血红蛋白浓度与稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺气肿表型的相关性

目的评价血红蛋白(Hb)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期肺气肿表型病情评估中的意义。方法选取198例COPD患者作为研究对象,根据高分辨率CT(HRCT)影像学分型标准法将COPD患者分为肺气肿组和非肺气肿组,观察Hb浓度、血气分析[血氧分压(PaO_2)、血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)]及肺功能[第1秒用力呼吸容积(FEV1)/用力肺活量(FVC)、FEV1占预计值百分比(%pred)]变化,分析稳定期肺气肿组的Hb浓度与血气分析和肺功能的相关性。结果肺气肿组FEV1/FVC、FEV1%pred、PaO_2显著低于非肺气肿组(P0.05);肺气肿组Hb与FEV1%pred呈负相关(r=-0.26,P=0.004),与PaCO_2呈正相关(r=0.43,P=0.000),与FEV1/FVC、PaO_2无相关关系(P0.05)。结论 Hb浓度在一定程度上可评估稳定期COPD肺气肿表型患者的疾病严重程度。     

家庭无创正压机械通气联合呼吸操对稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的随机对照研究

目的 探索与评估家庭无创正压机械通气(HNPPV)联合呼吸操对稳定期重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的疗效.方法 将56例经住院治疗处于稳定期的重度COPD患者分为呼吸操+HNPPV组(治疗组)26例和无创呼吸机组(对照组)30例.分别记录治疗前、治疗后2年两组患者的动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、肺功能、6分钟行走距离(6MWD)、呼吸困难分级、辅助呼吸肌评分、年住院次数及病死率等指标.结果 治疗前治疗组与对照组的年龄、性别、COPD病程、体质量指数、PaCO2、PaO2、第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%pred)、第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC%)、6MWD、呼吸困难分级、辅助呼吸肌评分、每年住院次数均具有可比性.2年后治疗组呼吸困难分级、辅助呼吸肌评分、6MWD、每年住院次数,优于对照组[(1.76±0.52)分vs(2.09±0.57)分、(2.44±0.62)分vs(2.96±0.58)分、(262.64±32.98)m vs(244.25±25.83)m、(2.06±0.85)次/年vs(2.62±0.92)次/年],差异均具有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),治疗组死亡1例(1/26),对照组死亡2例(2/30),两组病死率比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.02).结论 长期应用HNPPV联合呼吸操锻炼对稳定期重度COPD患者的康复更加有效.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者血脂水平与PCT IL-6和CRP含量的相关性研究

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者的血脂水平与炎症因子的相关性。方法选择2018-03～2019-03住院治疗的AECOPD患者152例,根据有无呼吸衰竭分为呼吸衰竭组62例和非呼吸衰竭组90例。呼吸衰竭组均为Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭。检测两组患者的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、降钙素原(PCT)、白介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1/pred)和第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量(FEV1/FVC)相关指标并对比分析。采用Pearson相关性分析分析患者炎症因子、血脂水平与血气、肺功能指标相关性以及血脂水平与炎症因子的相关性。结果呼吸衰竭组血清炎症因子PCT、IL-6、CRP、血气指标PaCO_2水平均显著高于非呼吸衰竭组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);呼吸衰竭组血脂水平TC、TG、HDL-C、血气指标PaO_2、肺功能指标FEV1/pred、FEV1/FVC均显著低于非呼吸衰竭组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),两组LDL-C差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,AECOPD患者PCT、IL-6、CRP与PaO_2、FEV1/pred、FEV1/FVC呈显著负相关性(P0.001),与PaCO_2呈显著正相关性(P0.001);血脂TC、TG、HDL-C与PaO_2、FEV1/pred、FEV1/FVC呈正相关性(P0.05),与Pa CO_2呈负相关性(P0.05)。LDL-C与PaO_2、PaCO_2、FEV1/pred、FEV1/FVC相关性很低(P0.05);TC、TG、HDL-C与PCT、IL-6、CRP均呈显著负相关性(P0.001),LDL-C与PCT、IL-6、CRP相关性很低(P0.05)。结论AECOPD患者炎症因子明显升高,血脂TC、TG、HDL-C水平明显降低,血脂水平与炎性因子呈负相关性,提示两者水平变化可反映患者病情严重程度。     

呼吸训练联合地面行走训练对老年稳定期COPD患者的影响

目的研究呼吸训练联合地面行走训练对老年稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的干预效果。方法随机选取150例COPD患者,分为对照组、呼吸训练组及联合组各50例。28 w后,检测肺功能用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼吸容积(FEV1)、FEV1/FVC;6 min步行距离(6MWD)耐力测定;并采用COPD评估测试(CAT)及改良英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难量表评价分析。结果联合组FEV1/FVC、6MWD、CAT评分、mMRC评分均明显优于对照组(P<0.05),FVC、FEV1优于对照组更加明显(P<0.01)。结论呼吸训练联合地面行走训练对稳定期COPD患者具有显著改善效果。     

