下颈椎骨折脱位并小关节绞锁的外科治疗方法探讨

目的对高能量损伤致下颈椎骨折脱位关节突绞锁并脊髓损伤的患者实施同期前后联合手术,探讨该方法的可行性及其疗效。方法对13例下颈椎骨折脱位伴小关节突绞锁实施前、后路或前后联合手术。新鲜脱位并绞锁者采用同期后路小关节突部分切除复位,全椎板切除减压,间盘切除自体髂骨植骨内固定;椎体骨折并脱位或病程超过两周的陈旧性颈椎脱位并绞锁者采用同期后路关节突切除复位,前路椎体次全切减压,钛网植骨融合内固定。结果术后X线片显示13例颈椎骨折脱位均恢复了正常序列,无神经功能恶化。本组11例获得了13～29个月随访,平均为16.8月,术后大部分患者(11/13)神经功能改良ASIA分级上升。住院时间平均19天。结论对严重下颈椎骨折脱位伴小关节突绞锁患者行同期前后联合手术是安全可行的,是治疗颈椎骨折脱位合并小关节绞锁的理想方法。     

颅骨牵引辅助复位单纯前路手术治疗新鲜下颈椎骨折脱位伴小关节突绞锁

[目的]探讨颅骨牵引术中辅助复位单纯前路内固定治疗新鲜下颈椎骨折脱位伴小关节突绞锁的可行性。[方法]回顾性分析本院2012年1月~2015年1月通过术中颅骨牵引辅助复位单纯前路内固定治疗的11例下颈椎骨折脱位伴小关节突绞锁患者资料,男8例,女3例;年龄29~65岁,平均43岁;C_(4~5)骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁3例,C_(5~6)骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁7例,C_(6~7)骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁1例。ASIA脊髓损伤分级:A级3例,B级2例,C级1例,D级3例,E级2例。[结果]术后X线片显示11例颈椎骨折脱位均恢复了正常序列,无神经功能恶化。术后随访3~36个月,平均16个月。术后6个月见植骨全部融合,无钛板、椎间融合器、钛网、螺钉松动及脱落。术后ASIA脊髓损伤分级,3例仍为A级,但截瘫平面有所下降,运动、感觉较术前好转;2例B级恢复至C级;其余6例患者脊髓功能均已恢复至E级。[结论]对新鲜下颈椎骨折脱位伴小关节突绞锁患者通过术中颅骨牵引辅助复位单纯前路内固定是可行的,具有减压彻底、颈椎固定牢靠、利于脊髓功能恢复和早期康复的优点。     

读者来信

下颈椎骨折脱位伴有后方小关节突绞锁时,治疗相对困难。2009年3月~2011年3月我院共收治7例下颈椎骨折脱位伴小关节突绞锁患者,均一期行后路经椎旁肌入路复位绞锁关节突联合前路减压植骨内固定手术,近期临床效果良好,报告如下。     

Ⅰ期前后路联合手术治疗复杂下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁

目的探讨Ⅰ期前后路联合手术在复杂下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁中的临床疗效。方法Ⅰ期采用颈椎前路减压+钢板内固定与后路减压+椎弓根钉内固定联合治疗复杂下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁28例,其中单侧关节突绞锁10例,双侧关节突绞锁18例。美国脊柱损伤协会(ASIA)分级A级2例,B级6例,C级14例,D级6例;日本骨科协会评估治疗(JOA)评分平均为(7.2±2.4)分。对所有患者治疗前后的病情恢复程度进行评价。结果术后所有患者均无血管、喉返喉上神经及食管等周围组织损伤,复查X线片显示脱位完全复位27例,不完全复位1例。随访6~24个月,平均15个月,所有患者的内固定物均未出现断裂、松动,植骨愈合良好,未见假关节形成,颈椎椎间高度及生理曲度都得到的不同程度的重建及维持。ASIA分级及JOA评分基本均有所提高,其中A级1例,B级4例,C级8例,D级6例,E级9例;JOA评分平均为(15.7±3.0)分。结论Ⅰ期前后路联合手术治疗复杂下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁可前后充分减压,促进患者的神经功能恢复,是治疗复杂下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节绞锁的有效手术治疗方式。     

