Therapeutic laparoscopy for abdominal trauma

Background: Instead of open laparotomy, laparoscopy can be used safely and effectively for the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic abdominal injuries. Methods: Between February 1998 and January 2002, 78 hemodynamically stable patients (49 males and 29 females) with suspicious abdominal injuries underwent diagnostic or therapeutic laparoscopy. The patients ranged in age from 15 to 79 years (median, 40.9 years). Of these patients, 52 were evaluated for blunt trauma and 26 had sustained a stab wound. Preoperative evaluation with enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed some significant injuries in all cases. All of the laparoscopic procedures were performed in the operating room with the patient under general anesthesia. Pneumoperitoneum was established using an open Hasson technique at the umbilicus, and a forward-viewing laparoscope (30°) was inserted. Two additional 5- or 10- and 12-mm trocars were placed in the right and left lateral quadrants for manipulation, retraction, aspiration–irrigation, coagulation, and the like. The abdominal cavity was systemically examined, the hemoperitoneum aspirated, and the lesion causing the bleeding or spillage located. Results: On the basis of the laparoscopic findings, diagnostic laparoscopy was enough for 13 patients, and therapeutic laparoscopy was performed in 65 patients (83%) for gastric wall repair [8], small bowel repair [15], small bowel resection–anastomosis [19], ligation of bleeders in the mesentery and omentum [8], sigmoid colon repair [4], Hartmann's procedure [5] cholecystectomy [2], distal pancreatectomy [2], and splenectomy [2]. Totally laparoscopic procedures were performed in 43 patients, laparoscopically assisted procedures in 20 patients, and hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery in 2 patients. No significant abdominal injuries were missed as a result of laparoscopy, and no conversion to exploratory laparotomy was noted. The mean operation time was 142 min, and the mean hospital stay was 9.8 days. There were three cases of postoperative complications (1 wound infection, 1 paralytic ileus, and 1 atelectasis), but no missed injuries and no mortality. Conclusions: The short-term results from this study suggest that laparoscopy is a safe, feasible, effective procedure for the evaluation and treatment of hemodynamically stable patients with abdominal trauma, and that it can reduce the number of nontherapeutic laparotomies performed.     

Therapeutic laparoscopy for blunt abdominal trauma with bowel injuries

In the setting of abdominal trauma, laparoscopy is used mainly for diagnosis, and its role in definitive operative repair is still debated. We report the case of a 50-year-old woman who underwent diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopy after being subjected to blunt abdominal trauma in a traffic accident. Multiple injuries to the small bowel and colon were repaired laparoscopically with a favorable outcome. Surgeons with experience in advanced laparoscopy and trauma care can use laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of selected patients with blunt abdominal trauma.     

Therapeutic laparoscopy of the pancreas

OBJECTIVE: To communicate results of laparoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst (PP) and resection of benign lesions of the pancreas. Perioperative data, surgical outcomes, techniques and insights from 54 cases are presented. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although laparoscopic therapy for other solid organs has been widely adopted, reports of therapeutic laparoscopy of the pancreas have been few and of limited numbers, and its role in pancreatic disease is still unclear. METHODS: Eighteen men and 11 women were selected for laparoscopic PP surgery. Four distinct laparoscopic approaches were used. An additional 9 men and 16 women underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) using a technique similar to the lesser sac approach. RESULTS: Laparoscopic PP surgery was completed successfully in 28 of 29 patients. The overall mean operative time was 2.8 hours and the mean postoperative length of stay was 4.4 days. Of the techniques described, the authors prefer cyst gastrostomy by the lesser sac approach or the minilaparoscopic cystic gastrostomy. LDP was attempted in 25 patients and completed successfully in 23. One underwent a successful hand-assisted enucleation of an insulinoma. In 12 cases the spleen was preserved. Mean operative time was 3.7 hours, and mean postoperative length of stay was 4.1 days. CONCLUSIONS: In the authors' experience, minimally invasive treatment of PP produces good results and avoids difficulties linked with percutaneous drainage or endoscopic internal procedures. However, combining upper endoscopy with intragastric laparoscopic surgery offers advantages of both. LDP compares well to open procedures and often allows preservation of the spleen.     