早期短程肺康复对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病的疗效观察

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者急性加重期开展早期肺康复干预的临床疗效。方法将120例住院老年AECOPD患者按照随机法分为肺康复干预组和对照组分别给予肺康复治疗和单纯常规治疗,比较出院1年前后两组患者肺功能(包括用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV_1)、FEV_1占预计值百分比(FEV_1%))、改良呼吸困难指数(mMRC)分级、COPD评估测试(CAT)呼吸问卷评估、6分钟步行试验(6MWD)和1年内再入院次数。结果对照组、干预组分别有42、37例患者完成随访,两组间肺功能、mMRC分级、CAT评分、6MWD比较均无统计学差异(P0.05),但干预组1年内因AECOPD再入院次数较对照组减少(P0.05)。结论早期短程肺康复干预能减少AECOPD患者1年内的再入院次数。     

阿米卡星联合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗老年慢性心力衰竭合并肺部感染的疗效观察

目的探讨阿米卡星联合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗老年慢性心力衰竭(CHF)合并肺部感染的疗效。方法纳入2009年1月至2016年12月在广州市红十字会医院接受治疗的老年CHF并肺部感染患者100例。按随机数字表法将入组患者分为对照组和观察组,每组50例。对照组给予头孢哌酮/舒巴坦静脉滴注;观察组在对照组治疗基础上加用阿米卡星静脉滴注。两组疗程均为7~14 d。比较两组呼吸频率、心率、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、症状缓解时间、疗效及细菌清除率。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计分析。根据数据类型分别采用t检验或x~2检验进行组间比较。结果与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后的呼吸、心率、PaCO_2及PaO_2均得到显著改善(P0.05)。治疗后,与对照组相比较,观察组患者呼吸、心率及PaCO_2均显著降低,而PaO_2显著升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者湿啰音[(4.3±1.2)vs(6.0±2.1)d]、气喘[(2.2±1.4)vs(3.5±1.7)d]、咳嗽[(5.22±1.3)vs(7.4±1.8))d]及高热[(2.4±1.1)vs(3.5±1.2)d]的缓解时间显著短于对照组(P0.05),疗效(94.0%vs76.0%)和细菌清除率(71.4%vs47.4%)显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论阿米卡星联合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗老年CHF并肺部感染优于单纯头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗。     

血清肿瘤坏死因子受体6对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并呼吸衰竭患者转归的影响

目的研究老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者血清肿瘤坏死因子受体6(DcR3)的表达水平及其对患者预后转归的影响。方法 134例老年AECOPD患者按照是否并发呼吸衰竭分为呼吸衰竭组65例和非呼吸衰竭组69例,另取同期体检健康志愿者60例为对照组。收集研究对象血清白蛋白(Alb)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、第1秒用力呼吸容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%)、第1秒用力呼吸容积占用力肺活量百分比(FEVI/FVC)、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)和动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)数据,采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定血清白细胞介素(IL)-8、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、DcR3水平。结果呼吸衰竭组Alb、FEV1%、FEV1/FVC、PaO_2水平显著低于非呼吸衰竭组和对照组(P0.05),且非呼吸衰竭组显著低于对照组(P0.05);CRP、PaCO_2、IL-8、TNF-α、DcR3水平显著高于非呼吸衰竭组和对照组(P0.05),且非呼吸衰竭组CRP、IL-8、TNF-α、DcR3水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。Cox回归分析显示高TNF-α、DcR3是影响老年AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭患者不良预后的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 DcR3在老年AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭患者血清中高表达,是影响患者不良预后的独立危险因素。     

改良运动处方对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者的康复疗效

目的 以联合缩唇-腹式呼吸法和六字诀训练为改良的运动处方,探讨其对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)稳定期患者的康复疗效.方法 将100例患者随机分为四组:对照组、缩唇-腹式呼吸组、六字诀组、运动处方组,每组25例,各组分别于锻炼前和坚持锻炼半年后测定肺功能、6分钟步行距离(6MWD)和动脉血气分析.结果 运动处方组较对照组、缩唇-腹式呼吸组、六字诀组的肺功能指标FEV1、FEV1占预计值百分比和6MWD及血气分析等有明显改善,差异有统计学意义.结论 改良运动处方能有效改善COPD稳定期患者的肺功能、提高运动耐力、提高动脉血氧分压(PaO2)及降低动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2),且在改善肺功能、提高运动耐力及降低PaCO2等方面的疗效明显优于单独的缩唇-腹式呼吸操和六字诀训练.     

