严重脓毒症患者循环功能指标与血管外肺水指数的相关性探讨

目的 探讨严重脓毒症患者循环功能指标与血管外肺水指数(ELWI)的关系,寻找降低ELWI的方法.方法 回顾性分析2010年3月～ 2012年4月入住我院ICU的严重脓毒症患者33例,所有患者机械通气,应用PiCCO技术监测心脏指数(CI)、胸腔内血容量指数(ITBI)、ELWI、系统血管阻力指数(SVRI),每8h监测1次.以ITBI＞850mL/m2作为容量正常的标准,收集所有符合标准的患者数据共361组,分析ELWI与其他参数的相关性.根据CI是否正常分为心功能低下组和心功能正常组,比较两组间ITBI、ELWI、SVRI的差异性及相关性,并进一步分析ITBI和SVRI的变化对心功能的影响.结果 心功能未分组前,ELWI只与容量参数ITBI有相关性,分组之后,心功能低下组中ELWI与ITBI、SVRI无相关性;心功能正常组中,ELWI与ITBI呈正相关,与SVRI呈负相关.SVRI及ITBI的变化对心功能有一定的影响,SVRI与CI呈负相关,ITBI在正常范围时,与CI呈正相关;而ITBI过量时,与CI无相关性.结论 在严重脓毒症患者中,心功能的差异性不但影响着循环功能指标的变化,也与ELWI的变化明显相关.除了液体管理之外,早期改善心功能并积极应用血管活性药物,有利于降低血管外肺水.     

2型糖尿病合并感染老年患者机体免疫功能变化

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并感染患者机体免疫功能变化。方法 2型糖尿病患者150例、非糖尿病感染患者75例和体检中心健康者75例分为A组(糖尿病合并感染78例)、B组(糖尿病未合并感染72例)、C组(非糖尿病感染)和D组(健康对照)。观察各组血C3、C4、Ig M、Ig A、Ig G水平和血CD8+、CD4+、CD3+、自然杀伤(NK)细胞和B细胞水平。结果与D组比较,A组、B组和C组C3和C4水平均显著升高(P0.05);与B组和C组比较,A组C3和C4水平均显著升高(P0.05)。与D组比较,A组、B组和C组Ig A水平均显著升高(P0.05);与B组和C组比较,A组Ig A水平显著升高(P0.05);与C组和D组比较,A组、B组Ig G水平显著降低(P0.05)。与D组比较,A组、B组和C组CD4+、CD3+和CD4+/CD8+均显著下降(P0.05);与B组和C组比较,A组CD4+和CD4+/CD8+均显著下降(P0.05)。与D组比较,A组、B组和C组NK细胞和B细胞水平均显著下降(P0.05);与B组和C组比较,A组NK细胞和B细胞水平均显著下降(P0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病患者体内存在体液免疫和细胞免疫异常,其中2型糖尿病合并感染者体内体液免疫和细胞免疫异常更加严重。     

不同剂量右美托咪定对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者血流动力学的影响

目的观察不同剂量右美托咪定对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者血流动力学的影响。方法将45例择期行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者随机分为3组各15例,A、B组分别于麻醉诱导后分别静注1、0．5μg/kg右美托咪定,10min注完,继之均以0．4μg／（kg·h）维持至术毕;C组以相同速率静脉输注等容量生理盐水。监测不同时点血流动力学指标。结果与同组T。比较,A组T2～T,平均动脉压（MAP）和R中心静脉压（CVP）、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）、HR、心指数（CI）及T2～L肺毛细血管楔压（PCWP）升高,1r6周围血管阻力指数（SVRI）降低;B组LMAP、SVRI及T6CVP、MPAP、PCWP、CI升高,T6SVRI降低;C组T6CVP、MPAP、HR、每搏指数（SVI）、右心室射血分数（RVEF）升高,T6SVRI降低（P〈0．05或0．01）。与B组比较,A组T2-T5MAP升高（P〈0．05或0．01）。与c组比较,A组T2-LMAP及T2-T4SVRI升高,T6HR、cI、SVI降低;B组T3MAP升高,T6HR、CI、SVI降低（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论0．5μg／kg的右美托咪定能显著减少冠状动脉旁路移植术患者术中心动过速发生,且不增加低血压和心动过缓的发生,对心脏功能也无明显影响,而1．0μg／kg的右美托咪定则会导致血压和周围血管阻力的明显增高。     

