超声引导下经皮微波消融治疗甲状腺良性结节疗效观察

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮微波消融(MWA)治疗甲状腺良性结节的有效性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析308例接受超声引导下经皮MWA治疗的甲状腺良性结节患者治疗及随访资料,观察术后并发症情况,记录并比较消融前结节体积及消融后结节体积及体积缩小率。结果 对308例患者共324个结节均成功完成消融。术中及术后并发症患者经对症处理后均恢复正常。甲状腺结节消融前平均体积为(12.17±20.16)cm³,最终消融后平均体积为(2.35±4.42)cm³,较消融前差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),最终消融后体积缩小率为(66.43±60.08)%。消融后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月甲状腺结节体积均较消融前明显减小(P均<0.05)。消融前结节体积与最终消融后结节体积缩小率呈正相关(r=0.181,P=0.001)。结论 超声引导下经皮MWA治疗良性甲状腺结节疗效确切,且安全、微创。     

超微血管成像评价甲状腺结节激光消融疗效

目的 探讨超微血管成像（SMI）评价甲状腺结节激光消融疗效的价值。方法 选取46例甲状腺结节患者（共56个结节）,进行激光消融治疗。分别采用二维超声、CEUS及SMI检查测量消融灶体积,采用CEUS及SMI判断有无未完全消融结节和二维超声低回声区边缘是否存在残余微血管,并进行统计学分析。结果 CEUS检出未完全消融结节11个（11/56,19.64%）,SMI检出未完全消融结节9个（9/56,16.07%）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.50）。二维超声、CEUS及SMI测量消融灶体积分别为（2.10±2.13）cm³、（1.75±1.67）cm³和（1.79±1.80）cm³,二维超声测量消融灶的体积大于CEUS及SMI（P均<0.05）,CEUS测量消融灶的体积与SMI差异无统计学意义（P=0.554）。SMI与CEUS对消融后二维超声低回声区边缘存在残余微血管的检出率差异无统计学意义（P=0.125）。20个单点消融患者中,CEUS及SMI测量消融灶长度、宽度与消融能量均呈线性正相关（r=0.82、0.78,0.80、0.80,P均<0.05）。结论 SMI对未完全消融结节的检出率及对消融灶大小的评估与CEUS具有较好的一致性。     

双能CT诊断颈部中央区甲状腺乳头状癌小淋巴结转移

目的 探讨双能量CT对甲状腺乳头状癌在颈部中央区小淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经病理证实为甲状腺乳头状癌且术前接受双能量CT增强扫描的43例患者资料。比较甲状腺乳头状癌转移淋巴结组及非甲状腺乳头状癌转移淋巴结组淋巴结的短径、动脉期及静脉期碘浓度、标准化碘浓度（NIC）、能谱曲线斜率。绘制ROC曲线,分析应用碘浓度及NIC对甲状腺癌转移淋巴结的诊断效能。结果 43例患者共119枚淋巴结,其中转移淋巴结55枚、非转移淋巴结64枚。2组淋巴结短径差异有统计学意义（t=-2.20,P=0.03）。动脉期转移淋巴结组及非转移淋巴结组碘浓度分别为（2.93±1.62）mg/ml及（2.17±1.09）mg/ml,NIC分别为0.33±0.21及0.19±0.12,曲线斜率分别为0.79±0.43及0.63±0.37。静脉期甲状腺乳头状癌转移淋巴结组及非甲状腺乳头状癌转移淋巴结组碘浓度分别为（2.68±1.54）mg/ml及（2.17±1.01）mg/ml,NIC分别为0.51±0.18及0.43±0.15,曲线斜率分别为0.54±0.42及0.62±0.39。2组间动脉期及静脉期碘浓度、NIC、动脉期曲线斜率差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,动脉期碘浓度、NIC诊断甲状腺癌转移淋巴结的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.62、0.73,静脉期碘浓度、NIC分别为0.61、0.63。结论 双能CT动脉期及静脉期碘浓度、NIC及动脉期曲线斜率在不同性质的中央区小淋巴结间存在差异,双能量CT有助于鉴别中央区转移及非转移小淋巴结。     

