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1.
传染病传播风险评估指标体系研究进展   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
风险评估在传染病防控工作中占有重要地位。科学而健全的指标体系是获得准确风险评估结果的关键。不同类型传染病在不同情境下的传播、影响因素复杂,由此而形成的传染病传播风险评估指标体系差异较大。本文对国内外已经建立的、根据传播途径和发生的特定情境分类的传染病传播风险评估指标体系进行综述,为我国制定传染病传播风险评估指标体系提供...  相似文献   

2.
The incidence and frequency of epidemic transmission of zoonotic diseases, both known and newly recognized, has increased dramatically in the past 30 years. It is thought that this dramatic disease emergence is primarily the result of the social, demographic, and environmental transformation that has occurred globally since World War II. However, the causal linkages have not been elucidated. Investigating emerging zoonotic pathogens as an ecological phenomenon can provide significant insights as to why some of these pathogens have jumped species and caused major epidemics in humans. A review of concepts and theory from biological ecology and of causal factors in disease emergence previously described suggests a general model of global zoonotic disease emergence. The model links demographic and societal factors to land use and land cover change whose associated ecological factors help explain disease emergence. The scale and magnitude of these changes are more significant than those associated with climate change, the effects of which are largely not yet understood. Unfortunately, the complex character and non-linear behavior of the human-natural systems in which host-pathogen systems are embedded makes specific incidences of disease emergence or epidemics inherently difficult to predict. Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk.  相似文献   

3.
Emerging infectious diseases can be defined as infections that have newly appeared in a population or are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. Many of these diseases are zoonoses, including such recent examples as avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (a food-borne infection caused by certain strains of Escherichia coli) and probably human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Specific factors precipitating the emergence of a disease can often be identified. These include ecological, environmental or demographic factors that place people in increased contact with the natural host for a previously unfamiliar zoonotic agent or that promote the spread of the pathogen. These factors are becoming increasingly prevalent, suggesting that infections will continue to emerge and probably increase. Strategies for dealing with the problem include focusing special attention on situations that promote disease emergence, especially those in which animals and humans come into contact, and implementing effective disease surveillance and control.  相似文献   

4.
With the development of improved health systems, antibiotics and vaccines throughout the 20th century, the prospects of control of infectious diseases improved. During the same time-frame, an approach to disease control was developed which used the health outcomes resulting from various interventions to choose, guide and modify those interventions. Despite these major advances in the control of diseases, infectious diseases have (with occasional exceptions) not only continued to occur but in many instances the situation had deteriorated with the emergence and re-emergence in recent years of a range of infectious diseases. In this paper we consider why infectious disease control has not benefited from the move towards a health outcomes approach, why infectious disease control might benefit from such a move, and the differences between infectious and non-infectious diseases when considering health outcomes. We follow-up with some practical approaches to the use of health outcomes. We argue that appropriate use of health outcomes when planning and evaluating infectious disease control programs will improve human health.  相似文献   

5.
At the end of the 70s, it was said that eradicating infectious diseases was possible. With the occurrence of AIDS and the discovery of new pathogens the come-back of infectious diseases was noted, 15 to 20 years later, and the concept of emerging infections was defined. An emerging infection is the appearance of a new infection or the increase of its incidence if not new. It also includes infections for which the incidence could increase because of favorable conditions. Several scenarios can be proposed: 1) the appearance of a new infection (AIDS or SARS); 2) the appearance of a known infection where it did not exist previously (West Nile virus infection in the USA); 3) an infection that existed but that was not diagnosed or could not be linked precisely to a particular infectious agent (hepatitis C before the discovery of the hepatitis C virus; 4) a known infection that increases its usual incidence (outbreaks...); 5) infectious diseases for which current conditions may facilitate transmission (decrease of immunization coverage...). The deliberate release of a biological agent is one of the possible scenarios of emergence. Qualitative changes of infectious agents such as the resistance to anti-infectious agents may also contribute, through a selection mechanism, to the emergence of new infectious threat. Emerging infections result from the interaction between the agent, the host, and environment evolving according to human activity. Surveillance, research, laboratory capacity, and an effective public health system are key factors for their control.  相似文献   

