南蛇藤素对肿瘤血管的抑制作用

 目的 探讨南蛇藤素对肿瘤血管抑制作用。方法 通过建立动物肿瘤模型，对南蛇藤素予以实验治疗，结合免疫组化，检测其抑瘤率和肿瘤内血管密度，以及瘤体VEGF和bFGF的表达的改变。结果 南蛇藤素具有明显的抑制S180肉瘤作用，其3rag／kg剂量组抑瘤率达46．86％，与5-Fu联用抑瘤率达60．2％，联合给药组和南蛇藤素3mg／kg剂量组的微血管密度、VEGF、bFGF的表达均明显低于对照组间和5-Fu组，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论 南蛇藤素对小鼠S180肉瘤血管有一定的抑制作用，降低VEGF、bFGF的表达可能是其抑制肿瘤血管形成的机制之一。     

腺病毒介导的大鼠增殖抑制基因抑制大鼠胶质瘤的生长

目的:探讨腺病毒介导的大鼠增殖抑制基因(rat hyperplasia suppressor gene,rHSG)对大鼠胶质瘤生长的抑制作用.方法:建立大鼠C6胶质瘤动物模型,分别在接种C6胶质瘤细胞后第4和11天,于肿瘤原位注射0.9％氯化钠溶液(对照组)、重组腺病毒Adv-rHSG-GFP和腺病毒Adv-GFP,并于接种C6胶质瘤细胞后第9、15和21天取脑胶质瘤观察肿瘤的生长情况,免疫组织化学法检测增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)和rHSG蛋白的表达以及微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD),RT-PCR和蛋白质印迹法检测rHSG mRNA及蛋白的表达.结果:Adv-rHSG-GFP组肿瘤体积明显小于对照组和Adv-GFP组(P＜0.01).Adv-rHSG-GFP组PCNA标记指数和MVD均低于对照组和Adv-GFP组.Adv-rHSG-GFP组rHSG mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量均明显高于对照组和Adv-GFP组(P＜0.01).结论:Adv-rHSG-GFP能够抑制胶质瘤血管生成和肿瘤细胞增殖,对恶性胶质瘤的生长具有明显的抑制作用.     

血管生成抑制素对C6脑胶质瘤的抑瘤效应

目的探讨不同剂量的血管生成抑制素（Angiostatin）在胶质瘤治疗中的抑制血管生成作用。方法应用不同剂量（100ng、1000ng）的血管生成抑制素分别作用于体外培养的大鼠C6脑胶质瘤细胞系和C6/SD大鼠脑胶质瘤模型,分别计算细胞存活率和抑瘤生成率,SABC免疫组织化学技术检测体内胶质瘤中的微血管密度。结果不同剂量的血管生成抑制素均对体外培养的胶质瘤细胞的生长不产生明显抑制作用;对体内生长的胶质瘤则有显著抑制作用,而且较高剂量的Angiostatin的抑制作用更为明显,抑瘤率最高达65.3％（P<0.01）。经不同剂量的血管生成抑制素处理的脑胶质瘤中微血管密度较对照组降低（P<0.01）。结论血管生成抑制素能抑制C6脑胶质瘤的血管生成,且较高剂量实验组的作用更为明显,此研究对血管生成抑制素抑制C6胶质瘤的生长机制研究奠定了一定基础。     

bFGF单克隆抗体抑制小鼠Lewis肺癌转移及血管新生

背景与目的:碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)是一种具有广泛生物学功能的细胞因子,在肺癌等多种肿瘤组织高表达,并参与其发生、发展进程.本研究旨在探讨bFGF单克隆抗体对C57 BL/6小鼠Lewis肺癌移植瘤生长、转移及血管新生的抑制作用.方法:采用皮下接种肿瘤细胞的方法,建立Lewis肺癌自发转移小鼠模型,随机分为PBS组、bFGF单克隆抗体MabF7治疗组,以及正常小鼠IgG阴性对照组,每组8只.自接种第9天开始给药,每3天1次,连续6次.同时观察Lewis肺癌小鼠健康状况,游标卡尺测量皮下移植瘤体积,给药6次后处死小鼠,称瘤质量,取肺组织计数各组小鼠肺表面转移瘤结节数,并用免疫组化法检测CD31的表达,以计算肿瘤组织微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD).结果:MabF7治疗组小鼠肿瘤体积与PBS组相比生长缓慢,小鼠瘤质量为(2.6±1.0)g,较PBS组的(5.1±1.3)g显著降低(P＜0.05);MabF7组小鼠肺表面转移瘤结节数为(3.0±2.1)个,显著低于PBS组的(12.3±2.4)个(P＜0.05).另外MabF7组可显著抑制肿瘤组织MVD表达水平.结论:bFGF单抗可明显抑制C57 BL/6小鼠Lewis肺癌生长及转移,其作用与抑制肿瘤增殖及微血管生成相关.     