腹主动脉瘤的腔镜治疗

20世纪90年代之后随着腔镜技术的发展,腔镜在腹主动脉瘤治疗中的应用逐渐兴起并且技术日趋成熟。其微创、术后快速恢复及确切的短中期效果等优点使其成为继传统开腹手术和经皮腔内支架置入术后的第三种治疗方法。目前腹主动脉瘤的腔镜治疗可分为全腹腔镜腹主动脉瘤手术、腹腔镜辅助腹主动脉瘤手术、助腹主动脉瘤手术、机器人辅助腹主动脉瘤手术、腔镜联合经皮腔内治疗等。     

腹腔镜在腹部闭合性损伤中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜在腹部闭合性损伤中的应用. 方法 2000年7月～2003年12月我院对21例血流动力学稳定的腹部闭合性损伤急诊行腹腔镜探查及治疗. 结果 21例均在腹腔镜下明确诊断.开腹肝修补术4例,腹腔镜肝修补术2例,开腹脾切除术5例,手助腹腔镜脾切除术3例,腹腔镜辅助下小切口小肠修补术2例,小肠部分切除术4例,腹腔镜大网膜血管缝扎止血1例. 结论腹腔镜诊治腹部闭合性外伤准确、安全、有效.     

Cost considerations in trauma and emergency laparoscopy

Summary BACKGROUND: There are a number of laparoscopic procedures in trauma and emergency surgery that to some extent at least have passed the test of being safe and feasible with short-term results equaling those of the open procedure. The only justification for an increase in total costs, however, is improved outcome. If the actual procedure inside the body is identical whether performed laparoscopically or openly, and both methods yield comparable short-term outcomes, the differences in the morbidity and costs are attributable to the size of the access wound (affecting the hospital and recovery times), the length of the operation, and the equipment needed. METHODS: Cost analyses in trauma and emergency laparoscopy, limited to those laparoscopic procedures in trauma and emergency surgery which to some extent have passed the test of feasibility and efficacy are reviewed. RESULTS: Currently available evidence on the use of laparoscopy in most trauma and emergency procedures or management strategies offers little support from the cost efficacy point of view to favor the minimally invasive alternative. There are some procedures, however, such as laparoscopic resection of uncomplicated sigmoid diverticulitis, laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis, or the management of ectopic pregnancy, for which the lower community cost might justify the somewhat higher hospital costs associated with the laparoscopic approach. CONCLUSIONS: Until properly designed, controlled studies show true improvement in cost efficacy of the minimally invasive alternative in individual surgical procedures or management strategies, a critical view in applying laparoscopy in trauma and emergency surgery must be maintained.     

腹腔镜在腹部外伤中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜诊断与治疗腹部外伤的临床价值。方法:回顾分析1996年8月至2004年8月85例腹腔镜诊治腹部外伤的临床资料。结果:85例均在腹腔镜下明确诊断,其中45例(52.9%)于镜下作治疗性手术,18例(21.2%)免作治疗性处理,22例(25.9%)中转开腹。术后并发症4例(4.7%)。全组均痊愈出院。结论:腹腔镜诊治腹部外伤具有创伤小、安全可靠、诊断率高并有效降低阴性剖腹探查率等优点。     

Role of laparoscopy in blunt liver trauma

Although much has been written about the role of laparoscopy in the acute setting for victims of blunt and penetrating trauma, little has been published on delayed laparoscopy relating specifically to complications of conservative management of liver trauma. There has been a shift towards managing liver trauma conservatively, with haemodynamic instability being the key indication for emergency laparotomy, rather than computed tomography findings. However, as a side-effect of more liver injuries being treated non-operatively, bile leak from a disrupted biliary tree presenting later in admission has appeared as a new problem to manage. We describe in this article three cases that have been managed by laparoscopy and drainage alone, outlining the advantages of this technique and defining a new role for delayed laparoscopy in blunt liver trauma.     

腹腔镜在腹部外伤中的应用58例体会

目的探讨腹腔镜手术在腹部外伤中的诊断及治疗价值。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2008年10月我院收治的58例血流动力学稳定的腹部外伤病人的临床资料。腹部外伤后使用腹腔镜探查、诊断,并根据病变情况做相应治疗处理。结果腹腔镜手术明确诊断58例,完全腹腔镜手术45例（其中探查阴性3例）,手辅助腹腔镜手术3例,中转开腹手术10例。术后伤口感染1例,膈下脓肿1例,无损伤、漏诊,无手术死亡。结论腹腔镜手术在诊治血流动力学稳定的腹部外伤时是一种安全、可行、有效的方法,并且可以减轻腹部闭合性损伤行剖腹探查阴性病人的创伤。但也存在一定的局限性,必要时配合手辅助腹腔镜或及时中转开腹手术能取得更好的治疗效果。     

