氯喹减轻重症急性胰腺炎肝损伤的机制研究

目的：探讨氯喹（CQ）减轻重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）肝损伤作用的机制。方法：60只Wistar雄性大鼠分为假手术组,SAP组,L-Arg治疗组,L-NAME治疗组,CQ治疗组,CQ+ L-NAME治疗组,每组各10只。RT-PCR和Western Blot检测肝组织TLR4的表达。结果：SAP 组肝组织TLR4表达明显增高,一氧化氮（NO）浓度降低,肝损伤加重(P<0.05)。L-Arg组NO升高,TLR4表达受抑,肝损伤减轻(P<0.05)。L-NAME组NO明显抑制,肝组织TLR4表达升高,肝损伤加重(P<0.05)。CQ组TLR4表达降低,肝组织NO升高,肝损伤减轻(P<0.05)。CQ+L-NAME组肝组织NO明显降低,TLR4升高,肝损伤加重(P<0.05)。结论：TLR4表达上调在SAP肝损伤的发生、发展中可能有重要作用。CQ可能通过提高NO的合成和释放而抑制TLR4的表达,减轻SAP并发肝损伤。     

一氧化氮对重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤Toll样受体2/4表达的影响

目的 观察一氧化氮（NO）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）肺损伤Toll样受体（TLR）表达的影响。方法 动物分为假手术组、胰腺炎组、氯喹（CQ）治疗组和L-精氨酸（L-Arg）治疗组；实时荧光逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测肺组织TLR2／4mRNA表达。结果SAP大鼠肺组织TLR2／4表达明显增高（3h：0．787±0．751、1．512±1．794E-2：6h：1．086±1．738、2．097±3．735E．2；12h：1．113±6．141、2．957±2．620E-2），肺损伤加重（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。以CQ抑制肺组织中TLR2／4表达后（3h：0．313±5．491E-2，0．005±1．419E-3；6h：0．488±7．442E．2，0．010±1．518E-3；12h：0．883±8．911E-2，0．024±2．760E-3），肺损伤减轻（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。给予L-Afg治疗后，肺组织NO浓度明显升高，TLR2／4表达降低（0．656±3．972 E-2，1．501±6．111 E-2；0．260±0．891 E-2，0．732±5．135 E-2；0．126±0．914 E-2，0．414±1．678E-2），肺损伤程度减轻（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 肺组织内TLR2／4表达在SAP肺损伤中明显上调，肺组织损伤加重；NO可以明显抑制SAP肺组织TLR2／4表达从而减轻肺组织损伤。     

急性出血坏死性胰腺炎肝损伤中TLR2/4mRNA的表达及氯喹的干预效应

目的： 研究急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（AHNP）肝损伤中Toll-样受体(TLR)2/4mRNA表达的变化及氯喹的干预效应。 方法：采用逆行胰胆管牛磺胆酸钠（TAC）注射造成大鼠AHNP肝损伤动物模型。动物分为假手术组（S组）、胰腺炎组和氯喹（CQ）治疗组。后2组于术后3，6，12 h分批剖杀，S组于术后6 h剖杀。观察血清淀粉酶、ALT和AST及肝组织NO和TNF-α的变化，RT-PCR方法检测各组不同时点肝组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA的表达。 结果：相对于S组，胰腺炎组大鼠3 h肝组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA表达开始增高，术后6～12 h肝组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA表达迅速达到峰值（P<0.05），肝损伤加重，血清淀粉酶升高，肝组织TNF-α浓度升高，NO浓度逐渐降低（P<0.05）；相对胰腺炎组，CQ治疗组TLR2/4mRNA表达降低（P<0.05），肝损伤程度减轻，血清淀粉酶降低，肝组织TNF-α浓度降低，NO浓度显著升高（P<0.05）。 结论：AHNP大鼠肝组织内TLR2和TLR4的基因表达上调；其表达增高可能在AHNP肝损伤的发生、发展中起重要作用。氯喹对大鼠AHNP过程中肝损伤可能有保护作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对急性出血坏死性胰腺炎大鼠肺组织Toll样受体2/4mRNA表达的影响及意义

