老年2型糖尿病患者轻度认知功能障碍及危险因素研究

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2-DM)患者轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的特点及相关危险因素分析。方法选取智能精神状态检查量表筛查>25分者,其中单纯T2-DM老年患者(DM组)62例,年龄、性别和教育程度相匹配的健康体检者(N组)35例。选用蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表作为认知功能的测评工具。检测入选病例的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(PBG)及血脂水平。结果 DM组与N组相比,HbA1c、FBG、PBG、三酰甘油(TG)、血清总胆固醇(TC)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均显著升高(P<0.01或P<0.05);而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)显著降低(P<0.01)。DM组的MoCA总分明显低于N组(P<0.01)。DM组MoCA评分与HbA1c、PBG、TG、年龄、受教育年限及LDL-C呈负相关(r=-0.40、-0.37、-0.34、-0.32、-0.29、-0.26,P<0.01或P<0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示,HbA1c是影响MoCA评分的风险因素。结论老年T2-DM患者认知功能减退,血糖控制不良、血脂紊乱、年龄和受教育程度等因素与MCI相关。     

血脂异常与老年2型糖尿病患者轻度认知功能障碍的相关性

目的探讨血脂异常对老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者轻度认知功能损害(MCI)的影响。方法入选2018年1月至2019年1月在首都医科大学宣武医院老年科治疗的T2DM患者378例。依据认知功能状况分为2组:正常组(n=302)和MCI组(n=76)。采用简易智能评估量表(MMSE)及蒙特利尔认知功能量表(MoCA)进行认知筛查,并收集基线资料以及临床指标。采用SPSS 17.0软件进行数据处理。多因素logistic回归分析MCI的风险因素。结果按年龄中位数(70岁)分层,分析各血脂指标对MCI患病风险影响,结果表明,在70岁组(n=180)中,MCI者52例,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR=3.01,95%CI 1.37～6.96,P=0.006)和总胆固醇(OR=1.75,95%CI 1.16～2.64,P=0.008)是老年T2DM患者发生MCI的危险因素。按血脂水平高低将人群进一步分层,多因素分析结果显示,总胆固醇≥5.2 mmol/L可使T2DM患者MCI的患病风险增加至2.59倍(P=0.019),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇≥3.4 mmol/L可使T2DM患者MCI患病风险增加至3.24倍(P=0.001)。结论老年T2DM患者MCI的发生可能与增高的总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平密切相关。     

2型糖尿病周围神经病变患者嗅觉、味觉功能评估及意义的研究

目的探讨T2DM周围神经病变患者嗅觉、味觉功能情况及临床意义。方法选取2015年9月至2017年12月于我院内分泌科住院及门诊接受治疗的90例T2DM患者(T2DM组)、63例糖尿病周围神经病变患者(DPN组)以及体检中心健康体检人群104名(NC组),分析各组嗅觉、味觉功能指标的表达差异。结果 DPN组病程、长期吸烟史、HbA1c、高敏C反应蛋白(hsC-RP)、间接胆红素(IBIL)与T2DM组、NC组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。Pearson相关分析显示,嗅觉评分总分(TDI)、味觉评分总分(DTV)均与病程、长期吸烟史、HbA1c、LDL-C、hsC-RP呈负相关(P0.05或P0.01),与IBIL呈正相关(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,病程(OR=2.232,95%CI1.443～6.223)、长期吸烟史(OR=1.826,95%CI 1.076～5.444)、HbA1c(OR=2.117,95%CI 1.572～8.336)、LDL-C(OR=1.909,95%CI 1.201～6.224)、IBIL(OR=1.776,95%CI 1.063～5.023)及hsC-RP(OR=2.446,95%CI1.338～7.061)是DPN的危险因素。结论 T2DM并发DPN患者存在嗅觉、味觉功能障碍,可能与血糖控制、炎症反应等有关。     

血糖控制不佳2型糖尿病患者轻度认知障碍影响因素研究

目的探讨血糖控制不佳2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)轻度认知障碍(MCI)发生的影响因素,为疾病预防与控制提供依据。方法入选2014年10月至2015年5月安徽医科大学第一附属医院和第二附属医院内分泌科T2DM患者181例,其中男性105例,女性76例,年龄45～75(59.0±8.5)岁,采用长沙版蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评定患者的总体认知,了解认知损害现状并根据得分分组分析影响因素。应用SPSS 16.0统计软件对数据进行分析。采用t检验或x2检验比较组间差异。单因素分析影响T2DM患者认知功能的因素,进一步采用logistic回归分析发生MCI的危险因素。结果血糖控制不佳T2DM患者的MCI患病率为52.5%(95/181)。单因素分析显示年龄、性别、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、饮酒、吸烟、脑梗死史、糖尿病周围神经病变、低血糖史和尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(A/C)比值与MCI相关(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归显示年龄与MCI正相关(OR=1.437,95%CI 1.017～2.029;P0.05),教育程度和低血糖史与MCI负相关(OR=0.326,95%CI0.197～0.539;OR=0.400,95%CI0.167～0.958;P0.05)。结论医务人员应关注血糖控制不佳T2DM患者的认知功能,及时采取措施延缓认知功能减退。     