脾多肽联合布地奈德雾化吸入对COPD急性加重期患者肺功能及动脉血气指标的影响

目的研究脾多肽联合布地奈德雾化吸入对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者肺功能及动脉血气指标的影响。方法 AECOPD患者84例随机分组,各42例。对照组予以布地奈德雾化吸入治疗,观察组予以脾多肽+布地奈德雾化吸入治疗。比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后用力肺活量(FVC)、1 s用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1/FVC及动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)]变化。结果观察组临床治疗总有效率92.86%高于对照组71.43%(P0.05);治疗后观察组FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC高于对照组(P0.05);PaCO_2低于对照组、Pa O_2高于对照组(P0.05)。结论联合脾多肽和布地奈德雾化吸入用于AECOPD患者,可改善肺功能及动脉血气指标,疗效显著。     

高流量经鼻保湿保温氧疗联合雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液对AECOPD患者动脉血气指标改善及肺功能的影响

目的探讨高流量经鼻保湿保温氧疗联合雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者动脉血气指标改善及肺功能的影响.方法 AECOPD患者98例随机分组,各49例.对照组予以雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用高流量经鼻保湿保温氧疗治疗.对比两组疗效、动脉氧分压(PaO_2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)、血酸碱度(pH)、第1 s用力呼吸容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)]变化情况及简明健康调查量表(SF-36)评分.结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P0.05);PaO_2、SPO2、pH高于对照组,PaCO_2低于对照组(P0.05);FEV1、FVC高于对照组(P0.05);SF-36评分高于对照组(P0.05).结论 AECOPD患者予以高流量经鼻保湿保温氧疗联合雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液治疗效果显著,可改善动脉血气指标,提高肺功能和生活质量.     

Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary embolism

Novelties include the introduction of sPESI, a simplified index of pulmonary embolism severity, and hs-cTnT as a new biomarker, already in use in clinical practice.Another novelty is the term unstable pulmonary embolism characterized by either the presence of cardiogenic shock or the need for ventilatory support.The main new information is the evidence of a large US study of treatment of unstable pulmonary embolism reporting a 67% reduction in overall mortality of unstable patients when treated with thrombolytic treatment when compared with the anticoagulation in the same unstable patients.The reduction was obtained across all age groups as well as in comorbid patients.Results of the above study clearly show that, in the absence of absolute contraindications, all unstable APE patients, including the elderly and comorbid patients, should be treated with thrombolysis.By contrast, the comparison of thrombolytic and anticoagulation therapy in the treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism in the PEITHO trial provided unconvincing results, perhaps because of the low mortality rates of the whole group of 1004 patients.Also reported are data from a US study of embolectomies. Caval filter insertion reduced the mortality rates in all analyzed groups. Based on the facts, it is believed another appropriate indication is that of temporary caval filter insertion in patients with severe massive APE, in whom recurrence of pulmonary embolism from pelvic veins has not been ruled out by CT venography.Hemodynamically stable patients should be treated with LMWH or unfractionated heparins, or rivaroxaban or apixaban.At the end of hospitalization a control echocardiography and calculation of residual pulmonary vascular obstruction on a perfusion scan should be performed.     

Making a timely diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

Making a timely diagnosis of adult-type pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is critical to interrupting transmission and optimizing treatment outcomes. A hypothesis based on clinical experience is that a timely diagnosis may be made by addressing seven clinical rubrics: six related to history, one to the laboratory. Responses may be considered to be part of a clinical heuristic for making a timely diagnosis of pulmonary TB. The larger the number of affirmative responses, the more likely the diagnosis, although it is probable some questions carry more weight than others. The radiograph is key and may almost be considered to be confirmatory of the history. Collectively, the responses should prompt suspicion of pulmonary TB – submission of sputum for acid-fast bacilli smear and culture, and respiratory isolation.     

Chronic solitary pulmonary nodule due to unsuspected pulmonary infarction from silent pulmonary embolism

Abstract A case of pulmonary embolism showing a longstanding solitary pulmonary nodule is presented. An asymptomatic 57 year-old man with a solitary nodule in the right lower lobe was referred to our hospital. A pulmonary perfusion-ventilation scan following a sudden onset of dyspnoea established the diagnosis of recurrent pulmonary embolism. The nodule gradually disappeared after anticoagulant treatment, indicating that the nodule was pulmonary infarction from silent pulmonary embolism. Although the incidence of pulmonary infarction is low in Japan, this case suggests that pulmonary infarction from silent pulmonary embolism should be considered as one important cause of a solitary pulmonary nodule.     

