阑尾炎患者凝血功能改变的研究

目的 研究阑尾炎患者凝血功能改变.方法 统计学分析907例各型阑尾炎患者和697例同期择期小手术患者(对照组)术前凝血功能检查结果差异,并测定部分患者血浆凝血因子Ⅶ、Ⅸ活性(FⅦc、FⅨc)和内毒素含量以探讨差异原因.结果 急性阑尾炎患者PT/INR显著长于/高于慢性阑尾炎患者和对照组患者(P<0.01),FⅦc显著降低(P<0.05),血浆内毒素水平显著增高(P<0.01),FIB增高(P<0.01),TT缩短(P<0.01),尤以急性穿孔性阑尾炎患者变化最为显著.在α=0.01水平,内毒素含量与FⅦc负相关,FⅦc与INR负相关,内毒素与INR相关,相关系数(γ)分别为-0.860、-0.753、0.723.而APTT改变不明显.结论 急性阑尾炎患者存在外源凝血途径活化,且随着疾病严重程度增高而增强,内毒素是外源凝血途径活化主要原因.     

急性颅脑创伤患者血浆FⅦ活性变化及其与凝血功能相关性

[目的]探讨急性颅脑创伤患者血浆凝血因子Ⅶ(FⅦ)活性变化及其与凝血功能的相关性.[方法]选取2014年3月至2016年3月本院收治的急性颅脑创伤患者92例作为观察组,同时选择同期在本院体检健康的92例健康志愿者作为对照组,检测两组血浆FⅦ活性值,并检测活化部分凝血活酶时间(AFFF)、血小板(PLT)、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血乳酸(Lac)等相关凝血指标,计算国际标准化比值(INR),并检测颅内压(ICP).比较观察组和对照组血浆FⅦ活性及其与凝血功能指标的相关性.[结果]观察组血浆FⅦ活性值为(91.45±32.10)%,对照组为(97.20±16.03)%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(t=-1.537,P>0.05).血浆FⅦ活性低患者INR、APTT、Lac显著高于血浆FⅦ活性高的患者,血浆FIB水平显著低于血浆FⅦ活性高者,差异均具有统计学意义(均P<0.05).观察组伴凝血功能异常患者共计35例,其血浆FⅦ活性为(86.70±28.84)%,观察组不伴凝血功能异常患者57例,其血浆FⅦ活性为(97.83±30.16)%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(t=-2.176,P<0.05).[结论]急性颅脑创伤患者血浆FⅦ活性与凝血功能有一定联系,凝血功能异常患者血浆FⅦ活性有所降低,值得临床进一步研究.     

脑梗死患者血清细胞间黏附分子-1和凝血因子Ⅶ的水平研究及临床意义

目的探讨脑梗死患者血清细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)与血浆凝血因子Ⅶ(coagu lation factorⅦ,FⅦ)的变化及其临床意义。方法本院收治急性脑梗死患者34例,测定其血清sICAM-1水平及血浆活化的FⅦ(FⅦa)、FⅦ抗原(FⅦAg)、FⅦ活性(FⅦc)水平;另取同期脑动脉供血不足患者28例、健康体检者30名进行对照。结果脑梗死患者的血清sICAM-1水平显著高于脑供血不足患者和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);小梗死灶的患者血清sICAM-1水平显著低于大、中梗死灶患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。脑梗死患者的血浆FⅦc、FⅦAg及FⅦa水平显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论血清sICAM-1、FⅦc、FⅦAg、FⅦa水平升高与脑梗死的发生、发展及梗死程度有关,可作为脑梗死的辅助诊断指标。     

脑梗死患者血清细胞间黏附分子-1和凝血因子Ⅶ的水平研究及临床意义

目的探讨脑梗死患者血清细胞间黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）与血浆凝血因子Ⅶ（coagu lation factorⅦ,FⅦ）的变化及其临床意义。方法本院收治急性脑梗死患者34例,测定其血清sICAM-1水平及血浆活化的FⅦ（FⅦa）、FⅦ抗原（FⅦAg）、FⅦ活性（FⅦc）水平;另取同期脑动脉供血不足患者28例、健康体检者30名进行对照。结果脑梗死患者的血清sICAM-1水平显著高于脑供血不足患者和对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;小梗死灶的患者血清sICAM-1水平显著低于大、中梗死灶患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。脑梗死患者的血浆FⅦc、FⅦAg及FⅦa水平显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论血清sICAM-1、FⅦc、FⅦAg、FⅦa水平升高与脑梗死的发生、发展及梗死程度有关,可作为脑梗死的辅助诊断指标。     

人血源凝血因子Ⅸ纯化研究概况

凝血因子Ⅸ(FⅨ)是一种糖蛋白,与凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅹ同属维生素K依赖因子,分子量55000~65000D,在体内由肝细胞合成并分泌到血液中,健康人血浆中浓度约5μg/ml[1]。FⅨ在血液中以丝氨酸蛋白酶原的形式存在,经FⅪa或FⅦ和组织因子复合物激活后形成具有蛋白酶活性的活化FⅨ即FⅨa,参与凝血途径。人血液中凝血因子Ⅸ含量不足或缺乏会导致血友病乙(hemophilia B),又名乙型血友病。临床症状以自发性和轻微外伤后关节、肌肉和内脏出血难止为特征,大多数患者自幼有出血倾向,外伤或手术后渗血不止,渗血表现为皮下或肌肉血肿,关节腔反复出血导致肿…     