目的 研究骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)对急性出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)大鼠肺组织T0ll样受体(TLR)2/4表达的影响并初步探讨其机制.方法 采用逆行胰胆管牛磺胆酸钠注射制造AHNP大鼠模型,动物分为假手术组、胰腺炎组和BMSCs治疗组;流式细胞仪检测BMSCs表面标记阳性细胞率;RT-PCR方法检测肺组织TLR2/4mRNA表达变化;同时观察肺组织形态学改变,进行肺湿/干重比(W/D)测定.结果 与假手术组比较,胰腺炎组大鼠从3h时肺组织TLR2/4mRNA表达开始增高,在12 h时肺组织TLR2/4mRNA表达达到峰值;同时肺损伤加重,肺组织TNF-α浓度升高(P＜0.05).给予BMSCs治疗后,TLR2/4mRNA表达降低,肺损伤程度减轻,肺组织TNF-α浓度降低(P＜0.05).结论 急性出血坏死性胰腺炎时,组织内TLR2和TLR4mRNA表达上调,肺组织损伤加重.BMSCs可以明显抑制AHNP肺组织TLR2/4mRNA的表达,降低肺组织TNF-α浓度,从而减轻肺损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of bone mesenchymal stem cells on Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2/4 expression in the lungs of rats with acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis (AHNP). Methods Seventy SD male rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group (n=10), AHNP group(n=30) and MSCs-treated group(n=30). Masc rate of BMSCs with surface mark were measured by flow cytometer. TLR2/4mRNA expression in the the lung were measured by RT-PCR, and The ratio of Wet/dry and lung histological changs were observed. Results TLR2/4 mRNA could be detected in the lungs with low values in sham-operation group, markedly increased in 3 h, and peaked in 12 h in AHNP group (P＜0.05). Lung injuries were aggravated and the levels of TNF-α in the lung were increased (P＜0. 05) . Treatment with MSCs could effectively inhibit TLR2/4 mRNA expression and relieve lung injuries. The levels of TNF-α in the lung were decreased (P＜0.05). Conclusions The expression of TLR2/4 mRNA is increased in the lungs in AHNP and the lung injuries are aggravated. MSCs could markedly inhibit TLR2/4 mRNA expression in the lungs in AHNP, which would lead to relief of lung injury.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织Toll样受体4mRNA和Toll样受体2mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚对内毒索性急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)mRNA和Toll样受体2(TLR2)mRNA表达的影响.方法 健康SD大鼠60只,雌雄不拘,体重200～220g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为5组(n=12),对照组(C组)、LPS组和低、中、高剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(P1组～P3组).C组腹腔注射生理盐水2ml;LPS组腹腔注射LPS 8mg/kg;P1组～P3组分别腹腔注射LPS 8 mg/kg和盐酸戊乙奎醚0.3、1.0和3.0 mg/kg.给药结束后6 h时开胸,心室取血,并取肺组织,采用ELISA法测定血清TNF-α和Ib-6的浓度,RT-PCR法测定肺组织TLR4 mRNA和TLR2 mRNA 的表达水平,并观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与C组比较,LPS组、P1组～P3组血清TNF-α、IL-6浓度和肺组织TLR4 mRNA、TLR2 mRNA表达均升高(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,P2组和P3组血清TNF-α、IL-6浓度和肺组织TLR4 mRNA、TLR2 mRNA表达均降低(P<0.05),P1组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与P1组比较,P2组和P1组血清TNF-α、IL-6浓度和肺组织TLR4 mRNA、TLR2 mRNA表达均降低(P<0.05);P2组和P3组血清TNF-α、IL-6浓度和肺组织TLR4 mRNA、TLR2 mRNA表达比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).P2组和P3组肺组织病理学损伤程度明显轻于LPS组.结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚可通过下调肺组织TLR4 mRNA和耵JR2 mRNA的表达,降低炎性反应,从而减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of penehyclidine (PHCD) on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)mRNA and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mRNA expression in the lung tissue in rats with acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) .Methods Sixty healthy SD rats of both sexes weighing 200-220 g were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 12 each) :control group (group C) , LPS group and P1-3 groups. Acute lung injury was induced by intraperitoneal (IP) LPS 8 mg/kg in LPS and P1-3 groups. PHCD 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg were given IP after LPS administration in P1-3 groups. The animals were anesthetized at 6 h after IP LPS. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations ( by ELISA) and then sacrificed, the lungs were immediately removed for determination of TLR4 mRNA and TLR2 mRNA expression (by RT-PCR), and microscopic examination. Results LPS significantly increased TLR4 mRNA and TLR2 mRNA expression in the lung tissue and serum TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations. PHCD 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg significantly inhibited LPS-induced increase in TLR4 mRNA and TLR2 mRNA expression in the lung tissue and serum TNF-α and ILr6 concentrations.The lung histopathologic damage was significantly ameliorated in P2 and P3 groups as compared with group LPS.Conclusion PHCD can protect the lungs against LPS-induced acute lung injury through inhibiting TLR4 mRNA and TLR2 mRNA expression in the lung tissue and reducing the inflammatory response.     

