微创经皮钢板内固定治疗胫腓骨骨折的体会

目的报道以生物学内固定及间接复位技术为基础，微创经皮LC-DCP钢板内固定治疗胫腓骨骨折的临床疗效。方法应用间接复位技术，通过建立胫骨内侧皮下隧道，采用LC-DCP钢板内固定治疗胫腓骨折28例。结果全部病例获得随访，时间为10～18个月(平均15个月)。X线片见骨痂为4～7周(平均4．6周)，骨愈合时间为12～18周(平均12．8周)。全部病例Ⅱ期骨愈合，无骨不愈合或延迟愈合，无钢板松动等并发症，其中15例已拆除钢板，无再骨折现象发生。结论微创经皮LC-DCP钢板内固定治疗胫腓骨骨折符合生物学固定的原则，疗效满意。     

微创经皮钢板内固定技术治疗胫骨干远端骨折

目的 探讨微创经皮钢板内固定（MIPPO）治疗胫骨干远端骨折的临床效果。方法 应用间接复位技术，通过建立骨折两端皮下隧道，采用微创经皮锁定加压钢板或胫骨远端解剖型钢板内固定治疗胫骨干远端骨折，闭合性骨折22例；开放性骨折10例（Gustilo分型：Ⅰ型6例，Ⅱ型4例）。对其临床疗效进行分析。结果 随访32例，所有病例伤口一期愈合。骨折无延迟愈合，无畸形愈合，平均临床愈合时间15周。采用Johner—Wruhs评分标准，优18例，良9例。结论 MIPPO技术是治疗胫骨干远端骨折的理想方法之一，可保护皮肤软组织，减少骨折端血供的破坏，促进骨折的愈合，减少并发症。     

微创经皮钢板接骨术治疗胫骨骨折

目的：评价经皮微创钢板接骨术治疗胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法：运用此技术治疗胫骨骨折54例。于胫骨内侧建立皮下隧道，经此隧道将钢板穿置在胫骨内侧骨膜上，骨折间接复位，低密度螺钉予以固定。结果：全部病例获随访，时间12～26个月，平均18个月，骨折愈合时间10～16周，平均12周，无骨折延迟愈合及不愈合，无感染及内固定失败等并发症。结论：微创经皮钢板接骨术符合生物学固定原则，有利于骨折的愈合。     

微创经皮钢板接骨术治疗胫骨骨折

目的 评价经皮微创钢板接骨术治疗胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法 运用此技术治疗胫骨骨折54例。于胫骨内侧建立皮下隧道,经此隧道将钢板穿置在胫骨内侧骨膜上,骨折间接复位,低密度螺钉予以固定。结果 全部病例获随访,时间12～26个月,平均18个月,骨折愈合时间10～16周,平均12周,无骨折延迟愈合及不愈合,无感染及内固定失败等并发症。结论 微创经皮钢板接骨术符合生物学固定原则,有利于骨折的愈合。     

微创经皮钢板内固定治疗胫骨干C型骨折

目的 探讨微创经皮钢板内固定(MIPPO)治疗胫骨FC型骨折的临床疗效。方法采用间J接复位和MIPPO治疗12例胫骨C型骨折。结果平均随访9个月,临床愈合时间3～5个月,无畸形愈合、感染、钢板断裂。采用Johm-Wruhs评分标准,结果：优9例,良3例。结论对于胫骨于C型复杂骨折微创经皮钢钢板内固定是一种较好的方法,可以减少骨折端血供的破坏,促进骨折的愈合,减少并发症。     

应用MIPPO技术锁定加压钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的总结应用MIPPO技术锁定加压钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折的疗效。方法选取2007年6月至2010年9月期间有随访记录的35例胫骨Pilon骨折病例,Rueedi-Allgoewer分型：Ⅱ型22例,Ⅲ型13例,均使用胫骨远端内侧锁定加压钢板（LCP）应用微创经皮钢板植入技术（MIPPO）治疗。结果骨折全部获得骨性愈合,未出现内固定松动或断裂、骨不愈合等并发症发生。按Olerud-Molander踝关节骨折功能评分方法逐项评分,优良率94%。结论应用MIPPO技术锁定加压钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折是一种外形美观、创伤小、固定可靠、恢复快、并发症少、有利于早期愈合及功能锻炼的手术方法。     

微创经皮钢板内固定技术治疗胫骨近端骨折

目的探讨微创经皮钢板内固定（MIPPO）治疗胫骨近端骨折的方法和临床疗效。方法对15例胫骨近端骨折患者采用间接复位技术和MIPPO技术治疗。结果所有患者术后随访4-12个月;骨折均临床愈合,愈合时间3—7个月,无畸形愈合、感染及钢板断裂。功能采用Johner—Wruhs评分标准：优10例,良4例,中1例。结论MIPPO是治疗胫骨近端骨折的理想方法之一。     

微创经皮钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨微创经皮钢板内固定(MIPPO)技术治疗胫骨远端骨折的疗效。方法2004年5月～2005年3月采用MIPPO技术治疗27例胫骨远端骨折患者,骨折按AO分型：A型15例,B型2例,C型10例。17例采用胫骨远端内侧钢板,10例选择外侧钢板；9例同时对腓骨骨折进行固定。结果术后随访5～11个月,平均8个月。随访发现：术后4个月后骨折临床愈合,可弃拐负重行走。Mazur方法评价踝关节功能：优19例,良8例,优良率为100%；无骨折不愈合、内固定失败、切口延迟愈合或感染等并发症发生。结论MIPPO技术对治疗胫骨远端骨折有较可靠的疗效,既满足了骨折的固定又尽可能保护了骨折区的血供。视骨折及局部软组织的情况选择内侧或外侧进行固定,建议使用较长的钢板,以利早期可靠的功能锻炼。     

微创经皮钢板内固定治疗Schatzker Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的前瞻性研究

目的 对比研究微创经皮钢板内固定(MIPPO)和传统钢板内固定治疗Schatzker Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效. 方法采用前瞻性研究将2000年3月～2004年12月期间诊治的34例Schatzker Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折患者随机分为MIPPO治疗组(17例)和传统钢板内固定治疗组(17例).比较两组病例疗效的差异. 结果 MIPPO治疗组的手术耗时、手术失血量和并发症较传统钢板内固定治疗组显著减少(P＜0.05),骨折愈合更快(P＜0.05)和膝关节功能恢复更满意(P＜0.05),患者对疗效更满意(P＜0.05).结论 小切口直视治疗关节内损伤结合经皮治疗其他骨折部位的MIPPO可解剖复位关节内骨折,尽可能地保留了软组织的完整性,降低了软组织的手术损伤,减少了感染等并发症的发生,有利于软组织、骨折愈合和膝关节功能的恢复,是治疗Schatzker Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的一种理想方法.     

经小腿远端前外侧改良切口内固定治疗胫腓骨远端骨折

目的探讨经小腿远端前外侧改良切口内固定治疗胫腓骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法 22例胫腓骨远端骨折通过小腿远端前外侧改良切口显露胫骨和腓骨远端,把腓骨钢板置于腓骨外侧;直视下将胫骨骨折复位,通过经皮钢板固定技术将胫骨钢板放置于其远端外侧。结果 22例均获随访平均(38.0±10.6)个月,骨折均于术后3个月愈合,未出现皮肤坏死、切口裂开、骨折延迟愈合及不愈合等并发症。结论采用经小腿远端前外侧改良切口内固定治疗胫腓骨远端骨折效果良好,可以避免传统手术入路导致的并发症。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.