云南省140例HIV／AIDS患者抗病毒治疗效果和耐药检测分析

[目的]观察接受中国现行一线艾滋病抗病毒药物治疗的HIV／AIDS患者,在治疗1年内免疫学应答、病毒载量抑制效果,以及耐药性产生的情况。[方法]入组既往未接受过抗病毒治疗的HIV／AIDS患者140例,观察治疗0月、6月、12月CD41淋巴细胞计数（CD4）、病毒载量（vL）,对治疗后VL〉1000拷贝／ml的患者进行耐药检测。[结果]入纽患者治疗前的CD4平均值为164个／μl,在治疗6个月和12个月分别上升至327个／μl和377个／μl。基线VL〈1000拷贝／ml的患者比例为2．1％,治疗6个月和12个月后,分别上升至94．7％和94．4％。基线样本的耐药性检测未发现主要耐药突变位点。治疗6个月时有7例患者VL〉1000拷贝／ml,耐药检测未发现耐药突变位点。治疗12个月时有7例VL〉1000拷贝／ml,其中3例同时出现了对核苷类药物和非核苷类药物不同程度的耐药。[结论]云南省使用现行一线抗病毒治疗方案取得了良好的治疗效果。抗病毒治疗1年时,2．4％的患者出现了抗HIV药物耐药。出现耐药时需要及时更换抗病毒治疗方案,避免耐药位点的累积导致交叉耐药,保障抗病毒治疗疗效。     

湖州市艾滋病抗病毒治疗效果分析

目的分析湖州市艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)效果。方法收集中国疾病预防控制信息系统2005—2014年湖州市(HIV/AIDS)抗病毒治疗数据,根据治疗3个月CD4+T淋巴细胞计数和6个月HIV病毒载量评价治疗效果。结果截至2014年底,湖州市先后有357例HIV/AIDS接受HAART治疗。治疗前CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均值为(214±130)个/μL,治疗3个月后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数为(307±180)个/μL(中位数由225个/μL上升到291个/μL,P0.01)。治疗6个月后,218例患者进行了HIV病毒载量检测,其中72.02%(157/218)的患者HIV病毒载量低于实验室检测下限(40 copies/m L),病毒抑制有效率为84.86%。结论湖州市HIV/AIDS接受HAART治疗效果明显,建议对符合治疗标准的HIV/AIDS尽早进行抗病毒治疗。     

淮安市HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗效果分析

目的评估淮安市人类免疫缺陷病毒(感染者)/艾滋病(患者)(HIV/AIDS)实施免费抗病毒治疗的效果。方法收集2005—2013年在淮安市接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS的资料,分析治疗前后不同时间的CD4+T淋巴细胞计数以及治疗后病毒抑制率。结果共214例HIV/AIDS接受抗病毒治疗,在治194例,死亡20例。治疗前CD4+T淋巴细胞平均值为(170.1±117.3)个/μl,治疗后3、6个月和1、2、3、4、5年与治疗前相比,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均有增加(P0.05)。治疗1年后,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数较基线平均增加146.7个/μl,病毒抑制率为81.48%。有94例更换过抗病毒治疗药物,换药原因主要为药物不良。结论淮安市HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗效果较好,可以有效抑制病毒复制,重建免疫功能,提高患者生存质量。     

110例新发现HIV/AIDS患者首次T淋巴细胞亚群检测结果分析

目的了解沈阳市2015年部分新发现HIV/AIDS患者首次CD4~+T淋巴细胞检测结果,了解患者机体免疫功能变化,为AIDS抗病毒治疗提供依据。方法筛选2015年在3个月内确证HIV抗体阳性的HIV/AIDS患者110例,经流行病学调查后采集静脉血,用流式细胞仪检测淋巴细胞亚群相对和绝对数量,并对检测数据进行分析。结果 HIV/AIDS患者首次检测的CD4~+T淋巴细胞均值456±232个/μL,其中200个/μL 18例(16.4%),200~349个/μL 17例(15.5%),350~499个/μL 27例(24.6%);CD4~+≥500个/μL 48例(43.6%)。结论我市HIV感染者发现较早,首次检测CD4~+T淋巴细胞数量较高,免疫功能损伤程度较低。早发现、早治疗是防治AIDS的重要措施,早期发现感染者、及时随访及首次CD4~+T淋巴细胞检测,对把握治疗时机,延缓AIDS进展,提高病人生存质量有重要意义。     

207例男男性行为人群HIV/AIDS患者首次CD4~+T淋巴细胞检测分析

目的了解湖州市新确证的男男性行为人群HIV/AIDS患者首次CD4~+T淋巴细胞水平及相关情况,为早期开展抗病毒治疗和现场干预提供依据。方法采用流式细胞仪对新确证的207例男男性行为人群HIV/AIDS患者进行首次CD4~+T淋巴细胞绝对值计数,统计分析其测定值。结果 207例患者中,CD4~+T淋巴细胞数最少为25个/μl,最多为1 006个/μl,平均(419.1±245.4)个/μl。其中≤200个/μl 38例,占18.4%(38/207);201个/μl~350个/μl 62例,占30.0%(62/207)。不同年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度男男性行为人群HIV/AIDS患者CD4~+T淋巴细胞结果比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论湖州市男男性行为人群HIV/AIDS患者首次CD4~+T淋巴细胞水平相对偏低,应加强对男男性行为人群艾滋病相关知识宣传,使更多的HIV感染者和发生高危行为的人尽早到相关医疗单位进行咨询检测,以便及早发现和提高早期抗病毒治疗的机会。     