腹腔镜在腹部外伤中的应用体会

目的:分析腹腔镜诊断与治疗腹部外伤的临床价值。方法:2002年7月~2006年7月,我院对具有剖腹探查指征的68例腹部外伤患者使用腹腔镜诊断,并根据镜检结果决定镜下治疗或中转开腹手术。结果:51例腹部外伤于镜下作出正确诊断,19例于镜下手术,18例可免治疗性处理;31例中转开腹手术,其中9例为腹腔镜辅助开腹或手助腹腔镜手术,术后并发症5例,全组均治愈出院。结论:腹腔镜诊治腹部外伤具有创伤小、安全可靠、诊断率高,并有效降低阴性剖腹探查率等优点,适用于大部分腹部外伤的病例。     

腹腔镜在腹部外伤治疗中的应用

目的:分析应用腹腔镜经原创口诊断与治疗腹部外伤的临床价值。方法:2003年7月至2006年12月,对具有剖腹探查指征的14例腹部外伤患者使用腹腔镜经原创口诊断,并根据镜检结果决定镜下治疗或中转开腹手术。结果:14例腹部外伤患者均于镜下作出正确诊断,5例镜下手术,2例可免治疗性处理;7例中转开腹手术,其中5例于腹腔镜辅助下手术,全组均治愈出院。结论:腹腔镜诊治腹部外伤具有创伤小、安全可靠、诊断率高,并有效降低阴性剖腹探查率等优点,适用于大部分腹部外伤的病例。     

Use of laparoscopy in trauma at a level II trauma center

Background and Objectives:

Enthusiasm for the use of laparoscopy in trauma has not rivaled that for general surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate our experience with laparoscopy at a level II trauma center.

Methods:

A retrospective review of all trauma patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic laparoscopy was performed from January 2004 to July 2010.

Results:

Laparoscopy was performed in 16 patients during the study period. The average age was 35 years. Injuries included left diaphragm in 4 patients, mesenteric injury in 2, and vaginal laceration, liver laceration, small bowel injury, renal laceration, urethral/pelvic, and colon injury in 1 patient each. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed in 11 patients (69%) with 3 patients requiring conversion to an open procedure. Successful therapeutic laparoscopy was performed in 5 patients for repair of isolated diaphragm injuries (2), a small bowel injury, a colon injury, and placement of a suprapubic bladder catheter. Average length of stay was 5.6 days (range, 0 to 23), and 75% of patients were discharged home. Morbidity rate was 13% with no mortalities or missed injuries.

Conclusions:

Laparoscopy is a seldom-used modality at our trauma center; however, it may play a role in a select subset of patients.     

Tension pneumopericardium during laparoscopy for trauma

A case involving a patient with multiple stab wounds to the thoracoabdomen is reviewed. Laparoscopy was employed to determine peritoneal penetration. Hemodynamic collapse occurred secondary to tension pneumopericardium, which resulted from a 15 mm Hg pneumoperitoneum. The relevant literature is reviewed.     

The role of laparoscopy in abdominal trauma.

Thirty-nine hemodynamically stable trauma patients were evaluated prospectively by laparoscopy before planned celiotomy. Laparoscopy was performed using a forward-viewing laparoscope connected to two high-resolution video monitors. The mechanism of injury was blunt trauma in eight, stab wounds (SWs) in 16, and gunshot wounds (GSWs) in 15. Laparoscopy correctly identified the presence of an intraperitoneal injury in 26 patients. Six other patients had retroperitoneal injuries, five of which were seen on laparoscopy. The remaining seven patients had no demonstrable intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal injuries, did not undergo celiotomy, and were observed without morbidity. In comparison with findings at surgery, laparoscopy identified injuries to the liver in eight of ten, to the diaphragm in three of three, to the colon in two of three, to the stomach in three of three, to the kidney in one of one, to the spleen in none of three, and to the small bowel in none of four patients. Visualization of the spleen was achieved in only one patient. The extent of the hemoperitoneum was underestimated from the laparoscopic examination in all nine patients with greater than 750 mL of peritoneal blood, four of whom had undetected active bleeding. Laparoscopy was performed easily in all patients and there were no complications associated with its use. In conclusion, the absence of an intra-abdominal injury was correctly identified with laparoscopy in 11 patients and laparoscopy may decrease the need for celiotomy in selected patients. However, the inability to "run the small bowel," visualize the spleen, and evaluate hemorrhage limits the utility of laparoscopy in determining which patients with laparoscopically visualized injuries will require celiotomy.