雷公藤甲素对内毒素致大鼠急性肺损伤的影响

目的 评价雷公藤甲素对内毒素(LPS)致大鼠急性肺损伤的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠65只,体重200 ～ 250 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为5组,对照组(C组,n=5):尾静脉注射生理盐水,同时腹腔注射1％二甲基亚砜(DMSO);LPS组(L组,n=15)和不同剂量雷公藤甲素组(TP1～3组,n=15):尾静脉注射LPS 5 mg/kg,同时腹腔分别注射1％ DMSO和雷公藤甲素25、50、100μg/kg.于给药前1h和给药后1、3、6、12 h时行动脉血气分析;给药后12 h时心脏采血后处死大鼠,取肺组织,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),采用ELISA法测定血清和BALF中TNF-α浓度;测定肺组织湿重(W)和干重(D),计算W/D比;光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果,并进行弥漫性肺泡损伤评分(DAD评分);采用荧光定量PCR法测定肺组织Toll样变体4(TLR4) mRNA表达;采用Western blot法测定肺组织TLR4蛋白表达.结果 与C组相比,L组和TP1～3组给药后3、6和12 h时PaO2下降,DAD评分及W/D比升高,L组、TP1组和TP2组血清和BALF中TNF-α浓度升高,肺组织TLR4 mRNA及其蛋白表达上调,TP3组血清和BALF中TNF-α浓度降低,肺组织TLR4mRNA及其蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05).与L组和TP1组相比,TP2组和TP3组给药后6和12 h时PaO2升高,DAD评分、W/D比、血清和BALF中TNF-α浓度降低,肺组织TLR4 mRNA及其蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05).与TP2组相比,TP3组血清和BALF中TNF-α浓度降低,肺组织TLR4 mRNA及其蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05).L组和TP1组间、TP2组和TP3组间血气指标、DAD评分及W/D比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).TP1～3组肺组织病理学损伤较L组减轻.结论 雷公藤甲素可减轻LPS诱发的大鼠急性肺损伤,且与剂量有关,其机制与抑制TLR4表达的上调,减少TNF-α的释放有关.     

肠内免疫微生态营养对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎急性肺损伤保护作用的研究

目的探讨肠内免疫微生态营养对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的影响。方法将大鼠分为空白组、SAP-ALI组,肠内营养组(EN组)和肠内免疫微生态营养组(EIN组),大鼠SAP采用牛磺胆酸钠造模,EN及EIN组于造模成功后行相应肠内营养支持。72 h后处死大鼠后取肺脏,观察肺组织形态学变化、计算肺损伤评分和湿/干重比;免疫组化检测肺组织TLR 4、NF-κB p65的表达;ELISA法测定血清TNF-α、IL-1β含量。结果与空白组相比,SAP-ALI组肺损伤评分、肺湿/干重比、TNF-α、IL-1β均明显升高(P0.05);免疫组化结果发现,与空白组相比,SAP-ALI组TLR 4、NF-κB p65表达显著增强(P0.05);与SAP-ALI组、EN组相比,EIN组TLR 4、NF-κB p65表达显著降低(P0.05);并且EIN组血清肺损伤评分、肺湿/干重比、TNF-α、IL-1β与SAP-ALI组、EN组比较均显著降低(P0.05)。结论肠内免疫微生态营养有助于降低肠源性内毒素(LPS)的产生,进而降低TLR 4/NF-κB信号通路的激活,从而减轻SAP-ALI的病情。     

