天津市1999～2001年急性弛缓性麻痹病例及其密切接触者中非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒监测分析

天津市 1999～ 2 0 0 1年在急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例及其密切接触者中共分离到非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒(NPEV) 4 5株 ,其中柯萨奇B组病毒 (Coxsackie ,Cox .B) 15株 ,占 33 3 %;埃可病毒 (ECHO) 13株 ,占 2 8 9%;不能定型的病毒 17株 ,占 37 8%。从时间分布看 ,Cox .B病毒主要集中在 6～ 8月 ,占 86 7%;ECHO病毒主要集中在 8～ 9月 ,占 92 3%,显示NPEV主要集中在夏秋季。从地区分布看 ,45株NPEV中有 4株分离自市区 ,占 8 9%;41株分离自郊县 (区 ) ,占 91 1%,提示感染肠道病毒与卫生条件有关。     

河南省1999～2000年急性弛缓性麻痹病例肠道病毒感染流行病学分析

河南省 1999～ 2 0 0 0年从 10 87例急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例粪便标本中 ,共分离出 92株脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )病毒 (PV)和 70株非脊灰肠道病毒 (NPEV) ,分离率分别为 8 4 6 %和 6 4 4 %。Ⅱ型为PV的主要型别 ,共 4 5株 ,占4 8 91%。NPEV中埃可 (ECHO)病毒 6 5株 ,占 92 86 % ,病毒型别以ECHO11、7、12 为优势血清型。柯萨奇A组病毒(Cox A) 1株 ,柯萨奇B组病毒 (Cox B) 4株。检出PV多在冬春季 ,NPEV流行高峰期在 8～ 10月 ;感染均以小年龄儿童为主。多数肠道病毒 (EV)感染者伴有发热、腹泻或肌肉疼痛等症状。 38例发病 6 0d后仍残留麻痹 ,其中多数为PV感染 ,且未完成全程免疫。EV感染病例临床诊断以格林 巴利综合征和NPEV感染为主。在无脊灰证实以后 ,应该加强对PV和NPEV的监测和研究     

河北省1997～2002年急性弛缓性麻痹病例非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒监测分析

河北省 1 997～ 2 0 0 2年急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例病毒学监测中 ,共有 2 0 2例分离到非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒(NPEV) ,年均NPEV分离率 1 0 1 %。对分离到的NPEV毒株进行了型别鉴定 ,在明确定型的 1 0 3株NPEV中 ,包括柯萨奇病毒 (Coxsackievirus ,Cox )A组 1个型 ;Cox B组 5个型 ;埃可病毒 (ECHO) 1 4个型。RD细胞对ECHO和Cox A9敏感 ,HEp 2细胞对Cox B敏感。取消HEp 2细胞的使用 ,会造成多数Cox B和一些未能定型的NPEV漏检 ,使NPEV分离率明显降低。NPEV感染有明显的夏秋季高峰 ,主要集中在小年龄组儿童 ,以 1岁和 2岁为多。     

河北省急性弛缓性麻痹病例肠道病毒监测分析

河北省 1997～ 1999年急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例肠道病毒监测结果显示 ,分离到的 47株脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )病毒 ,经型内特征鉴定均为疫苗病毒 ;分离到非脊灰肠道病毒 (NPEV) 80株 ,占AFP病例病毒分离数的 63 %。在明确型别的毒株中 ,有柯萨奇病毒 (Coxsackie ,Cox )A组 1个型别 ;Cox B组的 5个型 ,以Cox B1常见 ;有埃柯病毒 (Entericcytopathichumanorphanvirus,E CHO)的 10个型别 ,ECHO15型在 3年中都有分离。NPEV有明显的夏秋季高峰 ,主要发生在小年龄组人群 ,5岁以下儿童的感染占 77 5 % ,2岁以内的占 5 6 3 %。     

953例急性驰缓性麻痹病原学分析

目的：分析浙江省急性驰缓性麻痹病原,方法对浙江省1995－1999年共报告急性驰缓性麻痹病例970例和319例密切接触者的粪便进行病毒分离。结果：分离出脊灰病毒43株,阳性率4．5％,非脊灰肠道病毒（NPEV）100株,阳性率10．5％,脊灰阳性毒株经PCR－RFLP鉴定均为疫苗相关株。对分离的67株NPEV型别鉴定,其中COXB病毒21株（31．3％）,ECHO病毒25例（37．3％）,不能确定型别21株（31．3％）。319例AFP病例的密切接触者粪便标本1591份,分离出脊灰病毒2株,NPEV83株。结论我省连续9年未检测到脊灰野病毒。     

