关节镜下无植入物固定自体胭绳肌腱双束重建前交叉韧带

目的总结关节镜下使用自体胭绳肌腱胫骨双隧道双束无植入物固定重建膝前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）的近期临床效果。方法2004年3月-2007年6月，收治12例ACL损伤患者，男8例，女4例：年龄23～56岁，平均32岁。车祸伤9例，运动伤3例。术前前抽屉试验（anterior drawertest，ADT）：2度2例，3度10例；Lachman试验均为3度；轴移试验：1度2例，2度6例，3度4例。国际膝关节评分委员会（international knee documentation committee，IKDC）评分为（39．34±4．7）分，Lysholm评分为（44．44±4．9）分。均在关节镜下采用自体胭绳肌腱双束无植入物固定重建ACL。结果患者切13I期愈合，无术后并发症发生。术后患者均获随访，随访时间10～22个月，平均15个月。术后12周ADT试验1度9例，2度3例；Lachman试验1度8例，2度3例，3度1例；轴移试验：0度9例，1度3例。IKDC评分为（92．4±3．7）分，Lysholm评分为（91．6±2．7）分，均优于术前（P〈0．01）。结论关节镜下应用自体胭绳肌腱胫骨双隧道双束无植入物固定，重建ACL符合其解剖重建和生理学功能，近期疗效好。     

腘绳肌腱结嵌入固定结合双监视法解剖等长技术重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨在关节镜下采用腘绳肌腱结嵌入固定结合双监视法解剖等长技术重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的可行性及近期疗效。方法对10例ACL损伤采用自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱中间打结,股骨端嵌入挤压固定法镜下重建ACL。半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱预张力后,肌腱中间打结,测量结与肌腱的直径,备用。用双监视法解剖等长技术,建立股骨胫骨端等长点,胫骨端用肌腱相同直径的钻头建立胫骨隧道。股骨端用自制的台阶样联合钻建立隧道。股骨隧道下30mm的直径为6～8mm,股骨隧道近端为11～12mm。将肌腱从股骨隧道的近端经关节腔牵入胫骨隧道,将肌腱拉紧、膝关节屈伸活动20次,使肌腱结完全嵌入瓶颈状股骨隧道内。将4股肌腱从胫骨隧道和其下方10mm处分别穿出,交叉打结并缝合固定在骨桥上。结果10例随访5～12个月,平均9个月。根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分,术前评分:20～45分,(29.80±12.79)分;术后半年评分:81～91分,(86.80±3.46)分(t=20.93,P<0.01)。结论腘绳肌腱结嵌入固定结合双监视法解剖等长技术重建ACL具有定位准确、手术操作简单、韧带等长重建、生物固定、不用内固定耗材、节约手术费用、疗效确切等优点,值得临床推广应用,尤其适用于广大部队伤病员。     

双监视法解剖等长重建结合Rigidfix和Intrafix固定技术重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨双监视法解剖等长重建结合Rigidfix和Intrafix固定技术在腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带（ACL）中应用的可行性及近期疗效。方法对17例ACL损伤行关节镜下ACL重建术。采用双监视法解剖等长重建技术建立股骨胫骨隧道。股骨端用Rigidfix固定,胫骨端用Intrafix固定。结果17例均获随访,时间1218（14.18±2.19）个月。根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分,术前评分：25-66（46.76±14.79）分;术后1年评分：85-97（92.71±3.22）分（P〈0.01）。结论双监视法解剖等长重建结合Rigidfix和Intrafix固定技术应用在腘绳肌腱重建ACL中,具有定位准确、手术操作简便、固定牢固、疗效确切等优点。     

