小儿肺炎病原菌的构成及耐药性调查

目的了解我院小儿肺炎的病原菌分布和耐药情况。方法对598例肺炎患儿痰标本进行培养及药敏试验。结果598例标本检出致病菌272株,分离率45.5%;其中革兰阴性杆菌201株(73.9%),以肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌为主,肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)产酶率分别达52.9%、43.8%,对亚胺培南、美洛培南耐药性最低;革兰阳性球菌52株(19.1%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,对万古霉素和替考拉宁最敏感;真菌19株(7.0%)。结论小儿肺炎病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,不同菌种对抗生素耐药性存在很大差异。应及时掌握病原菌分布及药敏动态。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的分布和耐药分析

[目的]探讨本院产广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的分布和耐药情况,为临床科室抗生素使用提供依据.[方法]将本院2009年2月至2010年2月门诊和住院患者送检的标本进行细菌常规方法培养后采用梅里埃VITEK2系统作菌种鉴定和药敏试验,采用头孢噻肟和头孢噻肟+克拉维酸双纸片法进行产ESBLs菌株的鉴别.[结果]①1257份送检标本中共检测出致病菌742株,检出阳性率为59.0％;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为73.9％和77.6％,为主要检出菌.②在742株致病菌中,其中革兰阳性球菌247株,占33.3％,革兰阴性杆菌458株,占61.7％;③革兰阴性杆菌中前五位的依次是大肠埃希菌(30.1％)、肺炎克雷伯菌(23.4％)、铜绿假单胞菌(18.8％)、鲍曼不动杆菌(15.1％)、阴沟肠杆菌(12.7％).④在16种抗菌素耐药试验中,仅亚胺培南、美罗培南在检出的5种革兰阴性杆均大部分显示出敏感或低度耐药性.⑤大肠埃希菌产ESBLs菌与非产ESBLs菌对头孢类、氨苄西林完全耐药性几近一致;肺炎克雷伯菌中非ESBLs菌对药物敏感大多高于产ESBLs菌.[结论]产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为本院主要致病菌种,医院应加强对病原菌检测、分析病原菌感染趋势,具体借鉴药敏试验,合理使用抗生素.     

下呼吸道感染革兰氏阴性杆菌分布与耐药性分析

目的 分析下呼吸道感染痰液标本分离出革兰氏阴性杆菌的分布及对常用抗生素的耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考依据.方法 对西安市第一医院2010年1～12月分离出的非重复562株革兰氏阴性杆菌利用VITEK 2 COMPACT进行病原学鉴定和药敏试验.采用WHONET5.0版软件统计分析数据.结果 562株革兰氏阴性杆菌前四位依次为肺炎克雷伯氏菌,铜绿假单胞菌,大肠埃希氏菌和鲍氏不动杆菌.药敏结果显示大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对常用抗生素的耐药率较高.结论 老年病科常见革兰氏阴性杆菌对常用抗生素的耐药性最为严重,其次为呼吸科.临床应根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗生素,以减少耐药菌株的产生和传播,有效控制医院感染.     

新生儿重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探究新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌分布及耐药性情况。方法选取该院NICU收治的100例VAP患儿,吸痰管经气管插管来收取下呼吸道痰液标本进行细菌鉴定,采用全自动鉴定仪、药敏分析仪鉴定菌种及药敏试验,并对药敏试验结果进行对比分析。结果革兰阴性杆菌(大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等)检出的比例(86.00%)明显高于革兰阳性球菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性葡萄球菌等)的比例(14.00%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等革兰阴性杆菌致病菌对头孢他啶、头孢唑啉、头孢曲松耐药率明显高于阿米卡星、亚胺培南类耐药率,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 VAP病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及鲍曼不动杆菌较常见,头孢类药物为首选经验性用药,存在明显耐药性,但致病菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南类药物耐药性较低,定期监测NICU患儿VAP病原菌分布及其耐药性变迁情况,对指导临床合理用药有重要作用。     

呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析导致呼吸道感染的病原菌种类及其对抗菌药物的耐药性,指导临床合理用药及防止医院内感染。方法对2009年1～12月呼吸道感染患者送检标本中分离鉴定的致病菌及药敏结果进行归纳分析。结果在10381份送检标本中,检出病原菌798株(同一患者只取第1株菌),其中革兰阴性菌682株,占85.5%,革兰阳性菌116株,占14.5%。革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主,革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌为主。检出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产酸克雷伯菌共60株,阳性率分别为55.9%、25.8%和12.5%。金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占46.0%。药敏结果因细菌种类、产酶情况各不相同,用药应根据细菌种类来确定。结论呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,病原菌种类主要以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主。检出病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药性较强,临床医生应注意对患者痰标本及时、多次送检,并根据细菌培养和药敏结果采取防治措施。     