性传播感染的HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数和HIV病毒载量结果分析

目的探讨性传播感染的人类免疫缺陷病毒(感染者)/艾滋病(患者)(HIV/AIDS)抗病毒治疗CD4+T淋巴细胞计数和HIV载量变化。方法选取2012年1月—2015年1月凉山彝族自治州第一人民医院就诊的通过性传播途径感染HIV/AIDS 160例,分别使用流式细胞仪和依赖核酸序列的扩增技术(NASBA)方法检测抗病毒治疗前及6个月后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数和病毒载量。结果 1治疗前患者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数为(262.7±21.8)个/μl,治疗后为(316.4±208.9)个/μl,治疗前患者病毒载量为(4.55±0.91)log/ml,治疗后病毒载量为(1.48±0.47)log/ml,治疗前后差异有统计学意义(P0.01);2不同性别、年龄分组研究对象CD4+T淋巴细胞计数和病毒载量治疗前后均有不同;3CD4+T淋巴细胞计数与病毒载量之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.486,P0.01)。结论性传播感染HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数上升,病毒载量下降,应结合指标变化制定合理方案开展抗病毒治疗。     

自愿检测咨询延伸服务对促进HIV感染者和AIDS患者早发现与提高依从性效果分析

目的评估社区组织主导的自愿检测咨询(voluntary counseling and testing, VCT)延伸服务对促进人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)感染者和获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS)患者(HIV感染者/AIDS患者)早发现和提高随访依从性效果。方法采取1∶1匹配的方式,将VCT延伸服务发现的HIV感染者/AIDS患者纳入观察组,其他途径发现的HIV感染者/AIDS患者纳入对照组,比较两组在早发现、CD4~+T淋巴细胞检测及时性和治疗及时性方面的差异。结果共有141对病例被纳入研究,观察组首次CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数(363.38±169.56)个/μl、最近CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数(422.67±198.55)个/μl均高于对照组(281.84±186.96)个/μl和(339.42±217.35)个/μl,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.154、3.549,P=0.000、0.001)。观察组首次CD4~+ T淋巴细胞检测检测与确诊日期间隔、开始抗病毒治疗与确诊日期间隔均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论社区组织通过开展VCT延伸服务,有利于HIV感染者/AIDS患者早发现,能提高HIV感染者/AIDS患者随访依从性,宜在更大范围内推广应用。     

27例死亡艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人特征分析

[目的]了解艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人临床症状和死亡原因等特征,改进防控措施,降低死亡率。[方法]对2010年1月至2011年6日扬州市死亡的27例中,进行回顾性调查。[结果]合计调查HIV感染者/AIDS病人27例,其中HIV感染者15例。男性22例,女性5例;30～39岁7例,40～49岁10例,50～59岁8例;初中文化13例,大专及以上4例;已婚15例,离异/丧偶9例;工人7例,农民9例;同性性行为感染5例,异性性行为感染18例。27例HIV感染者/AIDS病人,平均存活583.59±777.79d,其中3例抗病毒治疗者平均存活时间为1 451.33±401.36d,24例未治疗者平均存活时间为475.12±747.91d(P<0.05)。检测CD4的13例中,CD4+T淋巴细胞为4～651个/μl,平均157.62±218.20个/μl。死亡原因为卡氏肺囊虫性肺炎4例,结核病2例。[结论]扬州市2010～2011年HIV感染者/AIDS病人,死亡原因以呼吸系统和消化系统机会性感染为主。     

142例农村艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者免费抗病毒治疗效果及生存分析

目的 了解艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)接受国家免费抗病毒治疗后的依从性、免疫学变化和生存情况.方法 选择闻喜县2004年7月1日至2006年底所有纳入免费抗病毒治疗项目,且年满18周岁的HIV/AIDS纳入研究分析,所有患者在治疗前和治疗后的第0.5、1、2、3、6、9……个月均接受相关流行病学调查和实验室检查,监测服药依从性、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数变化和生存情况等.结果 病例平均随访时间为16.5个月[四分位距(IQR):15.5～20.8个月].经抗病毒治疗前,病例CD4+T淋巴细胞计数中位数值为154个/μl[四分位距(IQR):81～212个/μl];治疗后,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均不同程度升高,治疗初3个月增长幅度最大,从基线水平的154个/μl上升到220个/μl(P<0.001),随后增长减缓,保持在相对稳定水平.相比基线CO4+T淋巴细胞计数≥100个/μl的病例,<100个/μl的病例治疗初3个月该细胞计数增长幅度更大.病例治疗后第3、12、24个月累计生存率分别为0.94、0.88和0.87,应用Cox比例风险回归模型做多因素分析发现,控制初始治疗方案(NVP组和EFV/IDV组)变量后,与基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<50个/μl比较,≥50个/μl的病例存活时间更长,死亡危险比(HR)为0.21(95%CI:0.06～0.68).结论 抗病毒治疗对HIV/AIDS具有较好的免疫学治疗效果;患者治疗后生存时间与基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平密切相关.     

惠州市HIV/AIDS病人抗病毒治疗后CD4+T淋巴细胞变化分析

目的 探讨惠州市HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒疗效及CD4+T淋巴细胞变化特征,为艾滋病治疗提供依据。方法选择接受国家免费抗病毒治疗1年内的病例,用回顾性队列研究法,分析不同治疗时间的CD4细胞计数结果。结果共调查HIV/AIDS治疗病例196人,以青壮年为主,性别比2.1∶1。治疗3个月后,患者CD4细胞计数<50个/μL占比大幅下降,占比最高为200~349个/μL,治疗6、9和12个月后,占比最高均为≥350个/μL。治疗基线与治疗3个月、治疗3个月与6个月前后CD4细胞计数增加显著。治疗1年,CD4基线≥200个/μL组CD4细胞上升更显著。结论 惠州市HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗疗效显著,但部分患者仍可能面临产生耐药毒株以及治疗失败的危险。应尽早保持长期规范治疗,达到真正的免疫重建。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.