蛋清热变过程中的光学特性变化

目的为解决手术中激光切割能力下降的问题,以鸡蛋蛋清为样本,研究热变过程中生物组织的光学特性变化。方法使用积分球系统测量650nm激光照射下的样本在热风枪加热下,从26％升温到99℃过程中的准直透射光、漫透射光和反射光光强随温度变化的数据,计算吸收系数和散射系数变化曲线。结果样本热变前光学特性受温度影响较小,热变过程中透射率降低,吸收系数和散射系数增大。结论手术中低强度激光照射组织发生热变使吸收能力下降,应保持较高激光强度以达到消融阈值。     

生物组织光学特性参数及其描述

本比较全面而详尽的讨论了生物组织的光学特性参数,其中包括吸收系数、散射系数、各向异性因子,以及由它们导出的总衰减系数,有效透射深度等。很好地理解这些光学特性参数,对组织光学特性的理论分析,实验测量、以及对激光医学理论和临床应用是必不可少的。     

脑组织光学模型的Monte-Carlo仿真研究

研究脑组织参数和光学特性对NIRs光谱在组织表面的分布特性的影响。本研究采用MonteCarlo方法对脑组织光学模型进行仿真,分别研究脑脊液含量、灰质和白质的光学系数对组织表面光通量值的影响。研究发现:脑组织的组织参数和光学特性影响组织表面的光通量值。组织表面的光通量与脑组织吸收系数呈负相关,与脑组织约化散射系数呈正相关。理想状态下,在1.5~3.5 cm的检测半径内,组织表面的光通量值与脑脊液含量和脑实质光学特性具有显著相关性。     

正常的和患病的人体乳房组织在可见光和近红外区域内的光学特性

我们对正常的和患病的人体乳房组织标本在500nm到1100nm波长范围内的光学吸收系数和散射系数进行了测定。对切片切下的组织薄片的总衰减系数进行了测量。使用标准累积球(integrating sphere)技术对厚度为1.0mm的组织样本     

生物组织光学性质的测量原理与技术

本文讨论了组织光学性能参数的测量原理和技术，提出了一种新的测量和计算方法，采用联合测定组织体表面反射率和体内光能流率分布，并利用漫射理论和ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模型的部分结论，可求出组织的光穿透深度，吸收系数和有效散射系数，以４种猪组织为例，研究了哺乳动物组织的光学性质，这一原理和技术可适用于人体组织光学性质的测量。     

乳房组织在可见光和近红外区域内的光学衰减特性

一项测定乳房组织在可见光和近红外区域内衰减特性的光学试验已有论述。总衰减系数在组织切片中直接测定,其值范围一般在10mm~(-1)～30mm~(-1)之间,该值在脂肪样本中比在腺纤维样本中稍高,并且随波长的增加而减小。散射相位函数在0.85到0.97范围内,散射的平均余弦峰向前加强,且在脂肪组织中比在腺纤维组织中显现更前。在所有组织中减小的衰减系数约为1mm~(-1)。吸收系数在光学切片中间按测定,在580nm处其典型值在0.1mm~(-1)和0.5mm~(-1)之间,在850mm处的吸收系数比该值低一个数量级。在不大于580nm     

实时在位皮肤光学吸收系数与优化散射系数规律的研究

为了解皮肤光学吸收系数和散射系数的规律,利用双通道血氧测试仪(OXI Meter)对志愿者上表皮肤进行实时在位光学参数测量,得到了光学吸收系数与优化散射系数的变化规律.通过对不同个体的不同部位研究,发现皮肤光学参数与性别、年龄、体态和肤色有密切关系,为皮肤病的诊断和美容提供了重要的参考依据.     