关节镜下经胫骨隧道技术重建治疗前交叉韧带断裂

目的 探讨关节镜下经胫骨隧道技术重建治疗前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂的疗效。方法 采用关节镜下经胫骨隧道技术重建治疗21例ACL断裂患者。记录关节活动度、并发症发生情况、膝关节功能Lysholm评分和IKDC评分。结果 患者均获得随访，时间3～12个月。术后X线片显示股骨侧、胫骨侧骨隧道建立定位点良好。术后MRI检查显示重建的ACL信号均匀，连续性良好，张力良好。术后Lachman试验、前抽屉试验均显示患膝关节稳定性良好。切口均一期愈合，无感染、深静脉血栓等并发症发生。膝关节活动度：术后4周伸直0°、屈曲90°,术后6周伸直0°、主动屈曲120°。膝关节功能IKDC评分及Lysholm评分术后1、3个月均高于术前(P<0.05)。术后3个月，患者患膝关节均无弹响、打软腿情况，疼痛明显缓解，活动度正常，行走及上下楼梯正常。结论 采用关节镜下经胫骨隧道技术重建治疗ACL断裂，在掌握良好的手术技巧前提下，可保障重建的韧带具有良好的稳定性，有助于关节功能的恢复。     

双束双隧道6股腘绳肌腱解剖重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨双束双隧道6股腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带（ACL）的可行性及近期疗效。方法对28例ACL损伤患者行关节镜下ACL重建术。采用股骨胫骨双隧道建立前内侧束（AMB）及后外侧束（PLB）。分别将股薄肌腱、半腱肌腱编织成3股肌腱,用于重建PLB与AMB。AMB与PLB股骨端均用Endobutton钢板固定,胫骨端AMB用Bio-Intrafix固定,PLB用Milagro可吸收界面螺钉固定。结果 28例均获随访,时间12-24（19.54±3.84）个月。根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分：术前为18-60（34.79±12.53）分,术后1年为90-98（95.54±2.06）分,差异有统计学意议（t=26.51,P〈0.01）。结论双束双隧道6股腘绳肌腱重建ACL,手术操作简便,固定牢固,效果可靠。     

关节镜下无植入物固定自体腘绳肌腱双束重建前交叉韧带

目的 总结关节镜下使用自体腘绳肌腱胫骨双隧道双束无植入物固定重建膝前交叉韧带(anterior oruciate ligament,ACL)的近期临床效果. 方法 2004年3月-2007年6月,收治12例ACL损伤患者,男8例,女4例:年龄23～56岁,平均32岁.车祸伤9例,运动伤3例.术前前抽屉试验(anterior drawer test,ADT):2度2例,3度10例:Lachrnan试验均为3度;轴移试验:1度2例,2度6例,3度4例.国际膝关节评分委员会(international knee doeumentation committee,IKDC)评分为(39.3±4.7)分,Lysholm评分为(44.4 ±4.9)分.均在关节镜下采用自体腘绳肌腱双束无植入物固定重建ACL. 结果 患者切口I期愈合,无术后并发症发生.术后患者均获随访,随访时间10～22个月,平均15个月.术后12周ADT试验1度9例,2度3例;Lachman试验1度8例,2度3例,3度1例;轴移试验:0度9例,1度3例.IKDC评分为(92.4±3.7)分,Lysholm评分为(91.6±2.7)分,均优于术前(P<0.01). 结论 关节 镜下应用自体腘绳肌腱胫骨双隧道双束无植入物固定,重建ACL符合其解剖重建和生理学功能,近期疗效好.     