下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁的治疗策略

目的 探讨下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁的治疗策略. 方法 对2007年11月至2010年12月收治的20例下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,男15例,女5例;年龄19 ～74岁,平均40岁;损伤节段:C3.4 2例,C4.5 8例,C5.6 6例,C6.7 4例;其中单侧关节突绞锁5例,双侧关节突绞锁15例;同时伴关节突骨折或椎板骨折7例;术前脊髓损伤情况采用改良Frankel分级:A级3例,B级5例,C级10例,D级2例.19例骨折脱位处无椎间盘突出者均于术前行颅骨牵引,关节突绞锁复位的行前路减压植骨融合内固定术;未复位者行后路切开撬拨复位或关节突切除复位侧块钢板固定、前路植骨融合内同定术,1例C6.7骨折脱位者C6.7椎间盘突出并且位于上位椎体后侧,行C6椎体次全切除复位植骨内固定术.结果 所有患者术后获12～24个月(平均18个月)随访,均获复位,颈椎椎间高度和生理曲度维持良好,术后4个月X线片示植骨全部融合,无内固定断裂、移位等并发症发生.除完全脊髓损伤的3例患者神经功能无恢复外,其他患者脊髓损伤均至少有1级以上恢复:5例B级患者恢复至C级4例、D级1例,10例C级患者恢复至D级6例、E级4例,2例D级患者恢复至E级.结论 采用颈椎前路、后前或前后联合入路治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁疗效确切,根据损伤类型、颅骨牵引复位与否等综合因素选择适合的手术方式是治疗成功的关键.     

下颈椎骨折脱位的治疗术式选择

目的:探讨下颈椎骨折脱位的手术方式选择及其疗效.方法:我院2007年1月至2012年10月收治下颈椎骨折脱位患者32例,男23例,女9例;年龄28～78岁,平均56.4岁.术前伴脊髓损伤22例,Frankel分级A级5例,B级9例,C级6例,D级2例.根据患者骨折类型、椎间盘突出及压迫脊髓程度、小关节交锁情况、颈椎损伤程度等因素选择手术方案,其中21例椎体骨折但不伴有椎间小关节绞锁的病例采用单纯前路于术治疗(单间隙或椎体次全切除减压、椎间植骨钢板内固定);4例颈椎脱位伴有小关节绞锁但不伴有明显的椎体骨折、MRI示脊髓前方无明显受压,或屈曲牵张型双侧关节突骨折/绞锁者行后路减压、复位、内固定;7例有椎体骨折和椎间盘损伤,并存在椎体脱位、椎间小关节绞锁,或椎板骨折、骨块脱入椎管者采用前后联合入路手术.随访患者神经功能改善情况,影像学评价骨折愈合、植骨融合及颈椎稳定性情况:结果:32例均顺利完成手术,术中无神经、气管和食管损伤等并发症.4例术中发现硬脊髓破损,术后发生脑脊液漏,经对症处理后愈合.术后佩戴颈托3个月.均获随访,随访时间6～24个月,平均18.5个月,术后6个月22例有脊髓神经功能损伤患者除1例B级无恢复外,其余患者Frankel分级提高1～2级.术后复查X线片示颈椎序列恢复良好,骨折愈合,植骨均在6个月内获骨性融合(平均4.5个月),无假关节、骨不连发生,椎体间高度、生理曲度及颈椎稳定性维持良好,随访期间无钢板螺钉脱出、断裂.结论:术前对下颈椎骨折脱位患者的损伤类型、损伤节段、颈椎间盘突出压迫脊髓位置及受伤程度等因素进行综合分析,采取合理的手术方式,能够使损伤节段获得早期稳定,有利于提高患者神经功能的恢复.     

