妊高征患者瘦素水平测定及与胎儿发育的关系

目的研究妊高征患者及其新生儿脐血瘦素水平,以探讨瘦素在妊高征发病中的意义及其与胎儿宫内发育的关系.方法正常孕妇,轻、中、重度妊高征患者各10例,分别于入院后抽取肘前静脉血,分娩时抽取脐静脉血测定瘦素水平.结果正常妊娠组,轻、中、重度妊高征组母血瘦素分别为21.07±5.79ng/ml,19.84±6.19 ng/ml,25.31±6.34ng/ml,30.16±6.78ng/ml;脐血瘦素分别为4.20±2.04ng/ml,3.54±1.95ng/ml,6.32±1.60ng/ml,8.51±2.31 ng/ml;胎儿体重分别为3160±368.03g,3140±441.46g,2920±548.33g,2670±539.65g.正常妊娠组与轻度妊高征组母血及脐血瘦素水平比较均无显著性差异(P＞0.05);重度妊高征组较中度妊高征组母血及脐血瘦素水平均增高,差异有显著性(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);中度妊高征组较对照组(轻度妊高征组及正常妊娠组合并)母血及脐血瘦素水平也均增高,差异也有显著性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).重度妊高征组母血瘦素与脐血瘦素水平呈显著性正相关(r=0.9,P＜0.01),其余各组均无此相关性.重度妊高征组新生儿体重低于正常妊娠组,差异有显著性(t=2.37,P＜0.05),其余各组间比较均无显著性差异.各组脐血瘦素水平均与新生儿体重呈正相关.结论妊高征患者母血、脐血瘦素均有随病情逐渐增高的趋势,瘦素参与妊高征的发病;重度妊高征时胎盘瘦素可能是脐血瘦素的来源之一并有促进胎儿宫内发育的作用.     

产妇与新生儿瘦素水平和新生儿体重的观察及其临床意义

探讨胎盘、羊水、新生儿脐血和产妇血清中的瘦素水平与胎儿体重和妊高征的关系.采用放射免疫分析法,分别检测59名产妇胎盘、羊水、新生儿脐血和产妇血清中的瘦素水平,并对其结果进行t检验.结果是:(1)正常产妇胎盘、羊水、新生儿脐血和产妇血清中的瘦素水平分别为27.4±9.2μg/g、9.2±4.8μg/L、13.6±9.8μg/L、19.5±8.9μg/L;(2)妊高征产妇胎盘、羊水、新生儿脐血和产妇血清中的瘦素水平分别为36.5±8.5μg/g、15.3±3.9μg/L、19.8±5.6μg/L、29.3±11.7μg/L.妊高征组与正常产妇组的胎盘、羊水、新生儿脐血和产妇血清中的瘦素水平有显著性差异(P＜0.01),检测孕妇血清和羊水中的瘦素水平,对于评估胎儿的发育和体重、妊高征的治疗和预后具有重要意义.     

妊高征患者胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA表达与NO含量的测定及临床研究

目的检测正常妊娠、妊高征妇女胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA的表达及与一氧化氮含量的关系,探讨瘦素在妊高征发病中的作用.方法用逆转录-聚合酶链技术(RT-PCR)测定38例正常妊娠妇女、62例妊高征妇女分娩时胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA表达水平;用硝酸还原酶法测定胎盘组织NO的含量.结果(1)正常晚孕及妊高征妇女胎盘瘦素mRNA表达水平分别为:0.139±0.12、0.603±0.287(其中轻、中、重度妊高征胎盘瘦素水平分别为:0.145±0.056、0.38±0.122、0.75±0.199).(2)妊高征组胎盘瘦素水平明显高于正常晚孕组,差异有显著性(P＜0.01),妊高征患者胎盘瘦素水平随病情加重而升高;重、中、轻度之间差异均有显著性(P＜0.01、P＜0.05).(3)妊高征胎盘组织中NO含量低于正常晚孕妇女,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);重度妊高征患者胎盘NO含量明显低于中度、中度低于轻度,差异有显著性(P＜0.01、P＜0.05),(4)妊高征胎盘瘦素mR-NA表达与NO含量呈负相关(r=-0.6294,P＜0.01),与收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、尿蛋白呈正相关(r=0.547,0.377,0.45,0.517;P=0.015,0.015,0.020,0.040),重度妊高征组与新生儿体重呈负相关(r=-0.447,P=0.018).结论胎盘瘦素mRNA表达水平在妊高征组中明显升高,随着妊高征病情加重,胎盘瘦素mRNA表达逐渐增加;同时,胎盘组织中NO含量在妊高征妇女中明显降低,胎盘瘦素mRNA表达与胎盘组织中NO含量呈负相关.因此,瘦素可能与妊高征发病有关,可望成为妊高征病情发展的检测指标之一.     

