原发性醛固酮增多症的诊疗进展

1955年Conn首次描述了以高血压、低钾血症、低肾素活性和高醛固酮分泌为特点的原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)。过去观点认为原发性醛固酮增多症仅占高血压患者中的0．4％～2％,并且对其认识不足,因而未引起足够的重视,从而使大量的原发性醛固酮增多症患者未得到正确的诊断和合理的治疗。本文将从原发性醛固酮增多症的筛查、诊断以及治疗等方面观点的更新作一综述。     

Celiac disease: current concepts in diagnosis and treatment

Celiac disease is a complex autoimmune enteropathy that affects the small bowel in genetically predisposed individuals. It is thought that celiac disease is the result of an inappropriate T cell-mediated immune response against ingested gluten protein. The characteristic lesion of the small intestinal mucosa includes loss of absorptive villi and infiltration of the lamina propria with inflammatory cells. The clinical presentation of celiac disease varies greatly depending on patient's age, duration and extent of the disease, and the presence of extraintestinal manifestations. Unfortunately, most patients with celiac disease have either silent or atypical presentations, thus escaping diagnosis for several years. Medical nutrition therapy with lifelong adherence to a strict gluten-free diet is the only accepted treatment of celiac disease. Individuals at risk for this entity should undergo appropriate serologic testing, but there is no evidence to support mass screening.     

Eosinophilic esophagitis: Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment

Eosinophilic esophagitis is an immune-allergic pathology of multifactorial etiology(genetic and environmental) that affects both pediatric and adult patients. Its symptoms, which include heartburn, regurgitation, and esophageal stenosis(with dysphagia being more frequent in eosinophilic esophagitis in young adults and children), are similar to those of gastroesophageal reflux disease, causing delays in diagnosis and treatment. Although endoscopic findings such as furrows, esophageal mucosa trachealization, and whitish exudates may suggest its presence, this diagnosis should be confirmed histologically based on the presence of more than 15 eosinophils per high-power field and the exclusion of other causes of eosinophilia(parasitic infections,hypereosinophilic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, among others) for which treatment could be initiated. Currently, the 3 "D"s("Drugs, Diet, and Dilation") are considered the fundamental components of treatment. The first 2 components, which involve the use of proton pump inhibitors, corticosteroids,immunosuppressants and empirical diets or guided food elimination based on allergy tests, are more useful in the initial phases, whereas endoscopic dilation is reserved for esophageal strictures. Herein, the most important aspects of eosinophilic esophagitis pathophysiology will be reviewed, in addition to evidence for the various treatments.     

Thrombosis: Novel nanomedical concepts of diagnosis and treatment

Intravascular thrombosis, a critical pathophysiological feature of many cardiovascular disorders, leads to the formation of life-threatening obstructive blood clots within the vessels. Rapid recanalization of occluded vessels is essential for the patients’ outcome, but the currently available systemic fibrinolytic therapy is associated with low efficacy and tremendous side effects. Additionally, many patients are ineligible for systemic thrombolytic therapy, either due to delayed admission to the hospital after symptom onset, or because of recent surgery, or bleeding. In order to improve the treatment efficacy and to limit the risk of hemorrhagic complications, both precise imaging of the affected vascular regions, and the localized application of fibrinolytic agents, are required. Recent years have brought about considerable advances in nanomedical approaches to thrombosis. Although these thrombus-targeting imaging agents and nanotherapies are not yet implemented in humans, substantial amount of successful in vivo applications have been reported, including animal models of stroke, acute arterial thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. It is evident that the future progress in diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis will be closely bound with the development of novel nanotechnology-based strategies. This Editorial focuses on the recently reported approaches, which hold a great promise for personalized, disease-targeted treatment and reduced side effects in the patients suffering from this life-threatening condition.     

Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of tachyarrhythmias

A diagnostic and therapeutic approach of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmia is always challenging. Several criteria serve to discriminate correctly between these two types of tachycardia. Cardiac arrhythmias are terminated reliably by intravenous (IV) application of antiarrhythmic drugs: adenosine for supraventricular arrhythmia, amiodarone or ajmaline for ventricular tachycardia. Furthermore, AV-nodal tachycardia, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, and typical atrial flutter is treated curatively by radiofrequency ablation during an electrophysiological study. This interventional therapy is well established in patients suffering from ventricular premature contractions or tachycardia originating in the right or left ventricular outflow tract. Aside treatment with an implantable defibrillator, patients with coronary artery disease highly benefit from adjusted pharmaceutical treatment.     