颅骨牵引复位配合前路减压融合治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁

目的探讨颅骨牵引复位配合颈前路减压融合与前路撑开撬拨复位固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁的效果。方法回顾性分析我院2015年7月至2016年6月收治的68例下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁患者的资料,根据不同的治疗方式分为观察组和对照组,各34例。观察组采用颅骨牵引复位配合颈前路减压融合方式进行治疗,对照组采用前路撑开撬拨复位固定方式进行治疗。比较分析两组患者手术情况、治疗前后运动功能及感觉功能、术后并发症情况。结果观察组手术用时(95.46±10.86)min,术中出血量(95.28±6.12)mL,对照组分别为(125.83±16.94)min、(116.81±13.41)mL,两组比较,P0.05。观察组美国脊髓损伤协会(American spinal injury association,ASIA)运动功能及感觉功能评分(85.09±11.78)分、(115.55±16.78)分,对照组则分别为(63.97±10.47)分、(96.99±1 4.27)分,两组比较,P0.05。治疗后随访发现,观察组并发症总发生率14.71%,同样低于对照组的41.18%,P0.05。结论颅骨牵引复位配合颈前路减压融合方案治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁与前路撑开撬拨复位固定治疗方案相比效果更加显著,且可有效解除关节突绞锁,恢复脊髓功能,同时有效避免医源性脊髓损伤的发生,提升机体神经功能,值得推广应用。     

前后路一期治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁

目的探讨一期前后路联合手术治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁的临床疗效。方法联合运用颈椎前路钢板和后路侧块钉棒一期手术治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁患者7例,7例患者均合并有不同程度的脊髓损伤,手术在全麻下进行,先后路切除部分小关节突,撬拨复位,植入后路侧块钉棒内固定系统,再前路椎间减压、植骨及钢板内固定。结果7例患者术后均获得随访,随访3～18个月,平均8个月,X线片示脱位均完全复位,植骨全部牢固融合,颈椎间隙高度及生理曲度均获得良好的重建和维持,未出现内固定断裂、松动及脱出,无血管、神经及食道损伤等并发症的发生,Frankel分级平均有1级以上改善。结论颈椎一期前后路联合手术治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁具有容易复位、充分减压、术后即刻稳定的优点,为脊髓功能恢复创造了有利条件。     

Ⅰ期前后路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的 评价Ⅰ期前后路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁的可行性和近期临床效果.方法 对27例下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁的患者,Ⅰ期行后路复位和前路减压植骨内固定术,定期X线摄片观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合率,观察有无并发症发生,以ASIA分级判定脊髓功能的恢复情况.结果 随访6～32个月(平均21.5个月),27例患者均获得了完全复位,损伤节段稳定,颈椎高度和生理曲度维持良好,融合率为100%,内固定位置良好,无植骨块脱出或钢板、螺钉松动、断裂等并发症,脊髓功能平均提高1.4级,无一例患者出现神经症状加重.结论 Ⅰ期前后路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁可获得满意的复位、彻底的减压和即刻稳定性的重建,有利于脊髓功能的恢复,近期临床疗效满意.     

颈椎前方入路治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁

<正>急性下颈椎损伤合并关节突绞锁的患者在临床中较常见,多伴颈髓损伤,病情较重。对于这类患者的治疗方法包括手术复位及植骨融合固定、牵引复位和手法复位,但临床上对于此类疾病是否需要手术以及选择何种术式尚存在一定的争议~([1])。脊柱的大部分功能由前柱承担,而颈椎骨折脱位则以前中柱结构损伤为主,因此对于合并关节突绞锁的下颈椎骨折脱位的患者选择前路手术具有一定的     