妊高征病人血清β-hCG及血管内皮生长因子的测定及临床意义

目的为探讨血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-hCG)在妊娠高血压综合征(妊高征)发病中的作用及二者在妊高征发病中的相互关系.方法:采用放射免疫方法测定30例正常妊娠妇女(对照组)及35例妊高征(轻度8例、中度14例及重度13例)患者(妊高征组)分娩前及新生儿脐静脉血VEGF与β-hCG水平.结果:(1)妊高征组孕妇血VEGF为(15.694±2.187)(μg/L),正常妊娠组孕妇血VEGF为(18.803±2.050)(μg/L),妊高征组与正常妊娠组比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).轻、中度及重度妊高征患者血VEGF分别为(16.359±0.389)(μg/L)、(14.562±0.653)(μg/L);VEGF水平与妊高征病情严重程度呈负相关(r=-0.352,P＜0.05).(2)妊高征患者血β-hCG为(1860.357±36.436)(mIU/ml)明显高于正常妊娠组(1611.163±62.341)(mIU/ml),差异有显著性(P＜0.05);且重度妊高征患者血β-hCG(1985.872±82.861)(mIU/ml)明显高于轻、中度(1769.583±42.352)(mIU/ml)(P＜0.05);(3)两组患者血清VEGF与β-hCG之间存在负相关(P＜0.05,r=-0.311);(4)两组患者新生儿脐静脉血VEGF、β-hCG之间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论孕妇血VEGF、β-hCG可反映妊高征病情的严重程度,可能成为妊高征的检测指标之一;VEGF与β-hCG在妊高征的发生发展过程中可能存在调节抑制.     

新生儿血清瘦素水平变化与IGF-Ⅰ、生长激素等相关因素的分析

目的探讨新生儿血清瘦素来源及其与胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-I)和生长激素的关系.方法采用放射免疫法检测80例新生儿静脉血和脐血瘦素水平,根据不同胎龄新生儿出生体重值分为大于胎龄儿组28例,适于胎龄儿组36例,小于胎龄儿组16例;采用Rohrer's指数=出生体重(g)×10/身长(cm)3估测新生儿营养状态.结果早产儿血清瘦素水平明显低于足月儿(0.66±1.03ng/ml vs 3.59±2.16ng/ml,P＜0.01=;适于胎龄儿血清瘦素水平(3.06±0.96ng/ml明显低于大于胎龄儿(4.03±2.22ng/ml),而高于小于胎龄儿(1.13±1.98ng/ml);足月新生儿血清瘦素水平与Rohrer's指数、新生儿体重、胎龄、血清IGF-Ⅰ、生长激素水平呈显著正相关.结论新生儿体内瘦素主要来源于自身脂肪组织,它反映新生儿的生长营养状态,推测瘦素可能通过IGF-Ⅰ、生长激素共同调节新生儿的生长发育,在胎儿和新生儿生长发育中起重要作用.     

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症的瘦素水平

目的探讨血清中瘦素与肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)关系、发病原因.方法采用放射免疫法检测76例(观察组)ICP孕妇血清中瘦素水平与正常孕妇(对照组)血清瘦素水平;ICP孕妇的血清中瘦素水平与不同孕周、羊水污染程度的相关性.结果1.观察组76例ICP孕妇瘦素水平为(31±8.1)ng/ml,对照组正常孕妇血清瘦素水平(24.±6.3)ng/ml,两组比较有极显著性差异(P＜0.01).2.观察组按孕妇的孕周分为30.1～35w、＞35w两组,分别为48例与28例,其瘦素水平为(32.4±4)ng/ml、(32.5±7.6)ng/ml,两组比较无显著差异(P＞0.05).3.观察组共76例,ICP合并羊水Ⅲ度污染30例与无羊水Ⅲ度污染46例比较瘦素水平,分别为(35.4±6.1)ng/ml、(29.8±7.5)ng/ml,即瘦素水平ICP合并羊水Ⅲ度污染明显高于ICP无合并羊水Ⅲ度污染的孕妇,有显著差异(P＜0.05).ICP孕妇血清中瘦素水平与各不同孕周相关指数(0.22;P＞0.05)无相关性;而ICP孕妇血清中瘦素水平与羊水污染程度相关指数(0.67;P＜0.01)有明显的相关性.结论ICP与瘦素有着密切的关系,即瘦素与ICP疾病在免疫功能失常、雌激素发病学说有相关联系,以及在胎盘缺氧时反映出来的瘦素水平升高,有助于我们对ICP合并胎儿窘迫进行监察,可作为临床观察指标.     