超声诊断甲状腺囊性乳头状癌

目的 分析甲状腺囊性乳头状癌的超声表现。方法 收集经病理诊断为甲状腺囊性乳头状癌的94例患者（94个病灶）的超声和临床资料,分析其超声图像特征。结果 94个病灶中,结节最大径（25.41±13.07）mm,结节内偏心性无回声区93个（93/94,98.94%）;纵横比≥1者30个（30/94,31.91%）;形态不规则70个（70/94,74.47%）;边界不清59个（59/94,62.77%）;以实性成分为主77个（77/94,81.91%）,液性为主17个（17/94,18.09%）;实性成分为低回声74个（74/94,78.72%）,内部出现微钙化89个（89/94,94.68%）;甲状腺被膜浸润45个（45/94,47.87%）;Alder血流评级0级19个（19/94,20.21%）,1级43个（43/94,45.74%）,2级25个（25/94,26.60%）,3级7个（7/94,7.45%）,平均血流速度（31.23±2.57）cm/s;66个结节行CEUS,表现为不均匀低增强55个（55/66,83.33%）;49个结节行弹性成像,平均弹性应变率比值3.41±1.62。超声诊断淋巴结转移准确率56.41%（22/39）;诊断甲状腺囊性乳头状癌准确率73.40%（69/94）。结论 甲状腺囊性乳头状癌超声表现具有一定的特征性,有助于该病的诊断。     

经多功能导管化学消融犬左心室前组乳头肌

目的 观察利用多功能心腔内超声（ICE）导管化学消融犬左心室前组乳头肌（APM）的可行性。方法 将15只杂交犬随机分均为0.2 ml组、0.4 ml组及0.8 ml组，每组5只。在ICE图像定位和监控下于左心室APM基底部注射不同剂量无水乙醇进行化学消融。于消融前及消融5天后行经胸超声，检测二尖瓣反流面积（MRA）及射流紧缩口宽度（VC）。之后处死动物，观察APM大体及病理变化。结果 ICE图像可清晰显示左心室APM结构，并实时监测进针深度及消融过程。消融5天后0.2 ml及0.4 ml组MRA、VC无明显改变，0.8 ml组MRA及VC较消融前明显增加（P均<0.05）。APM基底部可见中央呈苍白色的消融灶，0.2 ml、0.4 ml及0.8 ml无水乙醇在APM基底部形成的消融灶体积分别为（0.37±0.07）cm²、（0.69±0.08）cm²、（0.96±0.19）cm²，较高剂量组消融灶体积均大于较低剂量组（P均<0.05）。光镜下见消融灶内心肌细胞呈不可逆性坏死改变。结论 采用ICE导管注射低剂量无水乙醇可安全、有效消融左心室APM，有望为治疗左心室APM起源室性心律失常提供新的策略。     

超声定量评价甲状腺结节包膜反应

目的 探讨超声定量评价甲状腺结节与包膜的关系对于术前评估甲状腺结节良恶性的价值。方法 回顾性分析79例经病理证实的、位于甲状腺包膜下肿瘤,分析其与包膜的关系,通过测量结节纵径（自结节包膜交界处至结节最深处,V）及结节凸出甲状腺包膜与突出最高处的距离（L）,评价L/V诊断甲状腺恶性结节的效能。结果 甲状腺良性和恶性结节平均L/V值分别为0.241±0.041、0.162±0.054,差异有统计学意义（t=-7.367,P<0.01）。L/V诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的ROC曲线下面积为0.87（P<0.01）。L/V=0.225时,诊断甲状腺恶性结节的敏感度为82.17%、特异度为87.53%;L/V=0.245时,诊断甲状腺恶性结节的敏感度为67.10%,特异度为95.12%。结论 超声可清晰显示甲状腺结节与包膜的关系,通过测量L/V可鉴别诊断甲状腺结节的良恶性。     

磁共振定量测定儿童及青少年戈谢病肝脾脏体积及脂质含量

目的 探讨MRI定量分析儿童及青少年戈谢病患者肝脏、脾脏体积及脂质含量的价值。方法 对经骨髓穿刺证实的42例戈谢病患者（其中12例已行脾脏切除）行腹部MR检查,序列为冠状位三维梯度回波Dixon水脂分离（3D FFE mDIXON）和T2WI-STIR序列。所有患者均正在接受酶替代治疗。评估患者肝脏、脾脏脂质含量的差异及相关性。结果 42个肝脏校正的体积值为25.15~48.99 ml/kg,平均（33.66±6.03）ml/kg,脂质含量4.63%~10.09%,平均（5.90±1.10）%;30个脾脏校正的体积值为4.48~56.04 ml/kg,平均（16.36±10.65）ml/kg,脂质含量4.78%~19.39%,平均（6.63±2.62）%。同一患者脾脏脂质含量高于肝脏（t=2.16,P=0.04）。结论 采用MRI测量肝脾脏体积及脂质含量具有一定的可行性,可用于监测儿童及青少年戈谢病患者的病情及治疗效果。     