Vertebral artery occlusion after acute cervical spine trauma

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of vertebral artery injury diagnosed during the last 6 years in our institution. OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical and radiologic features of vertebral artery injury. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Extracranial occlusion of the vertebral artery associated with cervical spine fracture is uncommon and can cause serious and even fatal neurologic deficit due to back lifting and cerebellar infarction. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography are extremely helpful in the examination of acute injuries of the cervical spine. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography were performed at the time of injury. RESULTS: The authors reviewed six patients with cervical spine fractures who were diagnosed with a unilateral occlusion of the vertebral artery by means of magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography. One patient had signs of vertebrobasilar insufficiency and another with complete cord lesion had cerebellar and back lifting infarctions. Surgical anterior spinal fusion was performed in five patients, and one was treated by traction and orthosis. At the time of discharge, five patients had no vertebrobasilar symptoms, and the patient who experienced vertebrobasilar territory infarctions showed no progression of the neurologic damage. CONCLUSIONS: Vertebral artery injury should be suspected in cervical trauma patients with facet joint dislocation or transverse foramen fracture. Magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography is a helpful test to rule out vascular injury. Vertebral artery injury affects the extracranial segment at the same level as the cervical fracture. This is a retrospective review that did not permit drawing conclusions about the effects of early surgical stabilization in the treatment of cervical spine injuries with associated vertebral artery injury; however, surgical stabilization may avoid propagation and embolization of the clot located at the site of the lesion.     

颈椎骨折脱位合并椎动脉损伤

目的　探讨颈椎骨折脱位与椎动脉损伤的相关性。方法　 2 0例闭合性颈椎创伤患者 ,同时接受颈椎MRI和椎动脉磁共振血管成像 (MRA)检查。结果　 2 0例闭合性颈椎损伤中 ,5例无椎动脉血流成像 ,均为单侧 ,左侧 2例 ,右侧 3例。其中颈椎骨折 3例 ,单侧小关节脱位 1例 ,无放射影像的异常脊髓损伤 1例。 4例椎动脉损伤患者无任何症状 ,1例有轻度头昏、嗜睡。结论　颈椎骨折脱位可并发椎动脉损伤 ,由于缺乏特异性症状 ,前瞻性MRA检查是最重要的方法。     

Asymptomatic Vertebral Artery Injury after Acute Cervical Spine Trauma

Two recent cases of vertebral artery injury from cervical fracture-dislocation prompted us to review the literature of these wrongly thought uncommon lesions. Extracranial vertebral artery injury during cervical trauma needs to be suspected not only in the case of vertebrobasilar ischemia, but also in asymptomatic patients presenting serious flexion-distraction deformities. Fracture of a transverse foramen or facet joint dislocation should alert the clinician. Magnetic resonance evaluates blood flow and vessel injury, usually unilateral, localized to the traumatized unstable vertebral segment. A four-stage classification is useful to understand and treat vertebral artery injury, also a standardized therapeutic protocol is not documented. Anterior cervical fusion seems indicated to decompress the injured vessel, and to avoid further damage to both vertebral arteries. Unstable spine conditions may also promote clot mobilization at the traumatized vessel leading to vertebrobasilar embolization. The benefit of antithrombotic therapy in reducing neurological morbidity and improving outcome is not yet established and needs long-term follow-up.     

Operative treatment for cervical fracture and dislocation with blunt unilateral vertebral artery injury

Objective： To investigate risks and clinical effects of operative treatment for cervical vertebral fracture and dislocation associated with unilateral vertebral artery injury. Methods： This group consisted of 76 cases of closed cervical spine trauma combined with unilateral vertebral artery injury （23 cases of bilateral facet dislocation, 28 unilateral facet dislocation and 25 fracture）. All patients underwent prospective examination of cervical spine MRI and vertebral artery two-dimensional time-of-flight （2D TOF） magnetic resonance angiography （MRA）, and anterior cervical decompression. The healthy vertebral artery paths were evaluated before the surgery, and were protected during the surgery according to the anatomical signs. Results： There were no acute or chronic clinical dam- age symptoms in 76 cases after surgery. No neural damage symptoms were observed in patients with normal neural functions. The neural functions of incomplete paralyzed patients were improved in different grades. Conclusions： Reliable anterior operation can produce good results for cervical fracture and dislocation with unilateral vertebral artery injury. Detecting the course of uninjured vertebral artery before operation and locating the anatomical site during operation are effective to avoid damaging vertebral artery of uninjured side.     

