左旋肉碱与促红细胞生成素联合治疗维持性血液透析患者肾性贫血的临床观察

目的观察左旋肉碱和促红细胞生成素治疗维持性血液透析患者肾性贫血的疗效，及左旋肉碱对促红细胞生成素用量的影响。方法将维持性血液透析肾性贫血患者40例随机分成两组，均于血液透析后皮下注射促红细胞生成素，剂量每周100—150U／kg，分2—3次进行，当血红蛋白（Hb）≥100g／L，红细胞压积（Hct）≥30％后逐渐减量。治疗组于每次血液透析后加用静脉注射左旋肉碱1．0g，疗程8周。结果两组患者的Hb、Hct较治疗前均有所提高（P〈0．01），治疗组提高比对照组更显著（P〈0．01），且治疗组促红细胞生成素的维持用量更少（P〈0．05）。结论左旋肉碱能显著提高促红细胞生成素治疗肾性贫血的疗效，减少促红细胞生成素的用量。     

蔗糖铁注射液治疗维持性血液透析患者肾性贫血疗效分析

目的比较静脉注射蔗糖铁（森铁能）与口服多糖铁复合物（力蜚能）治疗维持性血液透析患者肾性贫血的疗效与安全性。方法 60例病情稳定的血液透析患者,规律透析2～3次/周。将上述患者随机分为口服组和静脉组,每组各30例,观察期24周。口服组予多糖铁复合物150 mg/d;静脉组每次透析时静脉滴注蔗糖铁100mg,累计1 000 mg后每2周给予维持量100 mg。若患者的血红蛋白（Hb）达到110 g/L或红细胞压积（Hct）达到33%以上,则将重组人促红细胞生成素（rHuEPO）减量以维持Hb及Hct水平。检测补铁前及补铁48、1、2、24周时患者Hb、Hct、血清铁蛋白（SF）以及转铁蛋白饱和度（TSAT）水平。结果治疗后两组Hb、Hct、SF、TSAT均较治疗前明显升高（P〈0.05）,静脉组Hb、Hct、SF、TSAT上升幅度均高于口服组（P〈0.05）。治疗后静脉组rHuEPO用量较治疗前及口服组明显减少（P〈0.05）。两组治疗前后肝功能无显著性差异。治疗后静脉组血清C反应蛋白高于治疗前及口服组,但仍在正常范围内。静脉组不良反应2例,口服组8例。结论静脉用蔗糖铁治疗肾性贫血安全有效,不良反应少,且可减少rHuEPO用量。     

大剂量重组人促红细胞生成素治疗血透患者肾性贫血的临床疗效观察

贫血是慢性肾衰竭（CRF）患者最常见的并发症之一，其原因是体内红细胞生成素（EPO）的绝对或相对不足，补充外源性EPO可有效治疗肾性贫血，明显改善CRF患者的生活质量。目前公认的方案是NKF-K／DOQI推荐的治疗方法，但对大剂量每周一次用药尚缺乏经验。顾勇等采用大剂量EPO每周一次用药治疗肾性贫血能使患者较高的Hb水平维持于理想范围，同时具有较高的安全性。我院用大剂量rHuEPO治疗肾性贫血，以期了解其对肾性贫血的疗效及安全性。     

吸入舒利迭治疗稳定期COPD的临床研究

目的观察吸入丙酸氟替卡松/沙美特罗（舒利迭）（Fluticasone prpionate,FP）对稳定期COPD的临床疗效。方法 60例稳定期Ⅱ级COPD患者随机分成4组,分别给予不同剂量的丙酸氟地卡松和安慰剂（对照组）吸入治疗12周,于治疗前及治疗2周后、6周后、12周后测定FEV1、血浆皮质醇、骨密度,并记录临床症状记分和生活质量记分。结果临床症状评分各治疗组吸入丙酸氟地卡松迭2周后较治疗前明显下降（P〈0.05）,但治疗后不同时间段间比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;各组FEV1治疗前与治疗12周后比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。生活质量评分各组治疗前较治疗12周后无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。血浆皮质醇水平高剂量组治疗2周后即较前降低（P〈0.05）,治疗12周后更降低（P〈0.01）;中剂量组治疗12周后较治疗前降低（P〈0.05）;低剂量组和对照组治疗前较治疗12周后无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。股骨颈的股密度各组治疗前后无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论吸入一定剂量的丙酸氟地卡松,可减轻稳定期COPD患者的临床症状,而不引起骨密度降低,但不能改善其FEV1,不能改善生活质量,但有可能引起血浆皮质醇水平下降。     

蔗糖铁治疗维持性血液透析患者肾性贫血疗效观察

目的比较静脉用铁剂蔗糖铁（森铁能）和口服铁剂琥珀酸亚铁（速力菲）与基因重组人红细胞生成素（EPO）联合应用治疗尿毒症肾性贫血患者的有效性和安全性。方法选取我院收治40例血液透析患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组各20例,根据公式计算总补铁量,治疗组将蔗糖铁100mg溶于0．9％氯化钠溶液200ml于血液透析后静脉滴注,30-60滴／min,2次／周,直至完成补铁总量。对照组口服琥珀酸亚铁100mg,3;A／d。两组均联合EPO,3000U／次,2次／周皮下注射,治疗6周。观察两组患者治疗前后血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞比容（HCT）、红细胞计数（RBC）、血清铁蛋白（SF）和转铁蛋白饱和度（TSAT）。结果两组患者治疗前Hb、HCT、RBC、SF、TSAT间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;治疗后Hb、HCT、RBC、SF、TSAT间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）结论静脉用蔗糖铁联合EPO治疗尿毒症肾性贫血,疗效优于口服补铁,不良反应少。     

