶占66.71%,文化程度小学及以下占65.76%,农民占34.38%,医疗机构检测发现占73.23%。异性传播为主,占85.33%,男性、女性异性传播分别占81.74%、98.14%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=30.285,P<0.001)。异性传播中通过非婚异性性接触感染占84.24%,男性、女性非婚异性性接触感染分别为94.04%、55.06%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=135.298,P<0.001)。HIV感染时间在3年以内和8年及以上分别占39.45%、15.75%。结论 温州市50岁及以上老年人艾滋病疫情发展较快,已成为艾滋病防控重点对象,亟需根据该人群艾滋病流行因素采取综合措施。     

2010年济南市艾滋病自愿咨询检测资料分析

[目的]了解2010年济南市疾病预防控制中心艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)工作开展情况,为全市开展VCT工作提供科学依据。[方法]对2010年到济南市疾病预防控制中心VCT门诊自愿接受艾滋病咨询人群的基本信息及HIV抗体检测资料进行分析。[结果]2010年合计接受VCT服务1 568人,其中男性占92.22%,20～29岁占64.67%;有男性同性性接触者占58.48%,有非商业非固定异性性行为者占25.32%;HIV抗体阳性的37例,阳性率为2.36%。[结论]男性同性恋人群是济南市艾滋病自愿咨询检测工作的重点人群。     

2006～2010年济南市艾滋病自愿咨询检测结果分析

[目的]了解济南市艾滋病自愿咨询检测工作情况,掌握艾滋病防治需重点关注的人群。[方法]对2006～2010年济南市疾病预防控制中心艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)门诊求询者资料进行分析。[结果]2006～2010年,共有8350人接受了VCT服务,其中20～39岁占85.16%;男性占91.21%,女性占8.79%。求询原因是因为有非婚异性性行为的占37.34%,有男男同性性行为的占51.96%,有输血或血制品史者占0.86%。HIV抗体阳性检出率为1.46%,HIV抗体阳性检出率,2006～2010年分别为0.98%、0.69%、1.07%、2.10%、2.37%(P<0.01);有非婚异性性行为者为0.42%,有男男同性性行为者阳性检出率为2.35%。[结论]VCT门诊可及时发现人群中HIV感染者/病人,减少艾滋病的传播,济南市艾滋病防治工作应有重点的关注男男性接触人群和有性乱的人群。     

2009～2011年建水县艾滋病自愿咨询检测资料分析

[目的]了解建水县艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)人群变化及其艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况,为制定有效健康教育模式和高危行为干预方式提供科学依据。[方法]采用描述性流行病学方法,对2009～2011年到建水县疾控中心自愿咨询检测门诊就诊者资料进行统计分析。[结果]2009～2011年,共有2 321人接受了VCT服务,其中20～29岁年占37.35%,30～39岁占26.37%,40～49岁占10.81%;男性占41.49%,女性占58.51%;20～29岁占37.35%,30～39岁占26.36%;初中以下学历占80.83%,不同年份求询者为20～29、50～59、60岁以上,均大专及以上、小学文化所占的比例差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01);有非婚异性性行为史者占59.46%,有注射毒品行为者占12.11%,有男男性行为史者占1.21%;2009～2011年求询者有非婚异性性行为史者、有注射吸毒史者、配偶/固定性伴阳性者、有职业暴露史者、HIV感染者/AIDS病人密切接触者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2008～2010年HIV抗体阳性检出率分别为14.32%,24.82%,21.61%。[结论]建水县艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)人群AIDS传播途径以性接触传播为主,HIV阳性者以初中以下、青壮年为主。     

1997-2012年新平县艾滋病疫情分析

目的了解新平县1997～2012年艾滋病（AIDs）疫情变化,为有效应对性传播艾滋病病毒（HIV）态势提供科学依据。方法对新平县1997～2012年HIV感染者／AIDs病人病例信息资料进行比较分析。结果截止2012年累计报告200例HIV感染者／AIDs病人,其中HIV感染者145例,死亡21例。200例中,男性占57．00％;已婚有配偶者占64．50％,未婚者占23．50％;17～29岁占35．50％,30～39岁占35．00％;农民占57．50％;静脉注射吸毒感染占18．00）％,异性性途径占78．50％,同性传播占2．00％;配偶阳性者64例,其中配偶双方均HIV阳性且至少有一方通过异性性接触传播的病例有62例。配偶阳性病例在异性性传播中所占比例,2007年为11．11％、2008年为33．33％、2009年为22．58％、2010年为44．0O％、2011年为56．76％、2012年为34．62％（P〈0．05）。结论新平县艾滋病疫情以异性性传播为主,家庭内传播HIV已经成为近年异性性传播的主要方式。     

南宁市2010-2014年老年HIV/AIDS病例流行病学分析

目的 了解南宁市2010-2014年老年HIV/AIDS病例的流行病学特征,分析其变化趋势,为开展老年人艾滋病防治措施提供依据.方法 对南宁市2010-2014年在国家艾滋病防治信息系统中报告的、年龄在50岁及以上的病例资料进行整理分析,主要包括一般人口学特征、感染途径、样本来源等情况.结果 南宁市2010-2014年老年HIV/AIDS病例4 167例,其中男性占76.05％,男女性别比为3.18∶1;平均年龄为(64.17±8.45)岁;职业以农民为主,占78.11％;初中及以下文化程度者占91.34％;已婚有配偶者占71.50％.感染途径以异性传播为主,占97.43％.样本来源以其他就诊者检测(47.27％)、检测咨询(23.52％)、术前检测(10.90％)为多见.结论 南宁市老年HIV/AIDS病例数所占比例逐年上升,异性性行为传播是其感染的主要途径,在医疗机构开展就诊者HIV检测是发现老年病例的有效途径.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.