苏灵大对小鼠S180移植性肿瘤细胞的抑制作用及其对COX-2及VEGF、FGF-2和MVD表达的影响

目的　探讨苏灵大对S180移植性肿瘤细胞的抑制作用及其对肿瘤组织COX -2、VEGF、FGF -2及微血管密度(MVD)的影响。方法　将昆明种小鼠随机分为对照组、FT -2 0 7组、苏灵大 10 0mg/kg、5 0mg/kg、2 5mg/kg组 ,于接种S180移植性肿瘤细胞后第 2天开始灌胃给药 ,连续 9天 ,观察抑瘤率 ,并采用免疫组化的方法研究苏灵大对肿瘤组织COX -2及血管相关生长因子的作用。结果　大剂量苏灵大对S180移植性肿瘤有明显的抑制作用 ,抑瘤率为 41.3 %。免疫组化结果显示苏灵大对肿瘤组织的COX -2表达有明显的抑制作用 ,同时血管生长相关因子VEGF、FGF -2表达也明显下降 ,MVD明显降低。结论　苏灵大对S180移植性肿瘤有抑制作用 ,其作用途径可能是通过抑制COX -2的表达而抑制肿瘤血管的形成 ,进而抑制肿瘤的生长。抑制肿瘤血管的生长可能是应用苏灵大预防和治疗肿瘤的又一机制。     

莪术油注射液对小鼠移植性S180肉瘤血管形成的抑制作用

目的 探讨莪术油对肿瘤血管形成抑制作用。方法 通过建立动物肿瘤模型，运用莪术油予以实验治疗，结合免疫组化，检测其抑瘤率和肿瘤内血管密度，以及瘤体VEGF和bFGF表达的改变：结果 莪术油具有明显的抑制S180肉瘤作用，其大剂量组抑瘤率达46．68％。小、中、大剂量实验组的S180瘤体内微血管密度均明显低于对照组；免疫组化显示莪术油大剂量组均可抑制S180瘤体内VEGF，bFGF的表达：结论 莪术油对小鼠S180肉瘤有一定的抑制作用，对肿瘤血管形成均有明显抑制作用，降低VEGF、bFGF的表达可能是其抑制肿瘤血管形成的主要机制之一。     

蒿甲醚对SD大鼠原位脑胶质瘤的抑瘤实验

目的探讨蒿甲醚（Artemether）对SD大鼠原位脑胶质瘤的抑瘤作用。方法采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法测定不同浓度蒿甲醚对大鼠C₆脑胶质瘤细胞株的生长抑制作用,计算半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)。立体定位仪对48只（雌、雄各半）SD大鼠建立脑胶质瘤原位模型,随机分为6组：对照组;模型组,蒿甲醚33.3 mg/（kg·d）、50.0 mg/（kg·d）、66.6 mg/（kg·d）;联合用药组,蒿甲醚50.0 mg/（kg·d）+ 硫酸亚铁1.5 mg/（kg·d）;阳性药对照组。采用灌胃给药法连续给予各组SD大鼠用药10天,对照组给予0.9%氯化钠溶液。肿瘤体积按a²bπ∕6(a为肿瘤的短径,b为肿瘤的长径)计算。全脑标本用4%多聚甲醛固定。肿瘤组织做病理观察。结果蒿甲醚抑制大鼠C₆脑胶质瘤细胞增殖,其抑制作用呈剂量和时间依赖性;模型组和联合用药组对SD大鼠原位脑胶质瘤的抑瘤率分别为：54.5%、61.0%、64.5%和69.8%;模型组组间比较,蒿甲醚66.6 mg/（kg·d）用药组的抑瘤率明显高于蒿甲醚33.3 mg/（kg·d）用药组;各实验组间比较,联合用药组的抑瘤率显著高于模型组33.3 mg/（kg·d）。结论口服蒿甲醚对SD大鼠脑部原位接种C₆脑胶质瘤有明显的抑瘤作用。     