Vertebral artery injury in destabilized midcervical spine trauma; predisposing factors and proposed mechanism

Background

By now it has been well established that vertebral artery injury (VAI) is associated with unstable cervical spine injuries resulting from blunt trauma. A more complete understanding of predisposing factors and the mechanism of injury in VAI should result in improved outcomes and reduced risk for patients with VAI associated with unstable cervical spine injury following blunt trauma. The authors report statistical outcome and hypothesis to more thoroughly examine the predisposing factors for VAI, of which management is controversial, in destabilized midcervical spine trauma.

Methods

Ninety-one of 131 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for a traumatically destabilized subaxial cervical spine were included, and results were analyzed statistically by logistic regression.

Results

Eighteen patients (19.8?% of 91 patients) had a VAI associated with midcervical spine trauma (C2-C6). In univariate statistical analysis, transverse foramen fracture (P?=?0.002), facet dislocation (P?=?0.014), and facet fracture (P?=?0.001) were significant risk factors. However, only facet fracture was determined to be significant risk factor after multivariate analysis (P?=?0.006, odds ratio 20.98). It is hypothesized that a VAI occurs in a midcervical spine injury when a facet fracture allows the bony compartment to impinge on the relatively narrow free space of the intervertebral foramen, which is also occupied by the cervical root.

Conclusion

A facet fracture is the most important risk factor for VAI in patients with a destabilized midcervical spine injury. Patients with a C2–C6 facet fracture may require a definitive evaluation with vertebral artery imaging.     

颈椎小关节脱位与闭合性椎动脉损伤的相关性研究

[目的]探讨颈椎小关节脱位与闭合性椎动脉损伤的相关性。[方法]本组319仍颈椎创伤患者，颈椎骨折261例；小关节脱位46例，其中单侧小关节脱位22例，双侧小关节脱位24例；无放射影像异常的脊髓损伤12例。所有患者接受了颈椎MRI和椎动脉2DTOF MRA的前瞻性检查。动物实验建立犬颈椎小关节脱位的撞击模型，撞击后摄颈椎X线片，24—36h后行椎动脉2DTOF MRA检查。[结果]临床319例颈椎创伤患者，52例继发有椎动脉损伤，单侧51例，双侧1例。发现有椎动脉损伤的患者中，34例（65．4％）原始损伤为颈椎小关节脱位，16例为颈椎骨折，2例为无放射影像异常的颈髓损伤。动物实验14只犬撞击后发生颈椎小关节脱位，12只犬无小关节脱位。14只发生小关节脱位犬中，8只继发有单侧椎动脉损伤，12只无小关节脱位犬均无椎动脉损伤。[结论]闭合性椎动脉损伤最常继发于颈椎小关节脱位，瞬间位移使椎动脉受到过度牵张是主要的致伤因素。     