基于漫射光子密度波的硬质仿体光学参数的测量

本研究制作了与组织光学参数相近的硬质仿体作为研究对象,使用漫射光子密度波(diffuse photon density waves,DPDW)技术,设计了一个基于DPDW的硬质仿体光学参数测量系统。由网络分析仪在300 KHz~1 MHz频率范围内对激光器进行交流调制,在与光源间隔1 cm处接收漫射光子,经过解调获得幅值与相位的数据。利用光辐射方程对获取的数据进行曲线拟合,进而得到硬质仿体的吸收系数和约化散射系数。实验结果表明,对3种不同吸收系数的硬质仿体的检测中,μa和μ's的检测最大误差分别为0.282、0.003 cm-1,平均相对误差分别为19.8%、23.7%,吸收系数检测结果的相关系数为0.999。测量精度满足常规生物组织光学特性测量要求,本系统将在硬质仿体的检测以及生物组织检测等领域发挥重要作用。     

高散射组织中光传播的门德卡诺模型—Ⅰ:模型预测与扩散理论的比较

随着医用光学仪器的发展迫切要求建立有关人体组织的光学摸型,如组织对光的吸收与散射系数。该模型是建立在可测量的参数的基础上包括表面辐射与扩散反射系数。在光动力学理论中要求了解光在组织间传播的特性,然而要想在多点对光     

功能近红外光谱微波热疗疗效评估因子的研究

我们利用功能近红外光谱(fNIRs)技术进行肿瘤微波热消融实时组织参数测试,并探索一种新的实时疗效评估因子。选用新鲜离体猪肝作为实验标本,选用一定微波功率和时间组合进行热消融实验,利用fNIRs系统实时采集消融靶区特定位置的约化散射系数(μs’)和温度。μs’和温度随时间指数增长,测试点距微波消融针越近,μs’和温度上升越快,μs’达到一定的数值后趋于稳定,消融结束后处于稳定状态,和热消融结果比较可以确认μs’是一个较好的消融效果实时评估因子。光学参数μs’可以作为热消融的疗效评估因子,本研究将来为临床应用打下基础。     

Optical properties of porcine skin dermis between 900 nm and 1500 nm

The weak absorption of shortwave infrared light by skin tissues between 700 and 1500 nm offers an important window for diagnosis by optical means. The strong scattering of shortwave infrared light by the skin, however, presents a challenge to the modelling of light propagation through the skin and the understanding of skin optics. We have measured the collimated and diffuse transmittance and diffuse reflectance of porcine skin dermis samples within 30 h post-mortem. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to inversely determine the absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient and anisotropy factor of the dermis samples in the spectral range from 900 to 1500 nm. We further analyse the sensitivity of the values of the parameters to the experimental errors and inverse calculation procedures. The state of the cellular integrity of the skin samples following optical measurements was verified using transmission electron microscopy. These results were correlated to study post-mortem effects on the in vitro optical properties of porcine dermis. We concluded that for samples stored within crushed ice for up to 30 h post-mortem the wavelength dependence of optical properties of the dermis remains unchanged while the values of the parameters vary moderately due to modification of the water content of the tissue.     

Measurement of bone mineral density via light scattering

In this study we have investigated the potential of optical techniques to monitor changes in bone mineral density (BMD) via changes in scattering coefficient. For each of five bone samples, diffuse reflection and transmission coefficients were measured over the wavelength range 520-960 nm using an integrating sphere and CCD spectrometer. These were converted into optical absorption and scattering coefficients using a Monte Carlo inversion procedure. Measurements were made on samples immersed in formic acid solution for different lengths of time in order to investigate the effect of reduction in BMD on the optical properties. After full demineralization, the optical scattering coefficient fell by a factor 4. From the observed degree of fluctuation of the measurements, we estimate that BMD could be measured with an accuracy of 7% if optical scattering can be measured with an accuracy of 10%. We also report preliminary measurements of bone scattering using optical coherence tomography (OCT). An inter-side variability of 3% is obtained on dry samples with and without overlying periosteum. These results suggest that minimally invasive techniques for measuring optical scattering, such as OCT, may have a role in monitoring regional changes in BMD. This could be an important advance in our understanding of bone remodelling and its relationship to osteoarthritis. Both the integrating sphere and OCT measurements also suggest that light transport in bone is spatially anisotropic. OCT was used to assess probability of obtaining results in vivo.     

