无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的局部麻醉手术策略

目的 探讨局部麻醉下治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的手术策略及治疗效果.方法 回顾分析2004年3月～2009年2月间采用局麻方式治疗的无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤病例62例,根据损伤机制及影像学资料将无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤形成因素分为3类,其中Ⅰ类11例,Ⅱ类34例,Ⅲ类17例.Ⅰ类采用前路减压融合术,Ⅱ类采用后路椎管扩大减压...     

扩大半椎板减压治疗老年无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤

目的探讨后路扩大半椎板减压治疗老年无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的临床疗效。方法 2006年1月至2009年1月本院采用后路扩大半椎板减压治疗15例老年无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤,通过随访比较术前、术后的日本矫形外科学会（japan orthopedic associatial,JOA）评分并结合影像学检查进行疗效评价。结果所有患者随访12～36个月,平均18个月,所有患者脊髓功能均得到不同程度改善,Frankel分级提高1～3级。术后CT显示脊髓向减压侧漂移。JOA评分由术前平均7.3分上升至平均14.8分。结论颈椎后路扩大半椎板减压术是治疗老年无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的一种安全有效的方法,但要掌握手术适应证。     

扩大半椎板减压内固定治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤

目的探讨后路扩大半椎板减压内固定术治疗无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的疗效。方法回顾性分析2001年6月-2008年6月本院采用后路扩大半椎板减压植骨内固定术治疗的47例无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者的临床资料,通过随访比较术前、术后的JOA评分并结合影像学检查进行疗效评价。结果所有患者随访10—60个月,平均24h个月,术后脊髓功能均有不同程度改善,JOA评分由术前平均7．6分上升至平均14．9分,植骨均获融合,无血管、神经及内固定相关并发症发生。结论颈椎后路扩大半椎板减压内固定术是治疗无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的安全有效的方法,但需合理掌握手术适应证。     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的治疗选择与疗效观察

目的探讨无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤（CSCWCOFD）的治疗选择及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析26例CSCIWOFD治疗前后的临床、影像学资料及采取的治疗方案,包括非手术治疗、前路减压内固定术、后路减压内固定或前后路联合手术。结果本组获得随访6-48个月,治疗前JOA评分（8．7±3．2）分,治疗后为（13．2±3．6）分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,改善率（68．2±12．2）％,优良率84．6％。结论对于CSCIWOFD根据其临床及影像学特点选择合适的治疗方式．可以获得较好的临床疗效。     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤治疗方法的探讨

[目的]探讨无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤治疗方法的选择.[方法]对63例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.根据脊髓损伤功能障碍程度分为轻度损伤组(Ⅰ)与重度损伤组(Ⅱ),其中轻度损伤组分为Ⅰa与Ⅰb两组.重度损伤组分为Ⅱa(非手术组)与Ⅱb(手术组)两组.应用ASIA残损分级及JOA评分对治疗前、后脊髓功能进行评定并计算其改善率;分析脊髓损伤程度及不同治疗方法与神经功能改善的关系.[结果]治疗前后脊髓损伤ASIA残损分级结果显示轻度损伤组非手术治疗后恢复良好,而重度损伤组手术治疗效果优于非手术治疗.治疗前后JOA评分其改善率Ⅰa与Ⅰb之间无显著性差异;Ⅰa、Ⅰb与Ⅱa之间改善率有显著性差异(P<0.01);Ⅱa与Ⅱb之间改善率有显著性差异(P<0.01).[结论]对于无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤,轻度脊髓损伤经保守治疗后可得到满意的效果,重度脊髓损伤保守治疗效果不理想,但手术治疗效果明显好于保守治疗.依据脊髓损伤功能障碍程度来选择无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的治疗方法,可能会得到更满意的效果.     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤保守与后路手术治疗的比较

[目的]比较保守与后路手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者的临床效果。[方法] 2014～2017年本院收治56例入院诊断为无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者,男39例,女17例,年龄40～69岁,平均(52.37±11.62)岁。19例行保守治疗,37例行后路椎管开门减压手术,包括21例单纯减压,16例减压侧块螺钉固定融合术。采用脊髓损害Frankel分级及JOA评分对比分析判定脊髓功能恢复情况。[结果] 37例手术治疗患者均顺利手术,除单纯减压术1例切口浅表感染,经清创愈合外,未发生严重并发症。56例随访12～24个月,平均(18.53±6.35)个月。入院时两组患者Frankel评级的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),末次随访时手术组Frankel评级平均提高1.41级,保守组平均提高0.37级,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。入院时两组患者的JOA评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),末次随访时两组JOA评分均较入院时显著增加,差异有统计学意义,但末次随访时手术组JOA评分显著高于保守组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]对于无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤,实施颈椎后路手术减压或和内固定术可促进无骨折脱位型不完全性颈髓损伤神经功能恢复,临床效果优于保守治疗。     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤早期手术的临床疗效

目的探讨无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤早期手术（≤72h）的临床疗效。方法2006年1月～2007年12月共手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者32例,其中早期手术治疗（≤72h）17例,晚期手术治疗（〉72h）15例,比较2组手术治疗前后及随访时JOA评分变化。结果2组术后的JOA评分较术前均有明显提高（P〈0.05）。但是早期手术治疗的临床疗效明显优于晚期手术治疗（P〈0.05）。结论对于无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的患者,早期手术治疗的临床疗效明显优于晚期手术治疗,应当积极争取早期手术治疗（≤72h）。     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的类型与治疗研究

目的 分析探讨无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的形成因素、类型及相应的手术治疗。方法 对29例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤病例，分类研究其影像学表现、致伤特点及病理基础，分析形成因素，并根据其不同的特点采用不同的手术方式，观察近期疗效。结果 分析患者的形成因素，可将无骨折脱位型颈背髓损伤分为三种类型。Ⅰ型：约24％的病例以颈椎间盘突出或脱出为主要表现；Ⅱ型：约52％的病例存在各种原因所致的椎管储备间隙消失或明显减少的病理基础；Ⅲ型：约24％的病例表现为在椎管储备间隙消失或明显减少的基础上，伴有节段性颈椎椎间不稳或颈椎间盘脱出。29例患者术后近期(平均8．5个月)随访，神经功能有明显改善，JOA评分改善率52．8％。结论 无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤虽有共性，但形成因素并不完全相同，采取具有针对性的不同入路减压手术及掌握恰当内固定指征，可取得较明显的疗效。同时，该研究亦为无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的认识及手术方式的选择提供了科学的参考。     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的手术治疗效果。方法2000年1月-2006年12月共收治无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者23例,根据受伤机制、临床表现及影像学检查情况均行早期减压手术治疗。观察术前、术后病情及随访时JOA评分变化。结果术后随访6-12个月,JOA评分平均增加3.5分,有效率为72.1%。结论对无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤能及时正确的诊断,恰当把握手术时期,积极外科干预可取得较好的临床效果。     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤手术效果的评价

目的 评价对无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤手术治疗的价值。方法26例中行前路减压植骨颈椎钢板固定6例，行后路单开门椎板成型术20例。术后随访1年。结果，按照JOA评分标准，优10例，良3例，中7例，差6例。结论 无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤是一种严重的疾病，预后不良，手术效果未得到肯定，手术治疗的时机，手术方式的选择和治疗效果没有必然的联系，患者病情的转归可能和脊髓损伤的程度有关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.