2型糖尿病患者轻度认知功能改变特点及其相关因素的研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的特点及其相关影响因素。方法 选用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）作为认知功能检测工具,筛选出T2DM合并MCI患者90例（MCI组）和T2DM无MCI的患者93例（对照组）。对两组患者进行体格检查,并收集患者的一般资料,检测血压、体质量指数（BMI）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、同型半胱氨酸（HCY）以及总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）,并对两组患者的认知评分和相关因素进行对比分析。结果 在MoCA中,MCI组患者的记忆力、注意力、抽象能力、视空间与执行功能及总分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;MCI组患者MoCA评分与受教育程度、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、HCY、TC及LDL-C存在相关性;多因素逐步回归分析显示,受教育程度、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、HCY是MoCA量表评分的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 T2DM容易并发MCI,且存在多领域的认知损害。有效地控制血糖、降低HCY、提高受教育程度可能有助于预防或延缓T2DM患者认知功能障碍的发生。     

2型糖尿病伴冠心病患者平均血小板体积的影响因素研究

目的:研究血糖和血脂等对合并2型糖尿病(DM)冠心病患者平均血小板体积(MPV)的影响。方法:冠状动脉造影等确诊的无糖代谢异常冠心病患者(非DM组)115例,合并DM的冠心病患者(DM组)183例,测定外周血MPV等血小板参数和其他常规实验室指标,分析合并DM冠心病患者MPV的变化及血糖和血脂等对MPV的影响。结果:MPV于DM组显著高于非DM组[(10.30±0.88)vs.(10.04±1.03)fL,P<0.05];DM组患者各亚组间比较,肥胖亚组显著高于非肥胖亚组[(10.51±0.77)vs.(10.21±0.91)fL,P<0.05],既往DM亚组显著高于新诊断DM亚组[(10.41±0.88)vs.(10.14±0.85)fL,P<0.05],HbA1c高值(HbA1c≥7%)亚组显著高于HbA1c低值(HbA1c<7%)亚组[(10.47±0.76)vs.(10.16±0.94)fL,P<0.05];MPV分别与体质量指数(BMI)(r=0.149,P=0.044)、空腹血糖(FBG)(r=0.191,P=0.009)、HbA1c(r=0.189,P=0.01)、hs-CRP(r=0.146,P=0.048)和白细胞计数(WBC)(r=0.169,P=0.022)显著正相关,与HDL-C显著负相关(r=-0.143,P=0.053);多元回归分析显示,对MPV有独立影响的因素是HDL-C、HbA1c、hs-CRP和FBG(均P<0.05)。结论:DM冠心病患者MPV进一步升高,MPV的升高与HDL-C、HbA1c、hs-CRP和FBG有密切关系。     

血清总胆红素与2型糖尿病血管并发症的相关性研究

目的探讨血清总胆红素(TBIL)与T2DM患者血管并发症的相关性。方法随机选取我院内分泌科住院的209例T2DM患者,按有无血管并发症分为无血管病变组(T2DM组,n=76)、微血管病变组(MV组,n=64)及微大血管病变组(M+LV组,n=69),分析各组临床资料及生化特征。结果与T2DM组比较,MV组年龄、病程、FBG、LDL-C、高敏C反应蛋白(hsC-RP)及胱抑素C(Cys-C)均升高,HDL-C及TBIL降低(P0.05);M+LV组年龄、病程、SBP、DBP、TC、TG、LDL-C、hsC-RP及Cys-C均升高,HDL-C及TBIL降低(P0.05);与MV组比较,M+LV组病程、TC、LDL-C、hsC-RP及Cys-C均升高,TBIL降低(P0.05)。回归分析显示,病程[OR(95%CI)1.411(1.193,1.670),P=0.000]、HDL-C[OR(95%CI)0.038(0.004,0.390),P=0.006]、hsC-RP[OR(95%CI)4.053(2.072,7.926),P=0.000]及TBIL[OR(95%CI)0.541(0.434,0.676),P=0.000]是影响血管并发症发生的相关因素。TBIL在T2DM组、MV组及M+LV组逐渐降低[(15.69±2.66)vs(12.99±1.81)vs(9.02±2.13)mol/L,P0.05]。结论血清TBIL可能与T2DM患者血管并发症的发生相关。     