保留残端半腱肌和股薄肌双股双隧道解剖重建前交叉韧带的临床研究

目的探讨关节镜下半腱肌股薄肌保留残端双股双隧道解剖重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的疗效。方法回顾自2006年1月～2008年1月,本组在关节镜下联合应用半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱双股双隧道重建ACL患者20例其中男18例,女2例,年龄17～46岁(平均31.5岁)。取腱器分别切取半腱肌、股薄肌编织成股,保留前叉韧带在股骨、胫骨的附着点残端,于ACL前内侧束和后外侧束附着部分别钻隧道,用半腱肌腱重建前内侧束,股薄肌腱重建后外侧束,以enderbutton悬吊固定股骨端,挤压螺钉固定胫骨端肌腱。所有患者术前及术后12个月行前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、Lysholm评分方法评定膝关节功能。结果术后随访14～48个月,平均31个月。术前患者前抽屉试验均为阳性,Lachman试验阳性13例,术后前抽屉试验3例屈膝60°位阳性,1例屈膝30°位阳性,其余均转阴性。5例Lachman试验仍阳性,但患者术后无膝关节不稳。2例患者术后胫骨前伤口瘢痕红肿凸起,给予切开引流后良好愈合。用Lysholm膝关节功能评分法评定术后疗效,术前评分为38～49分,平均43.5分,术后14个月为69～92分,平均80.5分,优13例,良5例,可2例,优良率为90.0%。结论应用自体肌腱双股双隧道重建ACL,术后膝关节动态稳定性好,疗效满意。     

单股骨胫骨骨隧道双束重建膝ACL胫骨端移植物张力差异化固定的疗效

目的研究关节镜下单股骨胫骨骨隧道双束自体半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL),胫骨端移植物张力差异化固定的临床效果。方法回顾分析我科2016年1月至2016年10月关节镜下行ACL重建患者32例,移植物均选用自体伤侧半腱肌肌腱,股骨骨道均应用带袢纽扣钢板悬吊固定,胫骨端均用纽扣钢板悬吊固定,随机分为两组。对照组:常规单股骨胫骨骨隧道单束重建ACL(n=16),实验组单股骨胫骨骨隧道双束重建ACL,胫骨端移植韧带张力差异化固定(n=16)。通过术后随访查体,膝关节功能Lysholm和Tegner评分进行膝关节功能评价,评价实验组的临床效果。结果所有患者均获得随访,平均随访时间12个月,两组患者术后均无关节感染发生,前抽屉试验、Lysholm和Tegner膝关节功能评分均较术前显著改善(P0.05),但两组之间无明显差异(P0.05)。结论实验组可获得膝关节良好的向前稳定性,手术操作简单、固定可靠、近期疗效满意,但与对照组相比,膝关节前后稳定性及关节功能评分无明显差异,两组膝关节旋转稳定性及远期疗效差异有待进一步研究。     

Rigidfix与Intrafix螺钉在前交叉韧带重建中的应用

目的探讨关节镜下应用可吸收Rigidfix横穿钉与Intrafix膨胀挤压螺钉固定4股单束自体腘绳肌腱,重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的手术方法和临床疗效。方法 2009年7月至2012年7月芜湖市中医院关节二科共诊治45例ACL损伤患者,取自体腘绳肌腱4股单束在关节镜下使用Intrafix膨胀挤压螺钉固定胫骨端,Rigidfix横穿钉固定股骨端,重建ACL。观察术后膝关节的稳定性及疗效。结果本组45例患者术后均得到随访,随访12~48个月,平均32个月。关节功能良好,Lysholm评分术前(42.30±4.20)分,术后12个月(92.54±2.10)分,术后评分明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论关节镜下使用可吸收Rigidfix横穿钉与Intrafix膨胀挤压螺钉固定4股单束自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL,疗效肯定,操作简单,能够提供早期的初始稳定性和后期的生物稳定性,适宜基层医院临床应用推广。     

腘绳肌腱结合双固定技术重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨采用腘绳肌腱股骨端胫骨端双固定技术重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的可行性及近期疗效。方法对25例ACL损伤行关节镜下ACL重建术,采用笔者自行设计双监视法解剖等长重建技术建立股骨胫骨隧道。移植物股骨端用Endobutton钢板和Rigidfix固定,胫骨端用Bio-Intrafix和Stample门形加压钉固定。结果本组获随访12～18(13.76±1.61)个月,未发现滑膜炎、韧带断裂、活动度明显障碍等并发症。根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分,术前评分:20～48(31.32±8.71)分;术后1年评分:90～98(94.96±2.56)分(t=37.69,P<0.01)。结论在腘绳肌腱重建ACL中应用股骨端胫骨端双固定技术具有手术操作简便,固定牢固,效果可靠的优点,值得推广。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.