妊高征患者血清瘦素水平的初步研究

目的　探讨妊娠高血压综合征 (妊高征 )血清瘦素水平及其与血压间的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法 ,测定 32例妊高征患者 (妊高征组 )及 30例正常妊娠妇女 (对照组 )血清瘦素水平 ,分析瘦素与收缩压 (SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)的相关性。结果　⑴妊高征组血清瘦素水平为 (16 .5 1± 4 .4 7)ng/mL ,高于正常妊娠组的 (14 .14± 3.79)ng/mL ,差异具有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )产后妊高征组瘦素水平为 (8.6 2± 2 .2 3)ng/mL ,较产前明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,与对照组产后瘦素水平 (7.97± 2 .2 2 )ng/mL相比 ,差异无显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(3)正常妊娠组与妊高征组产前血清瘦素水平与SBP、DBP的相关系数分别为 (0 .2 5 8,0 .0 74 )及 (0 .0 91,0 .0 6 5 ) ,均无显著相关 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　妊高征患者血清瘦素水平升高 ,它与血压不相关 ,妊高征血压升高与血清瘦素水平间无明确的因果关系。     

瘦素与TNF-α在妊高征胎盘中的表达及相关性研究

目的检测胎盘瘦素、TNF-α的表达并探讨两者的相关性.方法采用免疫组化方法检测66例妊高征(分轻中重三组)及25例正常对照组胎盘瘦素、TNF-α的表达水平.结果中重度妊高征组胎盘瘦素的表达水平显著高于对照组(P均＜0.01),轻度与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05);妊高征组胎盘TNF-α的表达显著高于对照组(P＜0.05、P＜0.01、P＜0.01);中、重度PIH组瘦素及TNF-α呈正相关性(r=0.571、P＜0.05及r=0.657、P＜0.01).结论瘦素、TNF-α参与PIH发病,PIH时TNF-α可调节瘦素水平,炎症与代谢过程共同引发PIH.     

新生儿血清瘦素水平变化与IGF—I、生长激素等相关因素的分析

目的　探讨新生儿血清瘦素来源及其与胰岛素样生长因子 -I(IGF -I)和生长激素的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法检测 80例新生儿静脉血和脐血瘦素水平 ,根据不同胎龄新生儿出生体重值分为大于胎龄儿组 2 8例 ,适于胎龄儿组 36例 ,小于胎龄儿组 16例 ;采用Rohrer’s指数 =出生体重 (g)× 10 /身长 (cm) 3 估测新生儿营养状态。结果　早产儿血清瘦素水平明显低于足月儿 (0 .6 6± 1.0 3ng/mlvs 3.5 9± 2 .16ng/ml,P <0 .0 1=;适于胎龄儿血清瘦素水平 (3.0 6± 0 .96ng/ml明显低于大于胎龄儿 (4.0 3± 2 .2 2ng/ml) ,而高于小于胎龄儿 (1.13± 1.98ng/ml) ;足月新生儿血清瘦素水平与Rohrer’s指数、新生儿体重、胎龄、血清IGF -I、生长激素水平呈显著正相关。结论　新生儿体内瘦素主要来源于自身脂肪组织 ,它反映新生儿的生长营养状态 ,推测瘦素可能通过IGF -I、生长激素共同调节新生儿的生长发育 ,在胎儿和新生儿生长发育中起重要作用     

血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的关系研究

目的探讨窒息新生儿血清NSE水平与其伴发HIE的关系.方法采用放射免疫分析(RIA)测定42例足月窒息新生儿血清NSE浓度,并与其伴发HIE的程度、预后进行比较.结果重度窒息组的血清NSE水平为(18.51±2.12)ng/ml,高于正常组(2.05±1.01)ng/ml和轻度窒息组(6.13±1.34)ng/ml,差异有显著性(P<0.05或0.01);重度HIE组的血清NSE水平为(21.76±2.30)ng/ml,高于正常组(3.92±1.47)ng/ml、轻度组(8.42±1.84)ng/ml和中度组(11.10±1.12)ng/ml.中度组又高于轻度组,差异均有显著性(P<0.05或0.01);预后差组(18.08±3.97)ng/ml高于预后好组(9.15±3.41)ng/ml(P<0.05或0.01).结论 NSE可作为判断HIE程度和临床预后的早期指标.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.