转录因子7类似物2基因rs11196205多态性与安徽地区2型糖尿病及糖调节受损的相关性

目的 探讨转录因子7类似物2(TCF7L2)基因rs11196205位点多态性在安徽地区汉族人群中与2型糖尿病(T2DM)和糖调节受损(IGR)的相关性.方法 选取2009年1月至8月于安徽医科大学第一附属医院就诊的2型糖尿病患者300例、糖调节受损患者300例和糖耐量正常对照者(NGT)300名,收集临床资料和采集血样,测定生化指标并提取DNA;探针固定于芯片,PCR制备荧光标记靶基因与芯片杂交,扫描杂交结果;采用单因素方差分析及K-W检验统计分析rs11196205突变等位基因和基因型频率与T2DM及IGR发病的关系.结果 TCF7L2基因rs11196205位点等位基因频率[C在T2DM、IGR、NGT组频率分别为21%(126/600)、19%(114/600)、11%(68/600)]和基因型频率[GC+CC在T2DM、IGR、NGT组频率分别为41%(122/300)、37%(111/300)、22%(67/300)].T2DM与NGT、IGR与NGT、T2DM+IGR与NGT 3组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).携带突变等位基因C可增加罹患T2DM(OR=2.08,95%C1=1.51～2.86,X2=20.68,P<0.05)、IGR(OR=1.84,95%CI=1.33～2.54,X2=13.71,P<0.05)或任何一种(OR=1.96,95%CI=1.46～2.61,X2=21.18,P<0.05)的风险.与野生纯合基因型GG比较,体内携带一个以上突变基因C复本可增加罹患T2DM(OR:2.38,95%CI=1.67～3.40,X2=23.37,P<0.05)、IGR(OR=2.04,95%CI=1.43～2.92,X2=15.46,P<0.05)或任何一种(OR=2.21,95%CI=1.61～3.03,X2=24.50,P<0.05)的风险.结论 rs11196205位点G→C突变在安徽地区汉族人群中可能与T2DM和IGR关联,携带突变等位基因C可显著增加罹患T2DM和IGR的风险.     

2型糖尿病患者轻度认知功能障碍与海马体积及血清抵抗素的相关性研究

目的探讨T2DM患者轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)与海马体积及血清抵抗素的关系。方法选择T2DM+MCI组25例,单纯T2DM组35例,以及正常对照(NC)组25名,采用蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表(北京版)测评各组认知功能。行磁共振海马成像,测定HbA1c及血清抵抗素水平。结果 T2DM+MCI组海马体积[左侧(2.42±0.31)cm3,右侧(2.44±0.35)cm3]低于其他两组(P0.05);抵抗素[(15.36±0.22)ng/ml]高于其他两组(P0.05)。相关分析显示,MoCA评分与海马体积呈正相关(左侧r=0.858,P0.01;右侧r=0.537,P=0.006),抵抗素与海马体积呈负相关(左侧r=-0.550,P=0.004;右侧r=-0.519,P=0.008);多元回归分析显示,抵抗素(β=-0.559,P0.01)、HbA1c(β=-0.442,P=0.003)是MoCA评分的影响因素。结论 T2DM合并MCI与海马体积缩小相关;HbA1c及抵抗素是T2DM合并MCI的危险因素。     

邢台地区2型糖尿病一级亲属糖代谢紊乱与血脂特征的相关性

目的分析邢台地区2型糖尿病(T2DM)一级亲属中糖尿病(DM)及葡萄糖调节受损(IGR)患者血脂的特征性变化。方法选择确诊的T2DM患者315例,筛查其一级亲属347例,采集包括性别、年龄、糖尿病(DM)家族史,同时测量身高、体重、腰围(WC)、空腹血糖(FBG)、OGTT 2 h血糖(PBG)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),计算体重指数(BMI),分析T2DM一级亲属中DM、空腹血糖调节受损(IFG)、糖耐量减低(IGT)的患病率,其中IGR包括IFG和IGT,分析T2DM一级亲属糖代谢紊乱与血脂间的关系及其影响因素。结果 T2DM患者一级亲属中DM患病率30.84%,IGR患病率30.25%,其中IFG患病率11.82%、IGT患病率18.43%。T2DM一级亲属中DM组、IGR组的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、TG、TC、LDL-C、VAI均较糖耐量正常(NGT)组明显升高,DM组HDL-C较NGT组、IGR组显著下降(P<0.01)。分别以T2DM一级亲属中DM、IGR患者的FBG、OGTT 2 h PBG为因变量,以TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL、VAI及BMI为自变量进行非条件Logistic逐步回归分析显示,TG是影响T2DM一级亲属血糖代谢紊乱的主要影响因素。结论 T2DM一级亲属DM及DM前期的患病率明显增加,其中TG是影响T2DM一级亲属中葡萄糖代谢紊乱的重要因子。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.