6.
Anthropogenic land use changes drive a range of infectious disease outbreaks and emergence events and modify the transmission of endemic infections. These drivers include agricultural encroachment, deforestation, road construction, dam building, irrigation, wetland modification, mining, the concentration or expansion of urban environments, coastal zone degradation, and other activities. These changes in turn cause a cascade of factors that exacerbate infectious disease emergence, such as forest fragmentation, disease introduction, pollution, poverty, and human migration. The Working Group on Land Use Change and Disease Emergence grew out of a special colloquium that convened international experts in infectious diseases, ecology, and environmental health to assess the current state of knowledge and to develop recommendations for addressing these environmental health challenges. The group established a systems model approach and priority lists of infectious diseases affected by ecologic degradation. Policy-relevant levels of the model include specific health risk factors, landscape or habitat change, and institutional (economic and behavioral) levels. The group recommended creating Centers of Excellence in Ecology and Health Research and Training, based at regional universities and/or research institutes with close links to the surrounding communities. The centers' objectives would be 3-fold: a) to provide information to local communities about the links between environmental change and public health; b) to facilitate fully interdisciplinary research from a variety of natural, social, and health sciences and train professionals who can conduct interdisciplinary research; and c) to engage in science-based communication and assessment for policy making toward sustainable health and ecosystems.  相似文献   

7.
Peoples of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions live in social and physical environments that differ substantially from those of their more southern-dwelling counterparts. The cold northern climate keeps people indoors, amplifying the effects of household crowding, smoking, and inadequate ventilation on person-to-person spread of infectious disease. The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance among bacterial pathogens, the reemergence of tuberculosis, the entrance of HIV into Arctic communities, and the spectre of pandemic influenza or the sudden emergence and introduction of new viral pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome are of increasing concern to residents, governments, and public health authorities. The International Circumpolar Surveillance system is a network of hospital, public health agencies, and reference laboratories throughout the Arctic linked together to collect, compare, and share uniform laboratory and epidemiologic data on infectious diseases and assist in the formulation of prevention and control strategies.  相似文献   

8.
Foodborne disease control: a transnational challenge.   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In the globalized political economy of the late 20th century, increasing social, political, and economic interdependence is occurring as a result of the rapid movement of people, images, values, and financial transactions across national borders. Another consequence of the increase in transnational trade, travel, and migration is the greater risk of cross-border transmission of infectious diseases. As the world becomes more interconnected, diseases spread more rapidly and effectively. With more than one million people crossing international borders every day, and with the globalization of food production, manufacturing, and marketing, the risk of infectious disease transmission is greater. Economic globalization has also increased the need for governmental budget austerity, and consequent national preparedness has been eroded. The emergence of new infectious diseases, as well as the reemergence of old ones, thus represents a crucial transnational policy issue. These problems cannot be resolved by national governments alone; they require international cooperation. This article analyzes the role of foodborne disease surveillance programs, nationally and internationally, in the control of foodborne diseases.  相似文献   

9.
目的总结呼吸道传染病在综合性医院中感染的主要因素,更好地指导呼吸道传染病医院感染的防控工作。方法回顾性地分析整理某院2011年1月-2011年12月确诊为医院感染的65例患者的病历资料,对影响其感染的各个因素进行统计对比,找出共性特征。结果影响呼吸道传染病医院感染的危险因素包括年龄、住院天数、侵袭性操作、抗生素激素的使用、传染病接触史等。结论为更好地防控医院感染,降低呼吸道传染病医院感染的发生率,应当采取及时控制传染源,严格消毒与隔离,保护易感人群,规范侵袭性操作和抗生素、激素的使用,切断传播途径等措施。  相似文献   