超声定量评估结节间沟

目的 探讨超声测量正常成人结节间沟的可行性。方法 对120名健康成人（正常组）、20个成人肱骨大体标本（标本组）及19例肱二头肌长头肌腱脱位患者（脱位组）进行结节间沟超声扫查,分别测量结节间沟深度（D）、顶部宽度（W）及中部宽度（^1/2W）,计算W/D比值并据此对结节间沟进行分型;对3组的结节间沟测值及分型进行比较。结果 正常组中,优势手亚组D为（4.14±0.07）mm,W为（10.22±0.17）mm,^1/2W为（6.46±0.09）mm,W/^1/2W为1.59±0.19;非优势手亚组D为（4.19±0.06）mm,W为（10.26±0.19）mm,^1/2W为（6.33±0.10）mm,W/^1/2W为1.62±0.18,优势手与非优势手结节间沟D、W、^1/2W、W/^1/2W比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。标本组中,D为（4.24±0.10）mm,W为（9.96±0.24）mm,^1/2W为（6.29±0.11）mm;脱位组中,D为（3.15±0.08）mm,W为（14.95±0.26）mm,^1/2W为（8.35±0.16）mm。优势手亚组结节间沟的D、W、^1/2W及结节间沟分型与标本组的差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,而优势手亚组、标本组与脱位组结节间沟测值及分型的差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。结论 超声可清晰显示成人结节间沟形态并进行测量,可作为结节间沟定量评估的有效方法。     

超声引导下闭合复位微创固定治疗掌指骨骨折

目的 探讨高频超声引导掌指骨骨折闭合复位微创固定治疗的价值。方法 选取26例急性期掌指骨骨折患者,随机分为试验组及对照组,每组13例。对试验组采用超声引导下闭合复位固定,对照组采用C形臂X线透视辅助下复位固定。对2组进行随访,观察疗效。结果 试验组骨折闭合复位成功率为76.92%（10/13）,对照组成功率为84.62%（11/13）,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0,P=1.00）。试验组术中平均C形臂投照次数为（0.62±1.19）次,对照组为（3.46±0.78）次,差异有统计学意义（t=-7.21,P<0.01）。试验组骨折平均愈合时间为（5.45±0.64）周,对照组为（5.71±0.78）周;试验组手指总主动活动度（TAM）优良率为84.62%（11/13）,对照组为92.31%（12/13）;试验组平均握力为（32.22±2.44）kg;对照组为（34.11±2.74）kg,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 高频超声引导掌指骨骨折闭合复位微创治疗疗效可靠且可减少X线辐射。     

前列腺癌动脉质子自旋标记灌注成像最佳反转时间

目的 探讨利用动脉质子自旋标记成像（ASL）技术测量前列腺癌血流量（BF）的可行性,并分析选择不同反转时间（TI）对测量值的影响。方法 对经病理证实为前列腺癌的患者47例进行ASL扫描,TI分别设为1 000、1 200、1 400、1 600 ms,测量并比较前列腺癌区和非癌区的BF平均值。结果 TI为1 000、1 200、1 400、1 600 ms时,前列腺癌区BF值分别为（121.70±22.90）ml/（100 g·min）、（129.65±23.46）ml/（100 g·min）、（126.37±23.77）ml/（100 g·min）、（125.07±22.86）ml/（100 g·min）,均明显高于非癌区的BF值。4种不同TI条件下癌区与非癌区BF差值的差异无统计学意义（F=0.87,P=0.24）。结论 ASL成像技术可以用于前列腺癌的血流量测量,不同TI值对前列腺癌区和非癌区BF差值的评估具有影响。     

Ablation of large HCCs using a new saline-enhanced expandable radiofrequency device