肠道病毒感染的急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学特征分析

目的：分析河北省1997－1999年AFP病例中肠道病毒监测结果。方法：组织培养病毒分离法,结果：河北省1997－1999年AFP病例中分离到的47株脊灰病毒,经型内特征鉴定,均为疫苗病毒;分离到NPEV80株,占AFP病例病毒分离数的63％,在明确型别的毒株中,有coxsackie A组1个型别,coxsackie B的5个型,以coxsackie B1常见,有ECHO的10个型别,ECHO15型在3个年度中都有分离,NPEV有明显的夏秋季高峰,主要发生在小年龄组人群;在年龄构成上以小年龄人群为主。5岁以下儿童的感染占77．5％,2岁以内的占56％,各种病毒感染均男性多于女性。 有13．3％的coxsackieB以及22．2％的ECHO感染不在发病后60天残留麻痹,结论：肠道病毒感染较普遍,并能引起麻痹,但与脊灰不易混淆。     

美国1990年肠道病毒的监测情况

1985年以来,美国3～5月非脊灰肠道病毒(NPEV)分离监测资料显示与7～12月分离的非脊灰肠道病毒(包括肠道病毒活动高峰期)的血清型相似。1990年3～5月美国州立病毒实验室上报给美国疾病控制中心的NPEV77株,其中埃可病毒30(echo 30)为多见,19株占分离的25％,其次是柯萨奇病毒A_9(cox A_9)8株,占10％;cox     

浙江省2004～2007年急性驰缓性麻痹病例中非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒分析

目的:对浙江省2004～2007年急性弛缓性麻痹病例(AFP)粪便标本中分离到的非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒(NPEV)进行监测结果分析.方法:按照WHO规定的方法,用RDa和L2OB细胞对AFP患者的粪便标本进行病毒分离,对分离到的NPEV毒株进行型别鉴定.结果:4年共分离到44株NPEV,分别为柯萨奇A组病毒1株(COXA4),埃可病毒(ECHO)28株,不能定型15株.结论:浙江省2004年～2007年分离到的NPEV中主要为ECHO病毒,未分离到COXB组株病毒,且NPEV感染有明显的夏秋季高峰,主要集中在小年龄组儿童.     

四川省2007～2008年急性弛缓性麻痹病例病原谱特征分析

目的描述四川省2007～2008年急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute Flaccid Paralysis,AFP)病例监测中,分离到的部分非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒(Nonpolio Enterovirus,NPEV)的型别特征,探讨AFP病例可能的病原谱。方法对四川省2007～2008年AFP病例中分离到的14株NPEV进行基因测序定型。结果测序结果经比较分析,确定肠道病毒(Enterovirus,EV)A组的柯萨奇病毒A组4、5、10型(Coxsackievirus Group A Type4、5、10,CVA4、CVA5、CVA10)和EV71型(Type71,EV71)各1株;EVB组的埃柯病毒(Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan Virus,ECHO;引起细胞病变的人肠道孤儿病毒)6型(ECHO6)和30型(ECHO30)各3株,ECHO251株,CVA91株,CVB3和CVB5各1株。结论四川省2007～2008年AFP病例的病原谱可能包括多型别的NPEV。     

海南省急性弛缓性麻痹病例中非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒感染的分型研究

海南省 1994～ 1999年共报告 173例急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例 ,其中 47例分离出非脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )肠道病毒 (NPEV) ,NPEV分离阳性率为 2 7 17%。经鉴定 ,所有分离出的NPEV可分为柯萨奇病毒 (Coxsackie ,Cox .)A9( 1例 )、Cox .B2 ( 2例 )、B3 ( 1例 )、B6( 2例 ) ,埃柯病毒 (Entericcytopathichumanorphanvirus,ECHO) 11个型 ( 3 1例 ) ,肠道病毒 (EV) 70、71型 (各 1例 ) ,“腺病毒 ?”( 3例 ) ,尚有 5例无法分型。其中男性病例占 68 0 9% ,发病以小年龄组为主 ,3岁以下的病例占 87.2 3 % ,95 .74%的患者口服脊灰疫苗 (OPV)免疫史≥ 3次。海南省NPEV感染引起的AFP病例的肢体麻痹 68.0 9% ( 3 2 / 47)为单瘫 ;47例AFP病例中有 2例于发病 60天后仍残留麻痹 ,分别为ECHO7和EV71型感染病例。NPEV感染是AFP病例的重要病因之一 ,应当引起临床医生、防疫工作者和儿童家长的高度重视 ,做到早诊断、早治疗、早康复。     