Time-resolved,light scattering measurements of cartilage and cornea denaturation due to free electron laser radiation

Light scattering is used to monitor the dynamics and energy thresholds of laser-induced structural alterations in biopolymers due to irradiation by a free electron laser (FEL) in the infrared (IR) wavelength range 2.2 to 8.5 microm. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to examine infrared tissue absorption spectra before and after irradiation. Light scattering by bovine and porcine cartilage and cornea samples is measured in real time during FEL irradiation using a 650-nm diode laser and a diode photoarray with time resolution of 10 ms. The data on the time dependence of light scattering in the tissue are modeled to estimate the approximate values of kinetic parameters for denaturation as functions of laser wavelength and radiant exposure. We found that the denaturation threshold is slightly lower for cornea than for cartilage, and both depend on laser wavelength. An inverse correlation between denaturation thresholds and the absorption spectrum of the tissue is observed for many wavelengths; however, for wavelengths near 3 and 6 microm, the denaturation threshold does not exhibit the inverse correlation, instead being governed by heating kinetics of tissue. It is shown that light scattering is useful for measuring the denaturation thresholds and dynamics for different biotissues, except where the initial absorptivity is very high.     

In vitro determination of normal and neoplastic human brain tissue optical properties using inverse adding-doubling

To complement a project towards the development of real-time optical biopsy for brain tissue discrimination and surgical resection guidance, the optical properties of various brain tissues were measured in vitro and correlated to features within clinical diffuse reflectance tissue spectra measured in vivo. Reflectance and transmission spectra of in vitro brain tissue samples were measured with a single-integrating-sphere spectrometer for wavelengths 400-1300 nm and converted to absorption and reduced scattering spectra using an inverse adding-doubling technique. Optical property spectra were classified as deriving from white matter, grey matter or glioma tissue according to histopathologic diagnosis, and mean absorption and reduced scattering spectra were calculated for the three tissue categories. Absolute reduced scattering and absorption values and their relative differences between histopathological groups agreed with previously reported results with the exception that absorption coefficients were often overestimated, most likely due to biologic variability or unaccounted light loss during reflectance/transmission measurement. Absorption spectra for the three tissue classes were dominated by haemoglobin absorption below 600 nm and water absorption above 900 nm and generally determined the shape of corresponding clinical diffuse reflectance spectra. Reduced scattering spectral shapes followed the power curve predicted by the Rayleigh limit of Mie scattering theory. While tissue absorption governed the shape of clinical diffuse reflectance spectra, reduced scattering determined their relative emission intensities between the three tissue categories.     

Light scattering properties of natural and artificially demineralized dental enamel at 1310 nm

A fundamental understanding of how near-IR light propagates through sound and carious dental hard tissues is essential for the development of clinically useful optical diagnostic systems, since image contrast is based on changes in the optical properties of these tissues on demineralization. During the caries (decay) process, micropores are formed in the lesion due to partial dissolution of the individual mineral crystals. Such small pores behave as scattering centers, strongly scattering visible and near-IR light. The optical properties of enamel can be quantitatively described by the absorption and scattering coefficients, and the scattering phase function. Our aim is to measure the optical scattering behavior of natural and artificial enamel caries. Near-IR attenuation measurements and angular-resolved goniometer measurements coupled with Monte Carlo simulations are used to determine changes in the scattering coefficient and the scattering anisotropy on demineralization at 1310 nm. An ultra-high resolution digital microradiography system is used to quantify the lesion severity by measurement of the relative mineral loss for comparison with optical scattering measurements. The scattering coefficient increases exponentially with increasing mineral loss. Natural and artificial demineralization increases the scattering coefficient more than two orders of magnitude at 1310 nm, and the scattering is highly forward directed.     

Optical properties of platelets and blood plasma and their influence on the optical behavior of whole blood in the visible to near infrared wavelength range

The optical parameters absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and the anisotropy factor of platelets (PLTs) suspended in plasma and cell-free blood plasma are determined by measuring the diffuse reflectance, total and diffuse transmission, and subsequently by inverse Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the optical behavior of PLTs and red blood cells suspended in plasma are compared with those suspended in saline solution. Cell-free plasma shows a higher scattering coefficient and anisotropy factor than expected for Rayleigh scattering by plasma proteins. The scattering coefficient of PLTs increases linearly with the PLT concentration. The existence of physiological concentrations of leukocytes has no measurable influence on the absorption and scattering properties of whole blood. In summary, red blood cells predominate over the other blood components by two to three orders of magnitude with regard to absorption and effective scattering. However, substituting saline solution for plasma leads to a significant increase in the effective scattering coefficient and therefore should be taken into consideration.     