重组人红细胞生成素6000U每周1次治疗非透析患者肾性贫血的临床观察

观察重组人红细胞生成素(rHu EPO)每周1次皮下注射治疗非透析患者肾性贫血的临床疗效及副反应。方法 选择慢性肾功能衰竭并肾性贫血的非透析患者30例，治疗组15例，采用rHu EP06000U每周1次皮下注射；对照组15例，采用相同产品rHu EPO3000U每周2次皮下注射。治疗期间，监测血常规、肝肾功能、电解质、血压及各种不良反应。结果 试验组显效7例、有效5例、无效2例；对照组显效6例、有效4例、无效2例，治疗前后两组治疗观察指标及副反应均无统计学差异。结论 rHu EPO每周1次注射方法与分次注射有同样治疗价值，且减少病人负担，有助于提高患者的生活质量。     

重组人促红细胞生成素治疗慢性病贫血45例疗效观察

目的探讨重组人促红细胞生成素（rHuEPO）治疗慢性病贫血（ACD）的疗效和安全性。方法选取88例在我院门诊及住院部治疗的ACD病例,随机分为观察组（45例）和对照组（43例）,观察组患者皮下注射rHuEPO,2次／周,3000U／次,连用8周;观察组和对照组对原发病的治疗方案一致,两组间伴缺铁ACD患者均静脉滴注蔗糖铁,3次／周,100mg／次。共用8周。疗程结束后比较两组患者治疗前后血液学指标Hb、MCV、MCH、MCHC及血清铁（SI）、总铁结合力（sF）、转铁蛋白饱和度（sTfR）的变化情况,并记录药物不良反应。结果观察组40例患者疲乏无力、心悸气短、头昏眼花、食欲不振等贫血症状在治疗后有不同程度改善。Hb由（75．2±11．6）g／L增至（100．5±9．8）g／L（P〈0．01）;MCV、MCHC、SI、SF、sTfR有所改善（P〈0．01 orP〈0．05）;对照组患者贫血症状无明显改善,其中6例在治疗过程中因贫血加重需输血,上述的各项指标治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义。结论rHuEPO治疗ACD可在一定程度上改善贫血,减轻患者贫血症状,减少输血,使用安全。rHuEPO用于ACD患者的治疗具有一定的实用价值。     

大剂量rHuEPO对肾性贫血患者骨髓红系及其超微结构的影响

对36例。肾性贫血（RA）患者皮下注射重组促红细胞生成素（rHuEPO）1万IU,每周1次,连续8周,治疗前后检测其周围血象中的RBC、Hb、红细胞比容、网织红细胞计数,以及骨髓象中的总红系所占百分数、粒／红系比值,部分行骨髓显微图像分析和电镜观察。结果显效15例,有效17例,总有效率88．89％。治疗后26例骨髓红系增生活跃,其增幅高于血红系各指标;红系的超微结构有明显改善。提示大剂量rHuEPO治疗RA疗效好,骨髓红系增生显著。其形态结构改善明显。     

重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白治疗类风湿关节炎双盲随机多中心对照临床研究

目的研究注射用重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白[rhTNFR：Fc,益赛普,（etanercept）]对活动性类风湿关节炎（RA）患者的疗效及安全性.方法238例患者随机分为试验组和对照组.试验组每周1次口服空白模拟甲氨蝶呤（MTX）,同时接受rhTNFR：Fc皮下注射治疗,每周2次,每次25 mg;对照组每周1次口服定量MTX（每周7.5 mg起,8周内增至15 mg）,同时每周2次皮下注射空白模拟rhTNFR：Fc.疗程24周.疗效评价采用美国风湿病学会（ACR）疗效评定标准.结果治疗2周后,rhTNFR：Fc组ACR20有效率为35.59%,MTX组为22.50%,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.治疗8周后,rhTNFR：Fc组和MTX组的ACR20、ACR50和ACR70组间比较差异均有统计学意义（（P＜0.05）.治疗12周后,rhTNFR：Fc组ACR20有效率为66.10%,MTX组是51.67%,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（（P＜0.05）.治疗24周后,rhTNFR：Fc组ACR20有效率为75.42%,且ACR70有效率优于MTX组（（P＜0.05）,显示rhTNFR：Fc疗效强于MTX.两组药物之间总的不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义.结论rhTNFR：Fc用于治疗中、重度RA具有良好的安全性和显著的疗效;在前12周治疗期间,rhTNFR：Fc较MTX起效快、效果更明显.     

不同剂量低分子肝素治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及安全性比较

将同期收治的113例急性脑梗死（ACI）患者随机分为肝素大剂量组28例、中剂量组25例、小剂量组30例和对照组30例。肝素大、中、小剂量组均予低分子肝素（LMWH）5000IU腹壁皮下注射，分别为3次／d、2次／d和1次／d；对照组口服阿司匹林100mg，1次／d。治疗1周后观察疗效。结果肝素大、中、小剂量组间总有效率无显著差异，但均显著高于对照组（P均〈0．01）；肝素大剂量组凝血酶原时间延长、纤维蛋白原降低（P〈0．05）。认为不同剂量LMWH均可改善ACI神经功能和预后，但中等剂量LMWH较为安全。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.