关注皮下埋植避孕剂的出血副反应及安全性的研究

<正>皮下埋植剂是埋植于育龄妇女皮下的缓释避孕系统,自20世纪80年代临床推广应用的Norplant(左炔诺孕酮皮下埋植剂)颇受广大使用者的欢迎。随着应用的普及,其单纯孕激素避孕所引起的出血副反应,对其可接受性和续用率产生的影响突显。     

皮下埋植避孕剂的研究进展

皮下埋植避孕剂释放单纯孕激素,是育龄期妇女常用的避孕方法之一,也是有效、长效和安全的避孕方法.皮下埋植剂的发展经历了缓释系统的改进和孕激素种类的优化,适用于多数妇女.月经异常是其最常见的不良反应,而其他不良反应发生率低,且多在使用过程中逐渐减轻,严重不良反应罕见.但皮下埋植避孕剂的植入和取出需专业人员进行以及月经改变仍是制约其发展的重要因素.近年的研究主要集中于其不良反应和安全性问题,其对代谢、骨密度、乳汁和婴儿等的影响仍需进一步研究.如何减少不良反应和研发可降解的皮下埋植剂是尚待解决的问题.     

皮下埋植术提前取出者子宫内膜的组织形态学分析

近年来，随着避孕节育措施知情选择的全面开展，由于育龄人群的顾虑，传统的长效节育措施逐渐减少。皮下埋植剂避孕作为一种相对简便的长效节育措施，越来越多的被广大育龄妇女所选用。经过多年临床应用，皮下埋植避孕的长效、高效、可逆、安全性已被证实。但由于与其它单纯性孕激素避孕剂一样，皮下埋植避孕后的主要副反应是月经紊乱发生率较高问题，成为限制其可接受性和提前终止使用主要原因。     

米非司酮治疗皮下埋植避孕所致子宫异常出血的临床观察

缓释皮下埋植避孕是长效避孕方法之一,其高效、安全、 简便、长效、可逆的特点深受育龄妇女欢迎,但其主要副作用 子宫异常出血影响了临床使用率。长期以来临床上多采用雌 激素治疗,虽有一定效果,但否定了皮下埋植剂无雌激素的优 点,而且有可能降低避孕效果,并诱发其他激素依赖性疾病。 笔者尝试用米非司酮治疗皮下埋植避孕所致子宫异常出血, 取得了较好效果,现报告如下。 一、资料与方法 1.临床资料　选择2002年1月～2003年12月到本所就 诊的皮下埋植剂放置术后子宫异常出血者100例,治疗前未 服用过激素类药物,排除妊娠及用药禁忌证…     

皮下埋植避孕剂超期20例临床观察

为观察育龄妇女使用释放左旋18一甲基炔诺酮的皮下埋植避孕剂国产Ⅱ型的避孕效果及安全性。本站于1995年开展皮下埋植避孕术,到2010年10月对20例放置皮埋剂7年以上的节育对象进行随访观察,现报告如下。     

81例皮下埋植剂依托孕烯使用后临床分析

目的:收集我院近2年使用皮下埋植剂依托孕烯的81例患者临床资料,分析影响皮下埋植剂使用的因素,为推广皮下埋植剂的使用提供临床依据。方法:回顾性收集2017年1月—2018年9月于我院计划生育科就诊,自愿选择要求放置或取出皮下埋植剂依托孕烯的81例患者临床资料,于2018年12月集中电话随访放置后是否出现与皮下埋植剂相关的不良反应以及后续处理和目前在用状态,探讨皮下埋植剂放置时机、放置原因、放置后出现的月经改变不良反应以及处理效果与目前是否在用的关系。结果:皮下埋植剂是高效的长效避孕措施;放置后发生闭经和不规则阴道出血情况的患者在皮下埋植剂放置时间上比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);皮下埋植剂取出组与在用组在放置原因、出现月经改变不良反应是否治疗、放置后是否发胖方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);2组在针对月经改变的用药治疗效果方面比较,在用组好于取出组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);皮下埋植剂用于避孕和同时用于缓解腺肌病痛经症状时,两者放置皮下埋植剂的时间长短比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。提前终止皮下埋植剂使用的人群后续避孕方法以避孕套为多。结论:皮下埋植剂避孕效果可靠;皮下埋植剂对改善腺肌病痛经症状有一定效果;皮下埋植剂对月经模式的改变随着放置时间的延长趋于固定化;影响皮下埋植剂取出的主要因素是患者对月经改变的治疗效果是否满意;后续针对出血模式改变的机制进行研究与治疗可能提高皮下埋植剂使用的满意度,提高皮下埋植剂作为长效安全避孕措施的使用效果。     