120例泌尿系感染患者的病原菌分析

目的探讨泌尿系感染患者的病原菌分布特点及感染状况。方法选取120例泌尿系感染患者,采集其中段尿液标本进行鉴定分析,应用VITEK全自动微生物分析仪检测病原菌,采用肉汤稀释法确定抗菌药物的最低浓度,然后用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,确证产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株。结果 120份泌尿系感染患者尿液标本的病原菌检测结果均为阳性,检测出革兰氏阳性菌39株、革兰氏阴性菌70株、真菌11株,泌尿系感染患者的主要病原菌是革兰氏阴性菌(包括大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌);革兰氏阳性菌主要是屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌;真菌主要是白色假丝酵母菌。药敏试验得到产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌33株(产ESBLs菌株占比68.75%)、产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌7株(产ESBLs菌株占比58.33%),这两种产ESBLs的病原菌对头孢、青霉素类抗菌药物有较高的耐药性,但对亚胺培南、美罗培南类抗菌药物无耐药性,产ESBLs菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性比非产ESBLs菌株更高。粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素等强效抗生素无耐药性,对呋喃妥因、利福平的耐药性较低,对青霉素完全耐药。结论泌尿系感染疾病的病原菌主要是革兰氏阴性菌,其中大多数为大肠埃希菌,且存在较多产ESBLs的菌株,对目前临床常用的抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药性。泌尿系感染患者在诊治过程中需进行病原菌鉴定和药敏试验,明确病原菌种类及其耐药性,从而选择正确合理的抗菌药物进行治疗,减少抗生素滥用情况,提高抗菌药物的疗效。     

急性阑尾炎患者脓液培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨引起急性阑尾炎患者感染的病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法标本经分离培养,用细菌鉴定仪对病原菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,用WHONET5.4软件对病原菌的药敏结果进行统计分析。结果共检出病原菌300株,其中革兰阴性杆菌218株(72.7%),革兰阳性菌77株(25.7%)。以大肠埃希菌检出率最高153株(51.0%),其次为金黄色葡萄球菌33株(11.0%)。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率52.9%和25.0%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为22.1%。药敏结果显示,病原菌对抗菌药物存在不同程度耐药性。结论急性阑尾炎患者感染主要致病菌为大肠埃希菌,不同病原菌对抗菌药物的敏感性不同,对脓液进行细菌培养和耐药性分析对临床合理选药非常重要。     

下呼吸道感染细菌分布及耐药率分析

目的探讨近年下呼吸道感染病原菌的细菌分布及耐药情况,为临床医生合理用药提供帮助。方法利用SENSITITRE Aris系统对我院2004年1月~2005年12月间收治的下呼吸道感染患者标本中分离的致病菌进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果458株病原菌中,革兰氏阴性杆菌377株(82.30%),革兰氏阳性球菌81株(17.70%)。革兰氏阴性杆菌对氨苄青霉素耐药率最高,几乎达100%,亚胺培南的耐药率从0~18.5%。美罗培南耐药率低于亚胺培南,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶阳性率分别为32.6%和41%,MRSA占所分离金黄色葡萄球菌的90%。结论革兰阴性菌是院内下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌,多重耐药菌占有相当的比例,抗生素的选用应该依据感染菌药敏结果的分析。     

呼吸内科患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解呼吸内科患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行病原菌分离培养,采用珠海迪尔生产的鉴定及药敏复合板进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验。结果 2013年1月-2016年1月间我院呼吸内科共收治呼吸道感染患者540例,送检合格痰标本1650份,共分离出病原菌458株,检出率27.8%,检出的病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌为主377株占82.3%,主要为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌。革兰阳性球菌检出率12.7%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌,检出的真菌比率为5%,主要为白念珠菌。多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌比率分别为8.4%、55.9%,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,肺炎克雷伯菌分别为43.5%、39.2%,MRSA为21%。结论呼吸内科下呼吸道感染患者分离的病原菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌,检出的病原菌中部分呈多重耐药株,应加强细菌耐药性监测。     

难治性肾病综合征患者尿路感染的病原菌分布情况与耐药性分析调查报告

目的对难治性肾病综合征患者尿路感染的病原菌分布情况及耐药性特点进行调查。方法选取2017年3月至2018年3月某院肾内科收治的1 849例难治性肾病综合征患者作为研究对象,以无菌法采集尿液标本送检,分离病原菌并进行病原菌培养和菌种鉴定,然后采用MIC法进行药敏试验,统计分析病原菌分布情况及耐药性特点。结果 1 849例患者中有179例发生感染,感染率为9.68%,其中尿路感染者67例,占感染总数的37.43%。共计培养出67株病原菌,其中大肠埃希菌38株,占比最高(56.72%),其次为肺炎克雷伯菌(13.43%,9/67)、粪肠球菌(10.45%,7/67)。革兰氏阴性杆菌对碳青烯类抗生素耐药性最低0.00%,其次为阿卡米星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,对氨卡西林和磺胺甲嗯唑/甲氧苄啶耐药率的耐药性最强,对其他抗菌药物耐药性中等。革兰氏阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁等糖肽类抗菌药物的耐药率为0.00%,对其他药物均有不同程度的耐药性。其中,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株检出率分别为71.05%(27/38)、55.56%(5/9)。结论难治性肾病综合征患者尿路感染以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,耐药性较为严重,产ESBLs比率高,临床需加以重视,合理应用抗生素,以降低耐药性。     

Endoscopy of lower respiratory tract scleroma

Eleven cases of scleroma with lower respiratory tract affection were examined by the flexible and rigid bronchoscopes. The patterns of laryngeal, tracheal and bronchial scleroma as seen through the flexible scope are presented. In the larynx, diffuse and localized forms are found. The trachea was affected by granular or atrophic lesions. Stenosis of the main bronchi was seen in two patients. The present-day treatment of lower respiratory tract scleroma is discussed.     