多靶点抑制剂联合细胞毒药物治疗恶性胶质瘤的疗效研究

目的研究多靶点抑制剂凡德他尼联合卡莫司汀(BCNU)对C6鼠胶质瘤增殖及侵袭的影响。方法传代培养C6大鼠胶质瘤细胞, MTT比色法检测药物对细胞活性的影响,HE染色观察细胞形态的变化。原位注射法建立C6大鼠胶质瘤模型,6天后分为凡德他尼组、BCNU组、联合药物组（凡德他尼+BCNU）及空白组,隔天给药7次,两周后断头法处死大鼠取脑,计算肿瘤体积,做肿瘤组织切片; SP法标记肿瘤血管内皮细胞,检测移植瘤中微血管密度（MVD）;检测与肿瘤侵袭性有关的MMP1蛋白表达; TUNEL法检测肿瘤细胞凋亡指数。结果联合药物组促进肿瘤细胞凋亡效果显著高于BCNU组（P<0.01)。与空白组比较,BCNU组移植瘤体积下降了34.0％(P<0.05),移植瘤中MMP1表达为(+〖KG-*2〗+),MVD无明显变化,细胞凋亡率为62.6％(P<0.05);联合药物组移植瘤体积下降了56.0％(P<0.05),移植瘤中MMP1表达阳性(+),MVD减少了53％(P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率为82.0％(P<0.05)。结论联合用药不仅能明显抑制C6大鼠胶质瘤细胞移植瘤生长,还能降低与肿瘤侵袭能力有关的MMP1蛋白表达,这为临床上多靶点抑制剂与细胞毒药物联合治疗恶性胶质瘤提供了实验依据。     

消癌平注射液抗C57小鼠Lewis肺癌肿瘤血管生成的研究

目的 通过观察消癌平对体内小鼠移植瘤生长以及移植瘤肿瘤血管生成的影响,探讨消癌平抗肿瘤的机制。方法以C57BU6 雌性小鼠皮下接种构建Lewis 肺癌小鼠模型。造模1 周后,将45 只Lewis 肺癌小鼠随机分为A、B、C 3组,A 组给予顺铂（0.lmg/ml dl、d4、d7、dl0）作阳性对照,B 组给予消癌平注射液（5mg/ml dl～d21 ), C组予生理盐水（dl～d21）作阴性对照,均腹腔注射。治疗3 周后摘眼球取血,并处死动物,切除瘤体,称瘤重量并计算抑瘤率。应用免疫组化染色检测移植瘤组织中CD34 标记的微血管数目（MVD ) ,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELlSA）检测荷瘤小鼠血清中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）浓度。结果 消癌平组的抑瘤率15．69％、微血管密度（28.41±5. 985）个、血清VEGF (78.305±7.468) pg/ml 和bFGF (14.945 ±3.840) ng/ml,与生理盐水组比较,均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。结论消癌平注射液具有抗肿瘤血管生成和抑制肿瘤生长的作用,其机制可能通过降低Lewis 肺癌VEGF和bFGF的生成,从而降低肿瘤MVD, 抑制肿瘤血管生成及肿瘤生长。     

薏苡仁注射液对小鼠移植性S180肉瘤血管形成抑制的作用

 目的　探讨薏苡仁注射液对肿瘤血管形成抑制作用。方法　通过建立动物肿瘤模型 ,运用薏苡仁实验治疗 ,检测其抑瘤率和肿瘤内血管密度 ,以及瘤体VEGF和bFGF表达的改变。结果　薏苡仁具有明显的抑制S180肉瘤生长作用。实验组的S180瘤体内微血管密度均明显低于对照组 ;免疫组化显示薏苡仁大、中剂量组均可下调S180瘤体内VEGF、bFGF的表达。结论　薏苡仁注射液对肿瘤血管形成均有明显抑制作用 ,降低VEGF、bFGF的表达可能是其抑制肿瘤血管形成的主要机制之一。     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.