81例皮下埋植剂依托孕烯使用后临床分析

目的：收集我院近2年使用皮下埋植剂依托孕烯的81例患者临床资料，分析影响皮下埋植剂使用的因素，为推广皮下埋植剂的使用提供临床依据。方法：回顾性收集2017年1月—2018年9月于我院计划生育科就诊，自愿选择要求放置或取出皮下埋植剂依托孕烯的81例患者临床资料，于2018年12月集中电话随访放置后是否出现与皮下埋植剂相关的不良反应以及后续处理和目前在用状态，探讨皮下埋植剂放置时机、放置原因、放置后出现的月经改变不良反应以及处理效果与目前是否在用的关系。结果：皮下埋植剂是高效的长效避孕措施；放置后发生闭经和不规则阴道出血情况的患者在皮下埋植剂放置时间上比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；皮下埋植剂取出组与在用组在放置原因、出现月经改变不良反应是否治疗、放置后是否发胖方面比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；2组在针对月经改变的用药治疗效果方面比较，在用组好于取出组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；皮下埋植剂用于避孕和同时用于缓解腺肌病痛经症状时，两者放置皮下埋植剂的时间长短比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。提前终止皮下埋植剂使用的人群后续避孕方法以避孕套为多。结论：皮下埋植剂避孕效果可靠；皮下埋植剂对改善腺肌病痛经症状有一定效果；皮下埋植剂对月经模式的改变随着放置时间的延长趋于固定化；影响皮下埋植剂取出的主要因素是患者对月经改变的治疗效果是否满意；后续针对出血模式改变的机制进行研究与治疗可能提高皮下埋植剂使用的满意度，提高皮下埋植剂作为长效安全避孕措施的使用效果。     

米非司酮预防皮埋避孕术后子宫异常出血的疗效观察

阴道异常出血是皮下埋植避孕术后终止使用的主要原因,寻找一种能够有效预防阴道异常出血的方法是目前临床上迫切需要解决的问题.米非司酮是孕激素拮抗剂,与孕激素竞争结合子宫内膜的受体,降低左旋18甲基炔诺酮对子宫内膜的作用[1].有报道服用50 mg米非司酮治疗皮下埋植避孕所致子宫异常出血效果肯定[2].本文对不同剂量米非司酮预防皮下埋植避孕术后阴道异常出血的效果进行了疗效观察.     

己烯雌酚与炔雌醇治疗Norplant皮下埋植术后阴道出血的效果观察

<正> 皮下埋植药物避孕法是近代先进避孕措施之一。埋植剂主要以左旋18甲基炔诺酮为避孕有效成分,由于此埋植剂为孕激素类药物.故存在一些副反应,主要表现为埋植后最初半年月经不规则,点滴出血或闭经。为了避免或减轻副反应,我站对行皮下埋植术后的受术者给予常规口服己烯雌酚片或炔雌醇片,经临床观察,止血效果甚佳。现将此类药物治疗皮下埋植术后阴道出血效果观察、副反应以及随访结果作如下总结。     

皮下埋植避孕剂用于临床避孕的疗效研究

目的:对皮下埋植剂避孕剂避孕的临床疗效及安全性进行研究,对其临床应用的前景进行展望。方法:对2007年4月～2008年4月在东台市计划生育指导站实行避孕术的妇女进行回顾性分析,选取98例符合标准者,观察组使用皮下埋植避孕剂进行避孕,对照组使用宫内节育器进行避孕。对两组研究对象避孕效果、术后阴道出血、月经情况、放置率、患者满意率等临床数据进行比较。结果:术后对患者随访5年,观察组有效率为97.9%,较对照组91.3%有优势。观察组出现不良反应4例,不良反应率为8.5%;对照组出现不良反应11例,不良发应率为23.9%,观察组不良反应率低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组在放置率及患者满意率明显优于对照组。结论:皮下埋植避孕剂在临床避孕的使用中,具有避孕率高,不良发应少,放置率高等优势,受到临床医患的认可,适于推广使用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.