乌司他丁联合肺保护性通气策略对胸腔镜下热灌注化疗肺癌患者的影响研究

目的探讨乌司他丁联合肺保护性通气策略对胸腔镜下热灌注化疗肺癌患者的影响。方法选择2013年2月—2014年2月邯郸市中心医院收治的行择期手术的肺癌患者40例,采用随机数字表法分为A组、B组、C组和D组,每组10例。4组患者均在胸腔镜下热灌注化疗即刻改为单肺通气,其中A组患者采用常规单肺通气,B组患者在A组基础上给予乌司他丁,C组患者采用肺保护性通气策略,D组患者采用乌司他丁联合肺保护性通气策略;4组患者均在胸腔镜下热灌注化疗结束时改为双肺通气。比较4组患者热灌注化疗前(T_0)及热灌注化疗后15 min(T_1)、30min(T_2)、60 min(T_3),热灌注化疗结束后2 h(T_4)动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、氧合指数(OI)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)及血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6)、白介素10(IL-10)、巨噬细胞炎症蛋白1(MIP-1)水平,观察4组患者治疗期间不良反应/并发症发生情况。结果时间与方法在PaO_2、OI、SpO_2、HR、MAP上存在交互作用(P0.05);时间在PaO_2、OI、SpO_2、HR、MAP上主效应显著(P0.05),4组患者PaO_2、OI、SPO2在T_1时下降,在T_3时降到最低,HR、MAP在T_1时上升,在T_3时到达高峰,与T_0时比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);方法在PaO_2、OI、SpO_2、HR、MAP上主效应显著(P0.05),C组、D组患者PaO_2、OI、SPO2在T_2、T_3时高于A组、B组(P0.05)。时间与方法在血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10、MIP-1水平上存在交互作用(P0.05);时间在血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10、MIP-1水平上主效应显著(P0.05),4组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10、MIP-1水平在T_1时开始升高,在T_3时达到高峰,在T_4时开始下降,与T_0时比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);方法在血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10、MIP-1水平上主效应显著(P0.05),B组、C组、D组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、MIP-1水平在T_1、T_2、T_3、T_4时低于A组,血清IL-10水平高于A组,C组、D组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、MIP-1水平在T_1、T_2、T_3、T_4时低于B组,血清IL-10水平高于B组,D组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、MIP-1水平在T_1、T_2、T_3、T_4时低于C组,血清IL-10水平高于C组(P0.05)。4组患者治疗期间未出现药物相关不良反应,亦未出现机械通气相关并发症。结论乌司他丁联合肺保护性通气策略可有效抑制肺癌患者热灌注化疗过程中的炎性反应、减轻肺损伤、改善肺泡氧合能力,可行性好,具有较好的肺保护作用。     

全凭静脉麻醉复合不同剂量右美托咪定对肝硬化患者围术期应激反应和苏醒质量的影响

目的探讨全凭静脉麻醉复合不同剂量右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,DEX)对肝硬化患者围术期应激反应和苏醒质量的影响。方法选取2016年6月至2017年5月于首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院行开腹脾切除+贲门食管下端血管离断术的87例肝硬化患者为研究对象。根据随机数字表法将患者分为D0组(21例)、D1组(22例)、D2组(22例)和D3组(22例)。D1、D2、D3组患者依次经外周静脉持续泵注0.1μg/(kg·h)、0.3μg/(kg·h)和0.5μg/(kg·h)DEX,D0组患者泵注等量生理盐水作为对照,15分钟后开始麻醉诱导。分别在麻醉诱导前(T_0)、插管后1分钟(T_1)、插管后5分钟(T_2)、切皮时(T_3)、手术开始30分钟时(T_4)、拔管即刻(T_5)和拔管后5分钟(T_6)测定各组患者血清肾上腺素(adrenalin,ADR)水平及平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)。对比各组患者麻醉和手术过程中的不良反应,在拔管后10分钟进行镇静-躁动评分(SAS评分)和Ramsay镇静评分。结果D0、D1组患者T_1、T_3、T_5时的MAP水平较T_0时升高,D2、D3组患者T_1、T_3、T_5时的MAP水平显著低于D0组患者,D3组患者T_1、T_5时的MAP水平显著低于D2组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。D1、D2、D3组患者的ADR在T_1、T_3、T_5时均显著低于D0组患者(P0.05),且ADR随DEX使用剂量的增加而逐渐降低。D0、D1、D2组患者低血压和心动过缓发生率显著低于D3组(P0.05)。D1、D2、D3组患者拔管后10分钟的SAS评分均显著低于D0组,Ramsay镇静评分均显著高于D0组(P均0.05),SAS评分随DEX使用剂量的增大而逐渐降低,Ramsay镇静评分随DEX使用剂量的增加而逐渐升高。结论肝硬化患者接受开腹脾切除+贲门食管下端血管离断术时,持续应用0.3μg/(kg·h)DEX可较好地维持患者循环稳定,降低围术期的应激反应,减少全麻用药量及不良反应的发生,改善患者苏醒质量,提高手术安全性。     