Cervical spine fracture patterns predictive of blunt vertebral artery injury

BACKGROUND: Aggressive screening for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) has uncovered an astonishing incidence of vertebral artery injuries (VAIs) and associated stroke rate. Stroke incidence is reduced with early recognition and prompt anticoagulation. Because of the proximity of the cervical spine and vertebral arteries, we queried whether all patients with cervical spine fractures required arteriography to rule out VAI. METHODS: Four-vessel cerebrovascular angiography remains the standard screening test for patients at risk for BCVI. Patients undergoing angiographic screening for blunt cerebrovascular injuries have been prospectively followed at our regional trauma center since January 1990; however, in January 1996, we began aggressive screening based on injury patterns. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients with vertebral artery injuries were identified during the study period from January 1996 to June 2002. Two patients with vertebral injuries had minor cervical fractures, a C6 body fracture and a C7 spinous process/laminar fracture; both underwent diagnostic angiography for injury mechanism. Of the 21 patients without cervical spine fracture, angiographic screening for BCVI was performed for neurologic symptoms (11 patients), basilar skull fracture (6 patients), or severe facial fractures (4 patients). Cervical spine fracture was the sole indication for VAI in 69 patients. The fracture patterns were subluxations in 38 patients (55%) or extension of the fracture through the foramen transversarium in 18 patients (26%). The remaining injuries (18%) were located in the upper cervical spine: isolated C1 arch in eight patients and C2/3 body fractures in five patients. CONCLUSION: Blunt vertebral artery injury is associated with complex cervical spine fractures involving subluxation, extension into the foramen transversarium, or upper C1 to C3 fractures. Routine screening should incorporate these findings to maximize yield while limiting the use of invasive procedures.     

Injuries to the cervical spine causing vertebral artery trauma: case reports

In four patients with lesions of the vertebral artery resulting from cervical spine injury, two were due to unilateral facet dislocation and two to fractures of the dens. There was one arterial occlusion with minor vertebrobasilar symptoms, and an arterial lesion with thrombosis causing embolic occlusion of the basilar artery with lethal outcome. In one patient a fresh fracture of the dens caused dislocation of C1/2 with reversible occlusion of the left and stenosis of the right vertebral artery, resulting in unconsciousness. In a patient with pseudarthrosis of the dens an aneurysm of the vertebral artery could be detected. Cerebellar or cerebral symptoms associated with cervical spine injury should be investigated by vertebral angiography because vertebral arterial injury may be more common than suspected and may simulate traumatic brain damage.     

颈椎闭合性创伤合并椎动脉损伤的机制及MRA诊断

目的探讨颈椎闭合性骨折脱位继发椎动脉损伤的机制及MRA诊断.方法本组95例颈椎闭合性创伤,男76例,女19例,年龄16～65岁,平均34岁.所有患者接受颈椎MRI和椎动脉MRA检查,当椎动脉预期位置完全无血流成像,MRI T2横断面上椎动脉内有高信号血栓影像时,即确诊为椎动脉阻塞.结果本组95例中,19例合并有椎动脉闭塞,均为单侧,左侧9例,右侧10例,其中颈椎骨折5例,双侧小关节突脱位6例,单侧小关节突脱位7例,无放射影像异常的脊髓损伤1例.18例椎动脉损伤患者无任何症状,1例有轻度头昏、嗜睡.结论椎动脉损伤易继发于有小关节突脱位的颈椎创伤,前瞻性MRA检查是首选的方法.     

闭合性椎动脉损伤的临床诊断和治疗

目的探讨闭合性椎动脉损伤的MRA诊断及临床治疗。方法本组319例闭合性颈椎创伤患者,颈椎骨折261例,双侧小关节突脱位24例,单侧小关节突脱位22例,无放射影像异常的脊髓损伤12例。全部患者接受前瞻性颈椎MRI及椎动脉MRA检查,对继发椎动脉损伤患者,常规行抗凝、溶栓及改善微循环治疗。结果本组319例闭合性颈椎创伤患者,52例继发有椎动脉损伤,单侧51例,双侧1例;其中34例为颈椎小关节脱位,16例为颈椎骨折,2例为无放射影像异常的脊髓损伤。51例单侧椎动脉损伤患者,44例无脑神经症状,7例有头昏、嗜睡,1例视物模糊,经治疗后症状均消失;1例双侧椎动脉损伤患者于伤后1周死亡。结论2DTOFMRA是诊断闭合性椎动脉损伤的有效方法,抗凝、溶栓及改善微循环治疗是降低缺血性损害风险的可行措施。