A rare case of dilatation of pulmonary veins and pulmonary emphysema in both lower lobes

A 34-year-old man was admitted to hospital because of persistent shortness of breath and diffuse vascular dilation at both lower fields of his CXR. Bronchiectasis had been suspected during childhood because of abnormal chest shadows. However, a chest CT scan obtained on admission failed to show bronchiectasis, but rather there was a dilation of blood vessels and low attenuation areas in both lower lobes. A pulmonary angiogram showed normal pulmonary arteries in the arterial phase and diffuse dilated veins in the venous phase. Although the patient also had liver cirrhosis type B with portal hypertension, no association could be found between his liver cirrhosis and the lung lesions. This is a rare case of possible congenital or idiopathic diffuse dilatation of the pulmonary veins.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺康复治疗进展及实践

已证实肺康复能有效地减轻慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的呼吸困难,提高运动耐力和健康相关生活质量。不同严重程度的COPD患者均可从肺康复中受益。其内容主要包括运动锻炼、吸气肌肉训练、营养疗法等,运动锻炼是肺康复的核心内容。近年来,提高肺康复效果的方法有了新发展,主要包括增加运动量、教育管理和心理支持。虽然肺康复传统地应用于稳定期COPD患者,但对于AECOPD患者,感染控制后就可开始早期肺康复。肺康复应当遵循运动量的最大化,并个体化和联合不同方法。     

Abnormal pulmonary artery branching in tetralogy of Fallot with "absent" pulmonary valve

Microangiographic postmortem study in a case of tetralogy of Fallot with so-called absent pulmonary valve disclosed an abnormal branching pattern of the intrapulmonary arteries, but failed to detect any compression of intrapulmonary bronchi as a consequence of the distorted segmental arteries. The case also featured the absence of the ductus arteriosus, which should be considered a basic associated anomaly in the development of this malformative complex.     

Valve perforation and balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in an infant with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia

We report an infant who had tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic pulmonary arteries, and membranous pulmonary atresia who underwent successful perforation of the atretic valve and subsequent balloon pulmonary valvuplasty. Because of the inability to access the pulmonary arteries via a patent ductus arteriosus, two-dimensional echocardiography was used to confirm wire position prior to perforation. The branch pulmonary arteries initially measured 1.5 mm in diameter and enlarged to 2.8 mm immediately after valvuloplasty. Four months postprocedure, the patient underwent a successful repeat balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. The pulmonary arteries had grown to approximately 6 mm in diameter. Although it is a rare occurrence, patients with tetralogy of Fallot and membranous pulmonary atresia can be dilated with successful growth of the pulmonary arteries. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 40:403–406, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

肺癌患者肺叶切除术后肺功能的变化

目的观察肺癌患者行单侧肺叶切除术的术前、术后肺功能及血气指标变化。方法测定63例行单侧肺叶切除术的肺癌患者术前、术后3个月的肺功能及血气指标。结果术后早期肺功能各项指标均有下降（P〈0．05）。术后3个月FEV1及DLCO较术前有所改善,与术前相比,P〈0．05。结论单侧肺叶切除术对肺癌患者肺功能无显著影响,其气道阻塞程度及弥散功能术后有所改善。     

Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in the management of cyanotic congenital heart defects

Twenty-three children with cyanotic congenital heart defects, aged 3 days to 11.5 years, weighing 2.9 to 30 kg, underwent percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty to improve pulmonary oligemia. The patients were divided into two groups: group I with intact ventricular septum and group II with ventricular septal defect. In 12 group I patients, there was an increase of systemic arterial oxygen saturation [83 ± 8% (mean ± SD) vs. 94 ± 5%, P < 0.001] and pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (0.7 ± 0.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.2, P < 0.001). Peak systolic pressure gradient across the pulmonary valve decreased (P > 0.001) from 105 ± 48 to 25 ± 18 mm Hg. In 11 group II patients, arterial oxygen saturation (67 ± 13 vs. 83 ± 13%, P < 0.01) and pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (0.7 ± 0.4 vs. 1.2 ± 0.5, P < 0.02) increased following valvuloplasty. Peak systolic pressure gradient across the pul-monic valve (52 ± 16 vs. 32 ± 22 mm Hg, P < 0.05) decreased while infundibular and total pulmonary outflow tract gradients were unchanged (P > 0.1). Immediate surgical intervention was avoided in all cases in both groups. On follow-up, 1 to 36 months after valvuloplasty, arterial oxygen saturation, pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio, and pulmonary valve gradients remain improved in both groups. However, in group I, repeat balloon valvuloplasty was required in two children. In group II, six children with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) underwent successful total surgical correction 4 months to 2 years after valvuloplasty. Two children with transposition of the great arteries required Blalock-Taussig shunts 6 and 18 months after valvuloplasty for further improvement of hypoxemia. Demonstrable increase in pulmonary artery diameter occurred in several children. These data suggest that pulmonary valvuloplasty offers an excellent relief of pulmonary valve obstruction in the intact ventricular septum group and palliation of pulmonary oligemia in the ventricular septal defect group. In the latter group, avoiding immediate surgical shunts in all patients and achieving growth in pulmonary arterial size in many patients, thus making them suitable for further surgical palliation or correction, are additional advantages.