急诊结肠镜在急性下消化道出血诊断及治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨急诊结肠镜对急性下消化道出血的诊断价值。方法对293例接受急诊结肠镜检查的急性下消化道出血患者临床资料进行分析,比较急诊结肠镜组与常规结肠镜组在平均住院日及输血量之间的差异。结果急诊结肠镜组检查成功率90.1%,总体诊断率64.5%。急诊结肠镜组平均住院天数6.9 d,常规结肠镜组7.8 d,急诊结肠镜组平均输血量275 mL压积红细胞,常规结肠镜组478 mL。结论急诊结肠镜对活动性出血可采取内镜下止血,为急诊外科手术治疗提供可靠依据,同时可减少急性下消化道出血患者的住院天数及平均输血量。     

Initial management for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding(LGIB) is a common indication for hospital admission. Patients with LGIB often experience persistent or recurrent bleeding and require blood transfusions and interventions, such as colonoscopic,radiological, and surgical treatments. Appropriate decision-making is needed to initially manage acute LGIB, including emergency hospitalization, timing of colonoscopy, and medication use. In this literature review, we summarize the evidence for initial management of acute LGIB. Assessing various clinical factors,including comorbidities, medication use, presenting symptoms, vital signs, and laboratory data is useful for risk stratification of severe LGIB, and for discriminating upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Early timing of colonoscopy had the possibility of improving identification of the bleeding source, and the rate of endoscopic intervention, compared with elective colonoscopy. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography before colonoscopy may help identify stigmata of recent hemorrhage on colonoscopy, particularly in patients who can be examined immediately after the last hematochezia. How to deal with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) and antithrombotic agents after hemostasis should be carefully considered because of the risk of rebleeding and thromboembolic events. In general, aspirin as primary prophylaxis for cardiovascular events and NSAIDs were suggested to be discontinued after LGIB. Managing acute LGIB based on this information would improve clinical outcomes. Further investigations are needed to distinguish patients with LGIB who require early colonoscopy and hemostatic intervention.     

Disparities in colonoscopy utilization for lower gastrointestinal bleeding in rural vs urban settings in the United States

BACKGROUNDLower gastrointestinal bleeds (LGIB) is a very common inpatient condition in the United States. Gastrointestinal bleeds have a variety of presentations, from minor bleeding to severe hemorrhage and shock. Although previous studies investigated the efficacy of colonoscopy in hospitalized patients with LGIB, there is limited research that discusses disparities in colonoscopy utilization in patients with LGIB in urban and rural settings. AIMTo investigate the difference in utilization of colonoscopy in lower gastrointestinal bleeding between patients hospitalized in urban and rural hospitals. METHODSThis is a retrospective cohort study of 157748 patients using National Inpatient Sample data and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project provided by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. It includes patients 18 years and older hospitalized with LGIB admitted between 2010 and 2016. This study does not differentiate between acute and chronic LGIB and both are included in this study. The primary outcome measure of this study was the utilization of colonoscopy among patients in rural and urban hospitals admitted for lower gastrointestinal bleeds; the secondary outcome measures were in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and costs involved in those receiving colonoscopy for LGIB. Statistical analyses were all performed using STATA software. Logistic regression was used to analyze the utilization of colonoscopy and mortality, and a generalized linear model was used to analyze the length of stay and cost. RESULTSOur study found that 37.9% of LGIB patients at rural hospitals compared to approximately 45.1% at urban hospitals received colonoscopy, (OR = 0.730, 95%CI: 0.705-0.7, P > 0.0001). After controlling for covariates, colonoscopies were found to have a protective association with lower in-hospital mortality (OR = 0.498, 95%CI: 0.446-0.557, P < 0.0001), but a longer length of stay by 0.72 d (95%CI: 0.677-0.759 d, P < 0.0001) and approximately $2199 in increased costs. CONCLUSIONAlthough there was a lower percentage of LGIB patients that received colonoscopies in rural hospitals compared to urban hospitals, patients in both urban and rural hospitals with LGIB undergoing colonoscopy had decreased in-hospital mortality. In both settings, benefit came at a cost of extended stay, and higher total costs.     