10.
Community epidemiology framework for classifying disease threats   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Recent evidence suggests that most parasites can infect multiple host species and that these are primarily responsible for emerging infectious disease outbreaks in humans and wildlife. However, the ecologic and evolutionary factors that constrain or facilitate such emergences are poorly understood. We propose a conceptual framework based on the pathogen's between- and within-species transmission rates to describe possible configurations of a multihost-pathogen community that may lead to disease emergence. We establish 3 dynamic thresholds separating 4 classes of disease outcomes, spillover, apparent multi-host, true multihost, and potential emerging infectious disease; describe possible disease emergence scenarios; outline the population dynamics of each case; and clarify existing terminology. We highlight the utility of this framework with examples of disease threats in human and wildlife populations, showing how it allows us to understand which ecologic factors affect disease emergence and predict the impact of host shifts in a range of disease systems.  相似文献   

11.
Infectious diseases present a formidable threat to the world today. Not only are new infectious diseases emerging, but those presumed to be contained or eradicated are re-emerging. Developing nations, with the least resources to respond, bear the greatest burden of this threat. However, with the potential to spread rapidly and ubiquitously, infectious diseases present a significant risk to the health and development of all nations. No country or population is immune, and geographic and political barriers offer little protection. Many factors facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, including globalization of travel and trade, weakening of national and international public health infrastructure, deterioration of socioeconomic conditions, and heightened political and civil strife in some developing nations. These conditions render populations more vulnerable to infections and provide an environment conducive to the transmission of infectious diseases. Compounding these risk factors is the emergence of another threat: antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial drugs are rapidly losing their effectiveness because of their misuse. As a result, the global health community is confronted with the daunting task of combating more offenders with fewer defenses.  相似文献   

12.
Prevention has been the greatest success in the field of infectious diseases. Control of infectious diseases is being challenged by many factors, like standards of living, human behaviour, mass population movements, emergence of infectious like HIV/AIDS and SARS, the re-emergence of infections such as tuberculosis, development of resistance in bacteria, viruses and parasites, modern rate of global travel, etc. Although great advances have been made, a considerable burden of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases remains globally. The aim of any control program can be defined by three levels--containment, elimination and eradication. Prevention methods are many aspects, including introduction of prevention guidelines, low cost interventions, vector control, surveillance, and vaccination, etc.  相似文献   

13.
Mass destructions of the social infrastructure and household systems under stressors in the areas of emergency situations involve marked sanitary-and-epidemiological problems in a region's population, which in turn give rise to the activation of routes of transmission and formation of infectious and parasitic diseases. The most important lines of activities of supervising the sanitary-and-epidemiological situation under emergencies are to timely assess the sanitary-and-epidemiological situation, to predict, to organize, and to correct sanitary-and-antiepidemic measures.  相似文献   

14.
The emergence/re-emergence of infectious diseases has been one of the major concerns for human and wildlife health. In spite of the medical and veterinary progresses as to prevent and cure infectious diseases, during the last decades we have witnessed the emergence/re-emergence of virulent pathogens that pose a threat to humans and wildlife. Many factors that might drive the emergence of these novel pathogens have been identified and several reviews have been published on this topic in the last years. Among the most cited and recognized drivers of pathogen emergence are climate change, habitat destruction, increased contact with reservoirs, etc. These factors mostly refer to environmental determinants of emergence. However, the immune system of the host is probably the most important environmental trait parasites have to cope with. Here, we wish to discuss how immune-mediated selection might affect the emergence/re-emergence of infectious diseases and drive the evolution of disease severity. Vaccination, natural (age-associated) and acquired immunodeficiencies, organ transplantation, environmental contamination with chemicals that disrupt immune functions form populations of hosts that might exert specific immune-mediated selection on a range of pathogens, shaping their virulence and evolution, and favoring their spread to other populations of hosts.  相似文献   

15.
性少数群体具有聚集性、流动性、排他性和隐匿性等社会行为特征,这些特征可能和这一群体传染病的传播存在关联。探索该群体的社会性与其传染病传播、防控之间的关系,强调关注性传播疾病、呼吸系统疾病等在该群体中传播的重要性,并对该群体传染病的防控提出思考。  相似文献   