慢性便秘诊治的新概念

随着人们饮食结构的改变以及心理和社会因素等多方面的影响 ,便秘已成为影响现代人生活质量的重要因素之一。我国北京、西安等地区的流行病学调查显示慢性便秘发病率在 6 1 %～ 9 2 % [1] ,美国的 1项调查显示 2 0 %的健康人群受到便秘的困扰 ,而且便秘也与结肠癌、心、脑血管病以及老年性痴呆等发生有关。因此 ,近 1 0年来 ,对慢性便秘的研究有很重大的进展。国际上有关功能性胃肠病 ,包括慢性功能性便秘相继推出罗马Ｉ(1 994年 )和罗马Ⅱ (1 999年 )的标准。鉴于我国对便秘的认识和诊治尚存在一些问题 ,我国学者也提出一套慢性便秘的诊治…     

New concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of atrial flutter

Atrial flutter may now be very frequently and definitely cured in a single session of radiofrequency ablation. However, the very name of atrial flutter gives rise to a certain confusion. Clinical experience from everyday activity in ablation laboratories, especially since the introduction of new mapping techniques, has shown that this entity is in fact multiple. Flutters may be classified by their electrocardiographic appearance and/or their electrophysiological mechanism with as many prognostic as therapeutic implications. This article reviews diagnostic features of typical and atypical flutter and the different treatments which may be proposed in different clinical situations.     

急性心肌梗死诊断和治疗新概念

1　急性心肌梗死诊断新概念1.1　心肌梗死概念及定义心肌梗死可以从临床症状、心电图、生物化学和病理学等几个方面来定义。心肌梗死的定义也具有社会和心理学意义 ,即健康主要问题的标记 ,也是疾病流行的统计和临床试验的结果。以往 ,WHO定义以下二点或三点同时存在可以诊断心肌梗死 :(1)典型临床症状 (如胸部不适 ) ;(2 )酶学升高 ;(3)典型心电图出现 ,包括出现病理性 Q波的出现。然而 ,目前临床实践、健康监护系统、以及流行病学研究和临床试验 ,均需要准确的心梗定义。而且随着敏感和特异的血清生物学标志物和现代影像技术的出现 ,更…     

Emerging concepts in diagnosis and treatment of syncope by pacing

Neuroendocrine syncope is a newly proposed term to embody both syncope of reflex and adenosine-related etiology. Recent publications on tilt testing have revealed the presence of a hypotensive tendency in some patients, even in the face of severe cardioinhibition. This new understanding may allow better selection of older reflex syncope patients, documented by ECG loop recorder, for successful pacing where tilt testing is ideally negative for a good result in terms of few syncope recurrences and prompts a less aggressive management policy when hypotensive medication is required. Furthermore, plasma adenosine levels not only define a new group of patients who have low adenosine and will respond well to cardiac pacing but also, by assessing adenosine receptor affinity, offer a possible explanation for vasodepression accompanying severe cardioinhibition. The question of the timing of loss of consciousness in reflex syncope needs to be addressed because, if consciousness is lost before asystole, pacing is likely to be ineffective.     

Severe alcoholic hepatitis-current concepts,diagnosis and treatment options

Alcoholic hepatitis(AH) is an acute hepatic manifesta-tion occurring from heavy alcohol ingestion. Alcoholic steatohepatitis(ASH) is histologically characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver. Despite the wide range of severity at presentation, those with severe ASH(Maddrey's discriminant function ≥ 32) typically present with fever, jaundice, and abdominal tenderness. Alcohol abstinence is the cornerstone of therapy for AH and, in the milder forms, is sufficient for clinical recovery. Severe ASH may progress to multi-or-gan failure including acute kidney injury and infection. Thus, infection and renal failure have a major impact on survival and should be closely monitored in patients with severe ASH. Patients with severe ASH have a re-ported short-term mortality of up to 40%-50%. Severe ASH at risk of early death should be identified by one of the available prognostic scoring systems before consid-ering specific therapies. Corticosteroids are the main-stay of treatment for severe ASH. When corticosteroids are contraindicated, pentoxifylline may be alternatively used. Responsiveness to steroids should be assessed at day 7 and stopping rules based on Lille score should come into action. Strategically, future studies for pa-tients with severe ASH should focus on suppressing inflammation based on cytokine profiles, balancing he-patocellular death and regeneration, limiting activation of the innate immune response, and maintaining gut mucosal integrity.     

Mesothelioma: new concepts in diagnosis and management

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an uncommon, but no longer rare, cancer that is frequently difficult to diagnose and poorly responsive to therapy. Because of the difficulties distinguishing mesothelioma from metastatic adenocarcinoma and reactive pleural inflammation, thoracoscopy or open lung biopsy are usually required to obtain adequate samples for pathologic evaluation. Staging of mesothelioma remains a controversial area. Because none of the six staging systems used in the past was found to be predictive, a TNM-based staging system was recently proposed and is awaiting universal acceptance. Generally perceived as a death sentence, this cancer is associated with a median survival of 9 months from the time of diagnosis in most series, but newer therapeutic strategies show promise for improved and even long-term survival in select cases. Randomized trials are awaited to determine if the improvements in survival reported are not simply due to patient selection.     