Analysis of urgent colonoscopy for acute lower intestinal bleeding

Background: Urgent colonoscopy is often performed to diagnose and stop acute lower intestinal bleeding, but its usefulness has yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to clarify the present role of urgent colonoscopy for this purpose. Methods Urgent colonoscopy was defined as colonoscopy performed within 48 h of the occurrence of hematochezia. All patients investigated by urgent colonoscopy from September 1996 to March 2000 who were hospitalized in Shimane Medical University Hospital or Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Japan, were enrolled in this study. The endoscopic data and medical records of all the investigated patients were reviewed retrospectively to clarify the role of urgent colonoscopy for diagnosing and treating patients with hematochezia. Results A total of 152 patients were enrolled and 137 (90.1%) were successfully diagnosed endoscopically. Ischemic colitis was the most frequent disease found (32.9%), followed by postpolypectomy hemorrhage (9.2%), hemorrhoids (8.6%) and rectal ulcer (7.2%). Endoscopic hemostasis was employed to treat postpolypectomy hemorrhage and bleeding rectal ulcers with favorable results. Conclusions Urgent colonoscopy is useful for the diagnosis of hematochezia. Endoscopic hemostasis is frequently required to treat postpolypectomy hemorrhage and bleeding rectal ulcers.     

内镜治疗在急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血中的应用

急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血是临床常见的急危重症。内镜技术在急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血的治疗中有重要价值。近年此领域有了持续的新进展。本文即就内镜治疗对急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血的适宜治疗患者、治疗时机以及治疗方法和策略等方面给予简述。     

Epidemiology of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in China: single-center series and systematic analysis of Chinese literature with 53,951 patients

Objectives: The epidemiology of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) in Western populations has been reported; however, there are scant Asian reports. The aim of the present study was to determine the etiology of LGIB in a Chinese population by reporting a retrospective case series and a systematic analysis of Chinese literature. Methods: A large colonoscopy database in a tertiary endoscopic center was searched to identify all patients with the indication of LGIB. The data, including patients' sex, age, endoscopic and pathological findings, were collected and analyzed. A comprehensive database search of the Chinese literature was carried out to obtain all relevant studies. Results: In our series, a total of 720 patients with LGIB were included. There were 425 males and 295 females with a median age of 50 years, the most common etiologies of LGIB were inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; 30.2%), polyps (23.4%) and cancer (10.7%). In 30.2% of all the patients, no obvious causes were identified. A systematic analysis of Chinese literature found an additional 160 studies providing relevant data in 53 951 patients. Overall, colorectal cancer (24.4%), colorectal polyps (24.1%), colitis (16.8%), anorectal disease (9.8%) and IBD (9.5%) were the most common etiologies of LGIB. The main etiologies were different between adults, the elderly and children. Conclusion: The study shows colorectal cancer, colorectal polyps, colitis, anorectal disease and IBD were the most common etiologies of LGIB in the Chinese adult and elderly population, whereas colorectal polyps, chronic colitis and intussusception were the main causes of LGIB in Chinese children. Whereas diverticulum, the most common cause of LGIB in Western populations, is uncommon in China.     

Role of hemostatic powders in the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding: A review

Despite the recent advances in endoscopic hemostatic techniques, the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding could be sometimes challenging. Hemostatic powders such as Hemospray, EndoClot, and Ankaferd Blood Stopper have found their way into digestive endoscopy and are licenced in many countries especially for use in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We reviewed the literature on the use of these hemostatic powders in different situations in lower gastrointestinal bleeding and looked at the success rate and rebleeding rate. Most of the data are derived from case reports, retrospective and prospective case series with absence of any randomized controlled trials. Hemostatic powders were used as primary or salvage therapy to control bleeding from polypectomy site, colonic tumors, diverticula, arteriovenous malformations, radiation proctitis, ischemic colitis, and surgical intestinal anastomosis. The rate of immediate control of bleeding is in the range of 88–100% with a recurrence rate of 3–13% except for radiation proctitis bleeding where rebleeding rate can be as high as 77%. Although there are many advantages for the use of local hemostatic agents in lower gastrointestinal bleeding, future randomized controlled trials comparing them with conventional methods are needed.     