三羟异黄酮预先给药对内毒素诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的研究三羟异黄酮预先给药对内毒素诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法 32只雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为4组,每组8只:对照组(C组)、三羟异黄酮组(G组)分别腹腔注射生理盐水1 ml／kg、三羟异黄酮50 mg／kg,30 min后,静脉注射生理盐水1 ml／kg;内毒素组(L组)、三羟异黄酮预预先给药组(Gpre组)分别腹腔注射生理盐水1 ml／kg、三羟异黄酮50 mg／kg,30 min后,静脉注射脂多糖6 mg／kg。注射脂多糖后4 h处死动物。测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中蛋白浓度、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性及中性粒细胞(PMN)数。检测肺组织湿干重比(W／D)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、MPO 活性、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)mRNA、蛋白表达。观察肺组织病理学的改变。结果与C组比较,L组肺损伤严重、BALF中蛋白、MPO、PMN水平和肺组织W／D、MDA及MPO水平及TNF-α和HO-1 mRNA、蛋白表达水平升高(P<0．05或0．01),G组上述指标差异均无统计学意义(P >0．05);与L组比较,Gpre组除HO-1 mRNA、蛋白表达水平升高(P<0．05)外,其他指标均降低(P< 0．05或0．01)。结论三羟异黄酮预先给药对内毒素诱导大鼠急性肺损伤有一定的保护作用,与抑制PMN在肺组织的聚集、激活,TNF-α表达下调及HO-1表达上调有关。     

槲皮素对重症急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤肺泡中性粒细胞TLR4/NF-κB通路的影响

目的探讨槲皮素(Quercetin)对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤(SAP-LI)肺泡中性粒细胞(PMN)TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法 48只成年SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组12只,假手术(Sham)组、重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)组、槲皮素低剂量组(50 mg/kg)及槲皮素高剂量组(100 mg/kg)。逆行性胰胆管注射5%牛磺酸钠建立SAP大鼠模型。槲皮素组在胰腺炎模型基础上予槲皮素干预,Sham组、SAP组给予等量生理盐水。计算肺湿/干重比(W/D)和肺通透指数(LPI),经支气管肺泡灌洗分离收集PMN,ELISA检测PMN培养上清液中TNF-α含量,RT-PCR检测PMN TLR4 m RNA表达,Western blotting检测PMN TLR4和NF-κB p65的表达。结果与Sham组比较,其余三组W/D、LPI及TNF-α含量明显升高,TLR4 m RNA及其蛋白和NF-κB p65蛋白表达上调;与SAP组比较,槲皮素处理组W/D、LPI及TNF-α含量降低,TLR4 m RNA及其蛋白和NF-κB p65蛋白表达下调。结论槲皮素减轻SAP引起的肺损伤可能与其抑制PMN TLR4/NF-κB信号通路活化有关。     

白藜芦醇对重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的:观察白藜芦醇(Res)对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法:36只大鼠随机分为假手术组、重症急性胰腺炎模型组(SAP)和白藜芦醇治疗组3组。制模后6h行肺、胰腺组织病程学检查。经支气管肺泡灌洗获取肺泡巨噬细胞,检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中蛋白含量、肺泡巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)及一氧化氮(NO)水平。以反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法测定肺泡巨噬细胞TNF-αmRNA、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA表达情况。结果:Res处理组6h肺支气管肺泡灌洗液中蛋白含量为(844.7±198.2)μg/mL,显著低于SAP组(P<0.05);Res处理组肺泡巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α和NO水平分别为(544.7±98.4)pg/mL和(31.7±9.8)μmol/L,显著低于SAP组(P<0.05)。Res组肺泡巨噬细胞TNF-αmRNA、iNOSmRNA的表达相对强度,亦显著低于SAP组。SAP大鼠各组指标与假手术组相比差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:Res能显著减轻SAP时肺和胰腺组织损伤,其机制与抑制巨噬细胞功能,抑制TNF-α和iNOSmRNA表达有关。     

Severe acute respiratory syndrome mimicking acute abdomen

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a novel epidemic disease. The clinical presentation can sometimes be very non-specific. The present study reports a case of SARS, which presented as acute abdomen, warranting laparotomy. The atypical presentation in the present case reminded us of the importance of strict infection control measures in all surgery-related specialist workplaces.     