Enoxacin in lower respiratory tract infections

In this open, non-comparative study 45 lower respiratory tract infections were treated with the new 4-quinolone, enoxacin. Special attention was paid to infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas infections were treated with 600 mg bd. whereas infections caused by other bacteria were treated with 400 mg enoxacin bd. In 43 cases efficacy could be assessed. In six out of 23 cases Pseudomonas spp. were eradicated from the sputum. In 12 of the remaining 17 cases a clear reduction in bacterial numbers and a decrease of sputum volume and purulence were obtained. Clinical improvement or cure was obtained in 20 out of the 23 cases. Most of the causative microorganisms in the other infections were eradicated. In two patients Staphylococcus aureus persisted. Overgrowth with streptococci occurred in three patients. Adverse reactions were frequent and occurred in 29 out of 45 treatment periods. They were mainly related to the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. In 25 out of 30 patients on concomitant treatment with theophylline an elevation of plasma theophylline concentrations occurred. Twelve of these patients developed signs and symptoms possibly related to theophylline toxicity. After treatment with enoxacin the MICs of most persisting Pseudomonas strains were two to four times higher than pre-treatment values.     

Role of fluoroquinolones in lower respiratory tract infections

Oral quinolones such as ciprofloxacin are promising agents in the treatment of serious bronchopulmonary infections due to susceptible gram-negative micro-organisms such as Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and even Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their moderative activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae may limit the use of these agents in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and in the empiric management of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Further prospectively designed studies are needed to address this issue. The ability of quinolones to effectively penetrate bronchial mucosa and to be concentrated within macrophages may afford additional advantage to these agents. They should not be used as a sole agent in the treatment of aspiration pneumonia nor anaerobic pleuropulmonary disease. Quinolones are very active in experimental models of Legionnaire's disease and deserve further clinical study. Ciprofloxacin is a promising alternative to standard parenteral drugs in the management of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in adults with cystic fibrosis. The potential for drug interactions with theophylline must be kept in mind for patients on both of these drugs.     

Treatment of lower respiratory tract infections with cefoperazone

Fifteen patients with documented bacterial lower respiratory tract infections were treated with cefoperazone (2 gm every 12 hours, administered parenterally) as the single antibiotic therapy. Pulmonary infections included pneumonia (10), anaerobic lung abscess (2), bronchitis (2), and exacerbation of bronchiectasis (1); most of the patients had concomitant illnesses that compromised their host-immune status. Bacteria recovered from respiratory tract cultures included aerobic gram-negative bacilli (17), anaerobes (6), and aerobic gram-positive cocci (3). After therapy, lasting 5 to 28 days, nine patients had complete resolution of their infection, and the remaining six patients had significant clinical improvement. Diarrhea was the adverse reaction most commonly noted; others included an unusual reaction resembling serum sickness, and, in one patient treated for 24 days, hypotension and a subsequent decrease in renal function. Drug-related abnormalities in blood and serum values were few and mild. Cefoperazone was found to be effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.     

Cefotiam therapy of lower respiratory tract infections.

Cefotiam, a new cephalosporin, was evaluated in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in 29 patients. The bacteria isolated from the sputum of these patients included Streptococcus pneumoniae (31%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (31%), and Haemophilus influenzae (28%). Satisfactory response was observed in 90% of the patients. There were three treatment failures, two superinfections, and four colonizations with gram-negative organisms resistant to the drug. Superficial phlebitis was noted in two patients. The results of this study suggest that cefotiam is an effective and well-tolerated antibiotic for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections due to susceptible organisms.     

Therapy of lower respiratory tract infections with moxalactam.

Moxalactam was evaluated in the therapy of lower respiratory tract infections in 40 patients. The most common organisms isolated were Streptococcus pneumoniae (37.2%) and Haemophilus influenzae (21.5%). Gram-negative enteric organisms were isolated from six patients. No patient was evaluated as a treatment failure; however, two patients died of unrelated causes either during therapy or in the immediate posttherapy period. We determined the comparative minimal inhibitory concentrations of moxalactam, cefamandole, and cephalothin for our aerobic clinical isolates. Susceptibilities of the anaerobic isolates were measured by the Kirby-Bauer method. All isolates were susceptible to moxalactam. Moxalactam was found to be highly effective in the therapy of lower respiratory tract infections.     

Effective management of lower respiratory tract infections in childhood

This article summarises the five most common lower respiratory tract infections seen in acute care, guiding the nurse in assessment and early recognition of signs of deterioration. A discussion on each condition is provided along with guidance on prevention, advice for parents and on managing patients. This article is intended for students or newly qualified children's nurses, however, it can also serve as a refresher for all professionals working with children.