Second look endoscopy in acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Bleeding peptic ulcer remained an important cause of hospitalization worldwide. Primary endoscopic hemostasis achieved more than 90% of initial hemostasis for bleeding peptic ulcer. Recurrent bleeding amounted to 15% after therapeutic endoscopy, and rebleeding is an important risk factor to peptic ulcer related mortality. Routine second look endoscopy was one of the strategies targeted at prevention of rebleeding. The objective of second look endoscopy was to treat persistent stigmata of recent hemorrhage before rebleeding. Three meta-analyses showed that performance of routine second look endoscopy significantly reduced ulcer rebleeding especially when the endoscopic therapy was performed with thermal coagulation. Two cost-effectiveness analyses, however, demonstrated that selective instead of routine second look endoscopy is the most cost-effective approach to prevent ulcer rebleeding. While international consensus and guidelines did not recommend routine performance of second look endoscopy for prevention of ulcer rebleeding, further research should focus on identification of patients with high risk of rebleeding and investigate the effect of selective second look endoscopy in prevention of rebleeding among these patients.     

Characteristics and outcomes of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding after therapeutic endoscopy in the elderly

AIM: To characterize the effects of age on clinical presentations and endoscopic diagnoses and to determine outcomes after endoscopic therapy among patients aged ≥ 65 years admitted for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) compared with those aged < 65 years. METHODS: Medical records and an endoscopy data-base of 526 consecutive patients with overt UGIB admitted during 2007-2009 were reviewed. The initial presentations and clinical course within 30 d after endoscopy were obtained. RESULTS: A total o...     

洛赛克治疗老年急性上消化道出血80例疗效观察

本文比较了洛赛克（ｌｏｓｅｃ）与信法丁（ｆａｍｏｔｉｎｅ）治疗８０例老年人急性上消化道出血的止血疗效。结果洛赛克总有效率为９６．７％，较信法丁８３．３％显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在应用中，未发现其对各重要器官的功能和合并症造成影响，实验室检查无异常发现，副作用轻微。提示了对患有４种以上合并症，出血量达＞１０００亳升，病因为急性胃粘膜病、胃癌的老年人急性上消化道出血，洛赛克是一种可供优先选择的药物，疗程一般为５天左右。     

Capsule endoscopy： Current status in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a safe, non invasive diagnostic modality for the evaluation of small bowel lesions. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is one of the most important indications of capsule endoscopy. Capsule endoscopy has a very high diagnostic yield especially if the bleeding is ongoing. This technique appears to be superior to other techniques for the detection of suspected lesions and the source of bleeding. Capsule endoscopy has been shown to change the outcome in patients with obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleed.     

结肠镜检查对于儿童下消化道疾病诊疗价值探讨

目的探讨儿童结肠镜检查的临床应用价值及安全性。方法对北京军区总医院2008年1月-2012年12月192例因腹痛、便血、腹泻、腹胀等症状就诊的患儿行结肠镜检查,并对患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果共129例患儿首次结肠镜检查完成全结肠镜检查,结肠镜检查完成率67.2%。32例患儿进镜过程中发现病变后退镜。病变部位主要为乙状结肠及直肠。病变主要为结肠息肉、结肠炎、过敏性紫癜、嗜酸粒细胞性肠炎、移植物抗宿主病、炎症性肠病等。91例便血患儿中61例发现大肠息肉。结论结肠镜检查及内镜下治疗对小儿肠道疾病诊断安全有效,并发症发生率低。小儿结肠病变常见部位为乙状结肠及直肠。小儿便血最常见原因为结肠息肉。     

Rockall score in predicting outcomes of elderly patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding

AIM: To validate the clinical Rockall score in predicting outcomes (rebleeding, surgery and mortality) in elderly patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was undertaken in 341 patients admitted to the emergency room and Intensive Care Unit of Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The Rockall scores were calculated, and the association between clinical Rockall scores and patient outcomes (rebleeding, surgery and mortality) was assessed. Based on the Rockall scores, patients were divided into three risk categories: low risk ≤ 3, moderate risk 3-4, high risk ≥ 4, and the percentages of rebleeding/death/surgery in each risk category were compared. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to assess the validity of the Rockall system in predicting rebleeding, surgery and mortality of patients with AUGIB. RESULTS: A positive linear correlation between clinical Rockall scores and patient outcomes in terms of rebleeding, surgery and mortality was observed (r =0.962, 0.955 and 0.946, respectively, P = 0.001). High clinical Rockall scores > 3 were associated with adverse outcomes (rebleeding, surgery and death). There was a significant correlation between high Rockall scores and the occurrence of rebleeding, surgery and mortality in the entire patient population (χ 2 = 49.29, 23.10 and 27.64, respectively, P = 0.001). For rebleeding, the area under the ROC curve was 0.788 (95%CI: 0.726-0.849, P = 0.001); For surgery, the area under the ROC curve was 0.752 (95%CI: 0.679-0.825, P = 0.001) and for mortality, the area under the ROC curve was 0.787 (95%CI: 0.716-0.859, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Rockall score is clinically useful, rapid and accurate in predicting rebleeding, surgery and mortality outcomes in elderly patients with AUGIB.     

急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血风险评估的临床研究

目的 探讨Rockall(RS)和Blatchford(BRS)评分系统对急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血(ANVUGIB)预后风险评估的准确性和临床实用性.方法 记录我院2009年1月至2009年12月间收治的195例符合研究标准及资料完整的ANVUGIB患者的临床资料,分别计算各患者RS和BRS分值进行危险分层,出院后随访30 d,并将死亡或出院后30 d的疾病转归作为临床研究终点.检验两评分系统对预后的预测能力.结果 195例患者中男150例,女45例,男女比例2.3:1.年龄15～85岁,平均(53.97±18.34)岁.年龄≥60岁患者(老年组)90例,年龄<60岁患者(非老年组)105例.生存182例(93.3%),死亡13例(6.7%),生存患者中再出血11例(5.6%).老年组患者病死率[12.2%(11/90)]、合并基础疾病率[43.3%(39/90)]及服阿司匹林[24.4%(22/90)]均高于非老年组患者[1.9%(2/105)、16.2%(17/105)和11.4%(12/105),P值均<0.05].RS预测死亡风险的曲线下面积(AUC)=0.742(P=0.004),预测再出血风险的AUC=0.469(P=0.101);BRS评分系统预测死亡风险AUC=0.493(P=0.067),预测再出血风险AUC=0.341(P=0.092).RS分值与住院天数呈正相关性,而BRS与住院天数关系无统计学意义.结论 RS评分系统对死亡预测能力良好,其分值高低与住院天数长短呈正相关,但对再出血预测能力较差.BRS对住院患者死亡和再出血预测能力均不理想,不适用于住院患者不良预后的风险预测.     

完整Rockall和临床Rockall危险评分对老年急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血评估价值

目的 探讨完整和临床Rockall评分对老年急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血患者输血、再出血、干预和死亡的预测价值.方法 采用完整和临床Rockau评分系统对老年急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血患者进行危险程度分级,并与同期非老年组比较,应用ROC曲线评估两个评分系统的预测价值.结果 随着评分增加,老年临床高危患者所占比例逐渐增加,两者呈正相关（P＜0.05）.完整Rockall评分对老年患者输血、再出血、干预和死亡均有较好的预测价值,受试者工作特征曲线下面积AUC值分别为0.67、0.84、0.70和0.96（P ＜0.01）;临床Rockall评分对老年患者输血、再出血和死亡有较好的预测价值,AUC值分别为0.66、0.79和0.91（P ＜0.01）,对干预无预测价值（P＞0.05）.结论 老年急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血患者可用较为简单的临床Rockall评分预测输血、再出血和死亡风险.     