心脏病人的FⅦ和EPI研究

凝血因子Ⅶ凝血活性(FⅦc)的变化与中年男性缺血性心脏病和突发心血管病死亡的危险有关.外源途径抑制剂(EPI)是最近发现的一种组织凝血酶原FⅦ复合物抑制剂,又称外源途径抑制剂(EPI),是一种关键的止血调节剂.作者报道68例急性缺血性心脏病病人和37例正常人的FⅦ、FⅦ磷脂(FⅦ-PL)复合物和EPI活性.病人分3组:急性心肌梗死(AMI)组29例;仅有心绞痛(AP)组23例;其它心脏病(HD)组16例.均取血标本检测FⅦc活性、FⅦ酰胺溶解活性(FⅦam)和EPI活性.同时还检测FⅦ-     

可溶性血管细胞黏附分子-1及凝血因子Ⅶ与脑梗死的相关性研究

目的分析可溶性血管细胞黏附分子-1(soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,sVCAM-1)与凝血因子Ⅶ(coagulation factorⅦ,FⅦ)与脑梗死发生、发展的相关性。方法分别采用双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA法和全自动血凝仪CA500的一阶段凝固法动态检测30例急性脑梗死患者血清sVCAM-1及血浆FⅦ:C水平,以26例脑动脉供血不足患者和30例健康老年人为对照组。结果血清sVCAM-1水平在脑梗死发生第1d显著高于脑供血不足对照组和正常人对照组(P<0.01),1~7d呈增高趋势,7~14d呈下降趋势。脑梗死体积越大,sVCAM-1水平越高(P<0.01)。脑梗死患者血浆FⅦ:C水平两对照组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论sVCAM-1与急性脑梗死密切相关,与脑梗死的发生、发展有一定的联系,可用作脑梗死病程进展的监测指标。FⅦ与急性脑梗死的发生及进程均无显著相关性。     

血清瘦素与早发冠心病及凝血因子Ⅶ的关系

目的:探讨早发冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者血清瘦素水平及其与凝血因子Ⅶ(FⅦ)的关系。方法:选择经冠状动脉造影确诊的早发冠心病患者120例(冠心病组)、非冠心病患者80例作为对照(对照组)。应用ELISA法检测血清瘦素水平,可溶性组织因子法检测活化的FⅦ(FⅦa)、ELISA法测定FⅦ抗原(FⅦag)、一期凝血法测定FⅦ活性(FⅦc)。结果:冠心病组瘦素、FⅦa水平均高于对照组(P均<0.01),FⅦag及FⅦc在冠心病组和对照组差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。单因素相关分析表明早发冠心病患者血清瘦素与FⅦa水平呈正相关(P<0.01),与FⅦag及FⅦc相关性无统计学意义(P均>0.05);多元逐步回归分析显示早发冠心病患者血清瘦素与FⅦa水平呈独立正相关(P<0.01);Logistic回归分析显示血清瘦素与早发冠心病发病呈独立正相关(P<0.01)。结论:早发冠心病患者表现高瘦素血症,高瘦素血症可能通过促进FⅦ活化,影响早发冠心病的发生、发展及预后。     

冠心病患者高甘油三酯与血浆凝血因子活性的相关性研究

【目的】研究冠心病(CHD)患者甘油三酯水平与血浆凝血因子Ⅶc(FⅦc)、组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)及其抑制物(PAI-I)活性的相关性。【方法】73例确诊CHD患者分为两组:高甘油三酯组(24例),正常甘油三酯组(49例)。80例对照者亦分为高甘油三酯组(40例)和正常甘油三酯组(40例)。血清甘油三酯浓度测定采用酶法;PAI-I及tPA测定采用发色底物法;FⅦc测定采用一期法。【结果】CHD患者及对照者中高甘油三酯者FⅦc、PAI-I活性均有升高,tPA活性下降,其中高甘油三酯CHD患者改变最为显著(P<0.01)。【结论】高甘油三酯与FⅦct、PA、PAI-I有明显相关性,高甘油三酯血症影响凝血纤溶功能。     

白细胞过滤对新鲜冰冻血浆凝血因子及血浆蛋白的影响研究

目的探讨白细胞过滤对新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)凝血因子及血浆蛋白的影响,进一步证实白细胞过滤血浆的应用价值.方法采用Sysmex CA-1500自动血凝分析仪及Hitachi 7170生化分析仪测定20份FFP白细胞过滤前后PT、APTT、Fib、TT、FⅦ:C、FⅧ:C、FⅨ:C及TP、Alb.结果过滤后PT、INR、APTT、TT、FⅧ:C、FⅨ:C、FⅦ有明显改变(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),Fib、TP、Alb无明显改变(P＞0.05).结论白细胞过滤可使部分凝血因子活性降低,但仍保持正常水平以上,可以满足临床治疗的需要.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.