急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压对全髋关节置换患者CRP、IL-6的影响

目的:探讨急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压(CH)对全髋关节置换(THA)患者C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平的影响。方法:选取2015-03—2018-03行全髋关节置换术患者90例,随机分为A组、B组和C组,每组30例。麻醉平稳后,A组以30 ml/min的速率静脉输入6%羟乙基淀粉,实施AHH;B组在AHH基础上给予硝酸甘油0.5～5.0μg(/kg·min)行CH;C组不实施AHH和CH。记录3组手术时间、术中失血量、尿量和输血量。记录羟乙基淀粉输注前(C组为手术前30 min,T_0)、羟乙基淀粉输注后(C组为手术开始时,T_1)、手术开始后2 h(T_2)、手术结束时(T_3)、术后24 h(T_4)血浆CRP、IL-6水平。结果:①B组术中失血量明显少于A组、C组(P0.05),A组、B组尿量明显多于C组(P0.05),A组、B组输血量明显少于C组(P0.05),B组输血量明显少于A组(P0.05)。②与T_0比较,T_2～T_4时3组CRP、IL-6水平显著升高(P0.05),A组和B组T_1～T_4时CRP、IL-6水平均显著低于C组(P0.05),A组和B组T_1～T_4时CRP、IL-6水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:AHH联合CH不仅可显著减少全髋关节置换术患者术中失血及异体输血,而且可有效抑制围术期CRP、IL-6的表达水平。     

不同呼气末正压控制性肺膨胀法对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者负压吸痰后肺复张影响的对比研究

目的比较不同呼气末正压(PEEP)控制性肺膨胀法(SI)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者负压吸痰后肺复张的影响。方法选取2013年8月—2016年10月中建三局武汉中心医院ICU收治的ARDS患者132例,采用随机数字表法分为A组、B组和C组,每组44例,分别给予150、175、200 mmHg负压吸痰;之后将每组患者随机分为4个亚组,每个亚组11例,采用SI进行肺复张,PEEP分别设定为0、35、40、45 cm H_2O。比较A组、B组和C组患者吸痰前后动脉血气分析指标和呼吸力学指标,比较相同负压吸痰条件下不同PEEP患者肺复张前后呼吸力学指标和血流动力学指标,并观察A组、B组和C组患者并发症发生情况。结果 (1)A组、B组和C组患者吸痰前后动脉血氧饱和度(SaO_2)、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、动脉血二氧化碳(PaCO_2)及氧合指数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组、B组和C组患者吸痰后SaO_2、PaO_2、氧合指数均低于吸痰前,PaCO_2均高于吸痰前(P<0.05)。(2)A组、B组和C组患者吸痰前后肺容积、肺静态顺应性(Cst)、气道峰压(PIP)、气道平台压(Pplat)、气道平均压(Pm)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组、B组和C组患者吸痰后肺容积均小于吸痰前,Cst均低于吸痰前,PIP、Pplat、Pm均高于吸痰前(P<0.05)。(3)A组、B组和C组不同PEEP患者肺复张前肺容积、Cst、PIP、Pplat、Pm比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肺复张后,A2、A3、A4组患者肺容积大于A1组,Cst高于A1组,PIP、Pplat、Pm低于A1组(P<0.05);B2、B3、B4组患者肺容积大于B1组,Cst高于B1组,PIP、Pplat、Pm低于B1组(P<0.05);C2、C3、C4组患者肺容积大于C1组,Cst高于C1组,PIP、Pplat、Pm低于C1组(P<0.05)。(4)A组、B组和C组不同PEEP患者肺复张前心率(HR)、平均肺动脉压(PAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)及心脏指数(CI)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肺复张后,A2、A3、A4组患者HR、PAP、CVP及CI高于A1组,A4组患者HR和PAP高于A2、A3组(P<0.05);B2、B3、B4组患者HR、PAP、CVP及CI高于B1组,B4组患者HR和PAP高于B2、B3组(P<0.05);C2、C3、C4组患者HR、PAP、CVP及CI高于C1组,C4组患者HR和PAP高于C2、C3组(P<0.05)。(5)A组、B组和C组患者并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论负压吸痰可加重ADRS患者肺损伤,但其肺损伤程度与吸痰负压无关;PEEP为35、40 cm H2O时,SI对ARDS患者的肺复张效果较好,安全性较高。     