False surgical acute abdomen with intermittent acute porphyria

This article presents a case of acute intermittent porphyria admitted to the Surgery Department of C.F. Craiova Hospital between 18.08.2003-26.08.2003 then transferred to the Colentina Hospital in Bucharest for diagnosis confirmation and adequate treatment. The purpose of this paper is to bring attention on a rare metabolic inherited disease that, due to its non-specific and often noisy symptoms and limited possibilities of biochemical, enzymatic and genetic diagnosis, could generate potential serious confusions. The presentes case illustrates the fact that sometimes the acute attack may be mistaken for an acute surgical affection which requires an emergency operation with all the aggravating consequences and delay in the real diagnosis. About 1% of acute attacks of porphyria may be fatal. Only the drugs known as safe should be prescribed. Basic treatment consists in oral and intravenous glucose and hematin administration.     

Erroneous diagnosis of acute appendicitis in acute gynecological diseases

On the basis of an analysis of 84 observations the authors describe special features of the clinical course and diagnosis of gynecological diseases simulating acute appendicitis (rupture of the ovary, extrauterine pregnancy, torsion or rupture of the ovarian cyst, adnexitis).     

Reversible acute tubular necrosis following severe acute renal rejection

The clinical observation of 6 out of 250 renal transplant patients showed that acute renal rejection may lead to reversible acute tubular necrosis (ATN) necessitating intermittent haemodialysis treatment. Despite missing early response to high-dose (methyl-) prednisolone therapy (during a mean period of 4.7 days) all 6 patients developed spontaneous diuresis 14.5 days on average after onset of rejection while on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. From the clinical course the conclusion was drawn that in severe cases of renal rejection with arteriographic and histological findings consistent with acute tubular necrosis, prolonged therapy with high doses of (methyl-) prednisolone is not desirable, since after reversal of immunological rejection the onset of spontaneous diuresis will be determined mainly by the duration of the healing and recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis.     

Risk factors of acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction

Objectives: To study the risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in-patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods: A total of 1371 cases of adult in-patients with AMI in the First People's Hospital of Changzhou from January 2008 to December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the occurrence of AKI diagnosed according to the 2012 KDIGO AKI criteria, they were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group and further into conservative treatment groups, coronary angiography (CAG) groups, and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) groups based on the timing of AKI occurrence, respectively. Related risk factors of AKI were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regressions.

Results: 410 (29.9%) developed AKI. Patients with AKI had significantly increased in-hospital mortality than patients without AKI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that decreased baseline eGFR, increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG), use of diuretics and Killip grade IV were independent risk factors of AKI, while increased DBP on admission was a protective factor for patients in conservative treatment group. Decreased baseline eGFR, increased FPG, use of diuretics, intraoperative hypotension and acute infection were independent risk factors of AKI for patients in the CAG group. Decreased baseline eGFR, increased FPG, use of diuretics and low cardiac output syndrome after operation were independent risk factors of AKI for patients in the CABG group.

Conclusions: AKI is a common complication and associated with increased mortality after AMI. Decreased baseline renal function, increased FPG and use of diuretics were common independent risk factors of AKI after AMI.     

The acute scrotum

The list of differential diagnoses for the acute scrotum is extensive, but it is paramount to rule out torsion of the spermatic cord, most common in boys aged 13–17 years and the most common cause of acute scrotal pain and swelling up to 18 years old. Torsion requires emergency surgical exploration and detorsion if the testis is to be salvaged. The management of perinatal torsion is surrounded by some controversy and best dealt with by dedicated paediatric units. Beyond 18 years epididymitis is a more common finding, usually caused by chlamydial, gonococcal or coliform infection. Investigations, antibiotic treatment and follow up should be based on the 2010 national guidelines. Torsion of the appendix testis and appendix epididymis, remnants of the Mullerian and Wolffian ducts, respectively, can mimic the more common diagnoses but most cases resolve spontaneously with non-operative management. Torsion of the testis is more likely if the onset of pain is sudden, the pain is severe and the patient is younger than 20 years of age. When there is any doubt about the diagnosis, an emergency scrotal exploration should be undertaken.