PurposeEvaluation of a new device designed to achieve large volumes of necrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodules by application of radiofrequency ablation (RFA).Materials and Methods29 consecutive patients with 31 HCC nodules ≥3 cm in diameter (range 3–7.5 cm; mean diameter 5.5 cm) underwent ultrasound (US) guided percutaneous RFA using an expandable electrode with 7 active arrays and saline injection designed to create tissue ablation in areas of up to 7 cm (Starburst XLi-enhanced RFA device). Treatment was performed in general anesthesia (6 patients) or deep sedation (23 patients). Treatment efficacy was assessed by three-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and bimonthly US follow-up.ResultsOne to three electrode insertions (mean number 1.6) were performed in each patient. CT showed complete necrosis in 23/31 HCC nodules (74%) in 22 patients. Follow-up of these 22 patients ranged from 2 to 15 months (mean time 8.3 months). In 6/22 patients (28%) intrahepatic recurrence occurred within 5–10 months (mean time 8.3 months). Major complications were post-ablation syndrome in 7/29 (24%), peritoneal effusion in 4/29 (14%), pleural effusion in 2/29 (7%) and transient obstructive jaundice in 1/29 (3.4%) patients. One patient died 6 months after treatment because of tumor progression.ConclusionsIn the treatment of large HCC nodules, Starburst XLi-enhanced is an effective and safe device.     

Outcomes of Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy for Large Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Mayo Clinic Case Series

Objective

To assess the effectiveness, tolerability, and complications of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with benign large thyroid nodules (TNs).

超声引导经皮双极射频消融治疗良性甲状腺结节的局部疗效观察

正甲状腺良性结节通常无需处理,但随着结节增大可能影响美观或有压迫不适感,此时多需要治疗。射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)作为一种微创治疗方式,目前临床已广泛用于甲状腺结节的治疗~([1])。本组旨在对行超声引导经皮双极RFA治疗的良性甲状腺结节的局部疗效进行分析。     

Application of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in minimally invasive ablation of benign thyroid nodules

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the application value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) before and after minimally invasive ablation procedures for benign thyroid nodule(s) (BTN).MethodsThis prospective study included patients with BTNs scheduled to undergo ultrasound-guided minimally invasive ablation treatment. CEUS was performed before and after ablation (at 1 day, and 1, 6, and 12 months after ablation). Changes in microvascular perfusion and the volume of BTNs were noted and assessed.ResultsSixty-two patients (62 BTNs), who underwent ablation procedures between June 2016 and August 2020, were included. All lesions were confirmed by biopsy, and histopathological results were obtained before ablation treatment. On preoperative CEUS, the lesions exhibited hyperenhancement (53.23%) or iso-enhancement (46.77%) during the arterial phase, and all lesions exhibited iso-enhancement in the venous and late phases. One day after ablation, none of the BTNs exhibited obvious enhancement on CEUS. One (1.61%) lesion was re-treated due to a nodule-like enhancement area detected by CEUS at the 6-month follow-up. The mean nodular volume reduction rate (VRR) at 1, 6, and 12 months follow-up demonstrated no significant difference between the two ablation groups (microwave ablation versus radiofrequency ablation). Twelve months after ablation, the mean (±SD) VRR of all BTNs was 60.3 ​± ​10.3%.ConclusionCEUS helped guide treatment decisions for BTNs before ablation treatment. Moreover, it could also be used to accurately and noninvasively evaluate treatment efficacy.     

Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodules Assisted by a Virtual Needle Tracking System

Our aim was to assess the feasibility and outcome of ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation of benign thyroid nodules assisted by a real-time virtual needle tracking (VT) system. Forty-five patients (34 females, mean age ± standard deviation (SD): 44 ± 16 y, range: 29–68 y) with 45 benign non-functioning thyroid nodules (mean volume ± SD: 13.5 ± 6.7 mL, range: 12–22 mL) underwent VT-assisted US-guided RF ablation. Nodule volume was evaluated before treatment and during 6-mo of follow-up. Complication rates and patient satisfaction after treatment were also evaluated. By use of the VT system, the tip of the RF electrode was identified during all ablation procedures. The overall mean volume reduction and complication rate were 72.6 ± 11.3% and 2.5%, respectively. Overall satisfaction at the 6-mo follow-up was rated by patients as positive in 42 cases (93%). The VT system could be useful in thyroid nodule ablation procedures because it is able to track the RF electrode tip even when the tip is obscured by the bubbles produced by the ablative process. VT-assisted RF ablation can be a tolerable, non-surgical treatment for patients with benign non-functioning thyroid nodules.     