急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压对全髋关节置换患者CRP、IL-6的影响

目的:探讨急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压(CH)对全髋关节置换(THA)患者C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平的影响。方法:选取2015-03—2018-03行全髋关节置换术患者90例,随机分为A组、B组和C组,每组30例。麻醉平稳后,A组以30 ml/min的速率静脉输入6%羟乙基淀粉,实施AHH;B组在AHH基础上给予硝酸甘油0.5～5.0μg(/kg·min)行CH;C组不实施AHH和CH。记录3组手术时间、术中失血量、尿量和输血量。记录羟乙基淀粉输注前(C组为手术前30 min,T_0)、羟乙基淀粉输注后(C组为手术开始时,T_1)、手术开始后2 h(T_2)、手术结束时(T_3)、术后24 h(T_4)血浆CRP、IL-6水平。结果:①B组术中失血量明显少于A组、C组(P0.05),A组、B组尿量明显多于C组(P0.05),A组、B组输血量明显少于C组(P0.05),B组输血量明显少于A组(P0.05)。②与T_0比较,T_2～T_4时3组CRP、IL-6水平显著升高(P0.05),A组和B组T_1～T_4时CRP、IL-6水平均显著低于C组(P0.05),A组和B组T_1～T_4时CRP、IL-6水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:AHH联合CH不仅可显著减少全髋关节置换术患者术中失血及异体输血,而且可有效抑制围术期CRP、IL-6的表达水平。     

AHH联合CH对老年骨科手术患者血液流变学及凝血指标的影响

目的:探讨急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压(CH)对老年骨科手术患者血液流变学及凝血指标的影响。方法:选择老年骨科手术患者60例,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,随机分为A组和B组,每组30例。麻醉诱导后A组按15 ml/kg的量输注6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4,总量控制在自身血容量的20%~25%,40~50min内完成,同时泵注硝酸甘油0.5~1.5μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)行CH,维持血压在基础值的20%以内。B组不实施AHH和CH。观察比较2组麻醉诱导后扩容前(T_0)、扩容后即刻(T_1)、扩容后30 min(T_2)、扩容后60 min(T_3)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、中心静脉压(CVP)、全血黏度高剪切率、全血黏度低剪切率、血浆黏度、血细胞比容、凝血酶原时间(PT_)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APT_T_)、凝血酶时间(T_T_)等指标。结果:(1)与T_0时比较,2组T_1、T_2、T_3时SBP、DBP下降(P0.05),与T_0时和B组比较,A组T_1、T_2、T_3时CVP升高(P0.05),但均在正常范围内。2组间不同时间节点SBP、DBP、HR比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)A组T_1、T_2、T_3时全血黏度高剪切率、血细胞比容明显低于T_0时和B组(P0.05),A组T_1、T_2、T_3时全血黏度低剪切率明显低于T_0时(P0.05)。A组T_1、T_2、T_3时PT_较T_0时延长(P0.05),但在正常范围内。(3)与B组比较,A组术中尿量增多,出血量、输血率及输血量减少(P0.05)。结论:羟乙基淀粉AHH联合硝酸甘油CH对老年骨科手术患者的凝血功能影响较小,可明显改善患者的血液流变学,节约血液资源。     

青年甲、乙型病毒性肝炎患者甲状腺激素测定的诊断和预后意义

已知,肝脏在甲状腺激素代谢中有很大作用。大约80％的血清T_3由T_4的去电离作用而形成,T_4转化为T_3的过程主要发生在肝细胞内。 为研究急性甲、乙型病毒性肝炎患者(BГA和BГB)的甲状腺功能状态,作者对125例BГA和36例BГB患者(年龄18～26岁)进行了观察。 在疾病加重期,患者血T_3水平下降,T_4含量增高与肝损害的程度相称。BГAA患者T_3含量下降更明显,BГB患者则T_4含量增高更显著(P<0.05),两组T_3/T_4比值下降相称。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.