高血压肾损害诊治新认识

高血压肾损害是由于长期血压增高引起肾内小动脉及细小动脉病变,导致肾脏缺血性改变的一组临床综合征,是终末期肾脏疾病(ESRD)的重要病因。高血压肾损害的临床及病理表现缺少特征性改变。因此,临床诊断需要仔细鉴别以除外其他肾脏疾病。近年来反映肾小管功能指标、微量白蛋白尿、肾小球高滤过等成为新的诊断指标。确定降压目标值应考虑患者年龄、蛋白尿及肾功能水平。以肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)阻断剂为基础进行联合降压治疗,纠正代谢异常、调整生活方式等综合措施,有利于改善肾脏远期预后,并减少心脑血管并发症。     

当前肺部感染诊治的难点及对策

主持人中国医科大学呼吸疾病研究所康　健　教授应邀专家华西医科大学附属第一医院陈文彬　教授复旦大学医学院附属中山医院何礼贤　教授大连医科大学附属第一医院雷振之　教授华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院徐永健　教授山东省立医院陶仲为　教授上海市第一人民医院周　新　教授大连市友谊医院张忠鲁　博士讨论内容社区获得性肺炎的致病原社区获得性肺炎的治疗医院获得性肺炎主要致病原的现状关于致病原的诊断医院获得性肺炎“难治”的原因和对策抗生素临床应用中的几个问题康　健　教授　　康健 :欢迎各位专家参加本刊编委会和编辑部…     

Modern diagnosis and treatment of primary eosinophilia

The recent discovery of an eosinophilia-specific, imatinib-sensitive, karyotypically occult but fluorescence in situ hybridization-apparent molecular lesion in a subset of patients with blood eosinophilia has transformed the diagnostic as well as treatment approach to eosinophilic disorders. Primary (i.e. nonreactive) eosinophilia is considered either "clonal" or "idiopathic" based on the presence or absence, respectively, of either a molecular or bone marrow histological evidence for a myeloid neoplasm. Clonal eosinophilia might accompany a spectrum of clinicopathological entities, the minority of whom are molecularly characterized; Fip1-like-1-platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (FIP1L1-PDGFRA(+)) systemic mastocytosis, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB)-rearranged atypical myeloproliferative disorder, chronic myeloid leukemia, and the 8p11 syndrome that is associated with fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) rearrangement. Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a subcategory of idiopathic eosinophilia and is characterized by an absolute eosinophil count of > or =1.5 x 10(9)/l for at least 6 months as well as eosinophil-mediated tissue damage. At present, a working diagnosis of primary eosinophilia mandates a bone marrow examination, karyotype analysis, and additional molecular studies in order to provide the patient with accurate prognostic information as well as select appropriate therapy. For example, the presence of either PDGFRA or PDGFRB mutations warrants the use of imatinib in clonal eosinophilia. In HES, prednisone, hydroxyurea, and interferon-alpha constitute first-line therapy, whereas imatinib, cladribine, and monoclonal antibodies to either interleukin-5 (mepolizumab) or CD52 (alemtuzumab) are considered investigational. Allogeneic transplantation offers a viable treatment option for drug-refractory cases.     

Current concepts in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of fecal incontinence

Fecal incontinence (FI), defined as the recurrent uncontrolled passage of fecal material due to the inability to control bowel discharge is a common and devastating condition. According to previous studies, at least 1 in 10 adult women have FI. This disorder poses a significant economic burden and has a negative impact on patient's lifestyle, leads to a loss of self-confidence, social isolation and a diminished quality of life. Three subgroups of FI are recognized: a) passive incontinence: the involuntary discharge of stool or gas without awareness; b) urge incontinence: the discharge of fecal matter in spite of active attempts to retain bowel contents, and c) fecal seepage: the involuntary leakage of small volumes of stool after normal evacuation. Disruption of the normal structure or function of the anorectal unit leads to FI and is often due to multiple mechanisms. A detailed history and examination including digital rectal examination facilitates diagnosis. Anorectal physiological tests provide useful information regarding functional abnormalities and anal endosonography regarding sphincter defects. These tests provide insights regarding pathophysiology and can guide further management. Behavioral therapy is successful in most patients and should be offered first. Surgical treatment should be considered in cases who fail medical treatment or with sphincter defects. Several experimental approaches, including bulking of the anal sphincter, sacral nerve stimulation and the delivery of radiofrequency energy to the anal canal are under investigation.