Effect of optical tissue clearing on spatial resolution and sensitivity of bioluminescence imaging

In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a powerful method of in vivo molecular imaging based on the use of optically active luciferase reporter genes. Although this method provides superior sensitivity relative to other in vivo imaging methods, spatial resolution is poor due to light scattering. The objective of this study was to use hyperosmotic agents to reduce the scattering coefficient and hence improve spatial resolution of the BLI method. A diffusing fiber tip was used to simulate an isotropic point source of bioluminescence emission (550 to 650 nm). Mouse skin was treated in vitro and in vivo with glycerol (50%, 30 min) and measurements of optical properties, and imaging photon counts were made before, during, and after application of glycerol to the skin sample. Glycerol application to mouse skin had little effect on the absorption coefficient but reduced the reduced scattering coefficient by more than one order of magnitude. This effect was reversible. Consequently, the spot size (i.e., spatial resolution) of the bioluminescence point source imaged through the skin decreased by a factor of 2 (550-nm light) to 3 (650-nm light) after 30 min. Simultaneously, an almost twofold decrease in the amount of light detected by the BLI system was observed, despite the fact that total transmission increased 1.7 times. We have shown here that multiply scattered light is responsible for both observations. We have shown that applying a hyperosmotic clearing agent to the skin of small rodents has the potential to improve spatial resolution of BLI owing to a reduction in the reduced scattering coefficient in the skin by one order of magnitude. However, reducing the scattering coefficient reduces the amount of light reaching the camera due to a reduction in the amount of multiply scattered light that reaches the camera aperture and thus reducing the sensitivity of the method.     

Changes in tissue optical properties due to radio-frequency ablation of myocardium

The optical properties of pig heart tissue were measured after in vivo ablation therapy had been performed during open-heart surgery. In vitro samples of normal and ablated tissue were subjected to measurements with an optically integrating sphere set-up in the region 470–900 nm. Three independent measurements were made: total transmittance, total reflectance and collimated transmittance, which made it possible to extract the absorption and scattering coefficients and the scattering anisotropy factor g, using an inverse Monte Carlo model. Between 470 and 700 nm, only the reduced scattering coefficient and absorption could be evaluated. The absorption spectra were fitted to known tissue chromophore spectra, so that the concentrations of haemoglobin and myoglobin could be estimated. The reduced scattering coefficient was compared with Mie computations to provide Mie equivalent average radii. Most of the absorption was from myoglobin, whereas haemoglobin absorption was negligible. Metmyoglobin was formed in the ablated tissue, which could yield a spectral signature to distinguish the ablated tissue with a simple optical probe to monitor the ablation therapy. The reduced scattering coefficient increased by, on average, 50% in the ablated tissue, which corresponded to a slight decrease in the Mie equivalent radius.     

Optical properties of normal and diseased human breast tissues in the visible and near infrared

The optical absorption and scattering coefficients have been determined for specimens of normal and diseased human breast tissues over the range of wavelengths from 500 to 1100 nm. Total attenuation coefficients were measured for thin slices of tissue cut on a microtome. The diffuse reflectance and transmittance were measured for 1.0 mm thick samples of these tissues, using standard integrating sphere techniques. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to derive the scattering and absorption coefficients, as well as the mean cosine of the scattering angle. The results indicate that scatter exceeds absorption by at least two orders of magnitude. Absorption is most significant at wavelengths below 600 nm. The scattering coefficients lie in the range 30-90 mm-1 at 500 nm, and fall smoothly with increasing wavelength to between 10 and 50 mm-1 at 1100 nm. The scattering coefficient for adipose tissue differs, in that it is invariant with wavelength over this spectral range. For all tissues examined, the scattered light is highly forward peaked, with the mean cosine of the scattering angle in the range 0.945-0.985. Systematic differences between the optical properties of some tissue types are demonstrated.