16.
目的创建和应用口岸体检管理和传染病电子监管系统,提高口岸出入境人员体检和查验效率,建立口岸传染病防控屏障。方法应用计算机网络技术、数据库技术,建立符合我国国情的口岸体检管理和传染病监控的共享服务系统。结果基于体检管理、预防接种管理、检验管理、仪器接口管理、医学影像管理、信息查询、业务统计、检疫查验、疫情管理、后续监管、风险预警、外籍人员管理及系统设置等15个功能模块的开发与融合,创建了交互式的口岸体检管理和传染病电子监管平台。结论系统的建立实现了保健中心监测体检与口岸查验的有效协作,加快了疫情信息上报和传输,实现了远程病例会诊,极大地提高了传染病监测效率与准确率,并节约人力、物力、财力,达到了体检信息的高效利用和资源共享,提高了口岸传染病防控力度。  相似文献   

17.
目的:建立新发传染病风险评估指标体系,为研究新发传染病在绍兴市流行的风险提供科学的方法。方法:采用层次分析法,根据专业知识和专家的建议,结合绍兴市实际情况,确定了新发传染病的风险因子,然后分别计算出各项风险因子的组合权重系数,建立传染病风险评估指标体系。结果:从传染病的传染源、传播途径和预防控制措施3方面,确定了传染源国内分布、国际分布等14项风险因素,组合权重系数较高的为传染源国内分布(0.2416)、自然因素的影响(0.1365)社会因素的影响(0.1365)和传染源国际分布(0.1365),通过该评估体系,有效地对绍兴市新发传染病进行风险评估。结论:建立的新发传染病风险评估体系,能有效地评估传染病发生、流行的风险。  相似文献   

18.
随着新病原体的不断出现和传统病原体防控出现新问题,致病耐药菌不断增加、常见感染病原谱发生变化,新感染性疾病以及易感人群不断增加。现在,临床微生物实验室在临床感染性疾病诊治中能够快速、准确地检测到病原微生物,及时准确地为临床提供药物敏感试验结果,确实在医院感染控制中发挥了不可替代的作用,成为各级医疗机构控制感染的重要部门。现将微生物实验室在临床感染性疾病诊治以及在医院感染控制中的作用介绍如下。  相似文献   

19.
The early history of infectious diseases was characterized by sudden, unpredictable outbreaks, frequently of epidemic proportion. Scientific advances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted in the prevention and control of many infectious diseases, particularly in industrialized nations. Despite these improvements in health, outbreaks of infectious disease continue to occur, and new infections emerge. Since 1987, the National Academy of Science''s Institute of Medicine (IOM) has published three reports that have identified erosion of the public health infrastructure among the factors contributing to new and reemerging infectious diseases. In partnership with many public and private organizations in the United States and abroad, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed a strategic plan that addresses the priorities set forth in the IOM reports and serves as a guide for CDC and its partners to combat emerging microbial threats to health. Laboratory-based surveillance, better communication networks, and improvements in the public health infrastructure are the cornerstones of the strategy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, a new periodical produced by CDC, will serve as a forum for exchange of information about incipient trends in infectious diseases, analysis of factors contributing to disease emergence, and development and implementation of prevention measures.  相似文献   

20.
【目的】 了解朝阳区托幼机构传染病防控工作现况,为加强托幼机构传染病监管、建立完善传染病防控监督制度提供依据。 【方法】 采用调查表对朝阳区45家社区卫生服务保健中心管辖托幼机构,包括管理园所及无资质园所进行传染病防控工作调查。 【结果】 朝阳区托幼机构晨午检、全日健康观察落实情况良好,全区晨午检人员仪器配备不足,传染病组织管理不够,日常消毒差。无资质园所隐患最多。 【结论】 传染病监管工作不规范,应加强管理法制化建设,建立完善传染病防控监督制度。  相似文献   

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