A prospective study of same day bi-directional endoscopy in the evaluation of patients with occult gastrointestinal bleeding

Objective. Previous studies show conflicting results in the diagnostic yield of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) and colonoscopy (bi-directional) in identifying potential bleeding sources (PBS) in patients investigated for occult gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). The aims of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic yield of bi-directional endoscopy in patients presenting with OGIB and to assess the factors predictive of a positive yield. Material and methods. Patients with OGIB referred to the gastroenterology unit were prospectively included in the study. Colonoscopy was immediately followed by OGD. Predetermined criteria for the diagnosis of a PBS were used. Potential clinical factors predictive of positive yield were assessed. Results. Of the 219 patients (mean age 65 years, 34% M), 110 (50%) had at least one PBS. Colonoscopy revealed 87 PBS in 73 patients (33%), the most common being adenoma. OGD detected 49 PBS in 48 patients (22%), gastric ulcer being the most common. Of the patients with PBS at OGD, 23% also had a PBS at colonoscopy, including 3 patients with colonic cancers. Patients presenting with either a positive faecal occult blood test (FOBT) or iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) only had a significantly lower yield for PBS than patients with combined positive FOBT and IDA. The percentages of patients with a PBS increased substantially with age. Conclusions. A PBS was found in only 50% of the patients. Colonoscopy had a slightly higher diagnostic yield, and as expected, resulted in a significantly higher cancer detection rate than OGD. In older patients, colonoscopy should be done irrespective of the findings at OGD. Gastrointestinal-specific symptoms and the use of ASA/NSAIDs were not predictive in finding or localizing PBS.     

Evaluation and outcomes of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding(OGIB) is defined as recurrent or persistent bleeding or presence of iron deficiency anaemia after evaluation with a negative bidirectional endoscopy. OGIB accounts for 5% of gastrointestinal bleeding and presents a diagnostic challenge. Current modalities available for the investigation of OGIB include capsule endoscopy, balloon assisted enteroscopy, spiral enteroscopy and computed tomography enterography. These modalities overcome the limitations of previous techniques. Following a negative bidirectional endoscopy, capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy remain the cornerstone of investigation in OGIB given their high diagnostic yield. Longterm outcome data in patients with OGIB is limited, but is most promising for capsule endoscopy. This article reviews the current literature and provides an overview of the clinical evaluation of patients with OGIB, available diagnostic and therapeutic modalities and longterm clinical outcomes.     

Yield of capsule endoscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: A comparative study between premenopausal and menopausal women

AIM To evaluate differences in capsule endoscopy(CE) performed in the setting of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding(OGIB) among premenopausal women(PMW) and menopausal women(MW).METHODS Retrospective, single-center study, including female patients submitted to CE in the setting of OGIB between May 2011 and December 2016. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to age, considering fertile age as ≤ 55 years and postmenopausal age as 55 years. The diagnostic yield(DY), the rebleeding rate and the time to rebleed were evaluated and compared between groups. Rebleeding was defined as a drop of Hb 2 g/dL or need for transfusional support or presence of melena/hematochezia.RESULTS A hundred and eighty three female patients underwent CE for OGIB, of whom 30.6%(n = 56) were PMW and 69.4%(n = 127) were MW. The DY was 30.4% in PMW and 63.8% in MW. The most common findings were angiodysplasias in both groups(PMW: 21.4%, MW: 44.9%)(P = 0.003). In PMW, only 1.8% required therapeutic endoscopy. In 17.3% of MW, CE findingsled to additional endoscopic treatment. Rebleeding at 1, 3 and 5 years in PMW was 3.6%, 10.2%, 10.2% and 22.0%, 32.3% and 34.2% in MW. Postmenopausal status was significantly associated with higher DY(P 0.001), TY(P = 0.003), rebleeding(P = 0.031) and lower time to rebleed(P = 0.001).CONCLUSION PMW with suspected OGIB are less likely to have significant findings in CE. In MW DY, need for endoscopic treatment and rebleeding were significantly higher while time to rebleed was lower.