容积超声造影对肝肿瘤射频消融效果的评估

目的探讨容积超声造影评估肝肿瘤射频消融效果的价值。方法对22只新西兰白兔肝脏VX2肿瘤和22例肝癌患者进行射频消融治疗,治疗前后分别进行二维及容积超声造影,所有患者治疗前后行增强CT检查,动物肝脏均做病理学检查。结果消融前所有病灶二维及容积超声造影均表现为早期动脉相病灶内均匀或不均匀高增强;消融后,动物实验中19个病灶的疗效判断二维超声造影与病理结果相同;22个病灶容积超声造影与病理结果相同;临床研究中20个病灶的疗效判断二维超声造影与增强CT相同,24个病灶容积超声造影结果与增强CT相同。结论容积超声造影有可能更好地评估肝脏肿瘤消融治疗效果。     

Computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation of the retained iodized oil after simultaneous combination with transarterial embolization in small recurrent or residual hepatocellular carcinoma

ObjectiveTo assess the clinical efficacy and safety of transarterial embolization (TAE) in simultaneous combination with computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for recurrent or residual hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to determine the risk factors influencing local tumor progression following this procedure.MethodsOne hundred eighteen patients with recurrent or residual HCC (tumor size, 10–30 ​mm) underwent RFA. During the 19-month follow-up, 59 patients received RFA only (RFA group), and the remaining 59 received RFA immediately after TAE (TAE ​+ ​RFA group). All patients were followed up to observe the short-term therapeutic effects and complications. The cumulative local tumor progression rates in both groups were calculated using unpaired Student’s t tests and the Kaplan-Meier method.ResultsThe rate of major complications was 5.08% in the TAE ​+ ​RFA group and 3.39% in the RFA group. The overall response rate was 96.61% in the TAE ​+ ​RFA group and 79.66% in the RFA group (P ​= ​0.008). The disease control rate was significantly higher in the TAE ​+ ​RFA group than in the RFA group (94.92% vs. 79.66%, P ​= ​0.024). The median time to local tumor progression was 4.8 months in the RFA group and 9.6 months in the TAE ​+ ​RFA group. The cumulative local tumor progression rate at 1 year was 10.60% in the RFA group and 23.60% in the TAE ​+ ​RFA group (P ​= ​0.016).ConclusionTAE in simultaneous combination with CT-guided RFA was effective and safe against recurrent or residual HCC. Local tumor progression can be minimized by the complete ablation of targeted iodized oil deposits after simultaneous TAE.     

经皮射频消融治疗甲状腺良性结节的疗效及影响因素

目的探讨甲状腺良性结节射频消融治疗的疗效及影响因素,以提高甲状腺良性结节消融治疗的效果。 方法选取2013年4月至2016年6月在解放军总医院就诊的甲状腺结节患者468例,甲状腺良性结节482个,其中,女性356个,男性126个,年龄14~82岁,结节最大径0.7~9.2 cm;实性结节258个,囊实性结节224个,甲状腺结节合并桥本氏甲状腺炎96个。甲状腺结节经皮穿刺射频消融术后即刻、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月、18个月及24个月行常规超声及超声造影检查,观察局部疼痛、红肿、皮肤感染、声音嘶哑等并发症的发生率,同时计算结节的体积缩小率,将结节按照囊实性比例、大小、是否有桥本病背景、性别、年龄进行分组,结节大小、有无桥本、性别、年龄大小分组组间比较采用独立样本t检验,甲状腺结节囊实性比例组间甲状腺结节体积缩小率比较采用方差分析。 结果甲状腺良性结节射频消融术后体积明显缩小,术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月、18个月及24个月结节体积缩小率分别为：（51.2±5.7）%、（69.7±4.3）%、（84.6±3.7）%、（89.3±2.9）%、（93.7±1.6）%、（94.9±1.4）%;甲状腺结节囊性成分<20%、囊性成分20%~80%、囊性成分>80% 3组,术后1、3、6、12、18及24个月组间缩小率比较,差异均有统计学意义（F=66.858、69.101、19.410、49.559、146.653、309.950,P均<0.001）,囊性成分比例越高,消融灶缩小越快;将囊性成分<20%的结节,按照最大径≤3 cm及>3 cm、是否有桥本病背景进行分组,术后1、3、6、12、18及24个月组间缩小率比较,差异均有统计学意义（不同大小分组：t=9.710、8.925、9.899、12.734、17.226、42.580;是否有桥本背景分组：t=5.529、7.981、4.843、6.558、17.976、28.906,P均<0.001）,3 cm以下、无桥本氏甲状腺炎的结节射频消融后体积缩小更为显著;最大径≤3 cm且囊性成分<20%的结节在性别（男性、女性）、年龄（≤40岁、>40岁）组间,同一随访时间结节的体积缩小率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。 结论经皮射频消融治疗甲状腺良性结节是一种安全、有效的微创治疗方法。