Enteroviruses identifications and differentiation on the basis of the selective group--specific inhibitory effect of chemical compounds

Two new enteroviruses (EV) inhibitors with the selective group-specific effect were detected and studied representing the products of the original chemical synthesis. One of them--nifan (arylfuran derivative) inhibits poliomyelitis virus replication, the other one--belvtazide (synchonic acid derivative) blocks non-poliomyelitis EV (ECHO and Coxsackie B) replication. The study of the reference strains of poliomyelitis virus type 1-3, twenty-three ECHO virus types (from the 1st to the 33rd), Coxsackie B virus type 1-6 and 288 primary EV isolates did not reveal type or strain specific variability in the inhibitors effect. Nifan and belvtazide supress the replication of both EV monostrains and their mixtures. The isolates of mixed nature are inhibited by the mixture nifan + belvtazide. At the same time neither separate chemicals nor their blend affects viruses from other families (Adenoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Herpesviridae etc.). The mechanism of nifan and belvtazide action is intracellular EV replication inhibition (they do not affect the process of virus adsorption and penetration into the cell), suppression of de novo virus synthesis by 7.0-2.25 lg (tissue culture infective dose 50 per cent) TCID50/ml and of virus-induced RNA synthesis. The drugs feature is high selectivity (90-91%) regarding RNA polioviruses (nifan) and RNA non-poliomyelitis EV (belvtazide). Nifan and belvtazide antiviral effect selectivity allows unknown cytopathic agents (CPA) belonging to the EV to be established with the high degree (over 98%) of reproducibility at the stage of primary identification with the differentiation of poliomyelitis and non-poliomyelitis viruses.     

Counter-electrophoresis as a possible method for typing ECHO and Coxsackie B viruses.

A method for typing ECHO and Coxsackie B viruses using counter-electrophoresis has been developed using stock strains of 15 different ECHO types and 5 Coxsackie B viruses. Work is continuing to see whether the method is a practical one to use for typing of strains from patients infected with ECHO or Coxsackie B viruses.     

西藏自治区1999～2002年儿童埃柯病毒7型分子流行病学分析

目的研究西藏自治区1999~2002年≤5岁儿童埃柯病毒7型(ECHO7)VP1区编码基因特征及其分子流行病学特点。方法选取1999~2002年从西藏自治区<15岁急性弛缓性麻庳(AFP)病例和≤5岁到儿童医院就诊儿童及部分健康儿童的659份粪便标本中分离的16株ECHO7病毒,进行核糖核酸(RNA)提取,VP1编码区逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR),PCR产物的核苷酸序列测定和分析。结果1999年的标本分离到9株,2000年分离到7株,VP1区核苷酸序列测定结果证实,此16株经血清中和试验定型的病毒全部为ECHO7病毒。其它年份未分离到ECHO7病毒。16株ECHO7病毒VP1区基因全长都是876bp,翻译的氨基酸全长292aa。所测16株ECHO7病毒序列之间同源性为86.73~100.00%。所测序列和ECHO7原型株——Wallace株相比,同源性为77.85%~78.99%;和引起致死性脑脊髓炎的ECHO7变异株——UMMC株相比,同源性为81.67%~83.79%。所构建的ECHO7病毒遗传进化树将已知的ECHO7病毒划分为4个基因型,西藏自治区分离的ECHO7病毒独自形成1个基因型(D基因型)。结论首次报告的西藏自治区1999、2000年儿童中流行的ECHO7病毒为一个新的基因型(D基因型)。16株D基因型病毒划分为2个基因亚型D1、D2。1999年流行的为D1;2000年流行的为D2。西藏自治区1999、2000年ECHO7流行为不同的病毒亚型引起。2001~2002年未发现ECHO7的持续流行。     

Oral transmission of Jamestown Canyon virus by Aedes provocans mosquitoes from northeastern New York.

Aedes provocans were allowed to feed on a bloodmeal containing 5.6 log10 TCID50/ml of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus. After 14 days of incubation at 21 degrees C and 80% RH, 100% (36/36) were midgut infected, 50% (18/36) developed disseminated infections and 50% (9/18) of the latter specimens transmitted virus to capillary tubes. When mosquitoes were intrathoracically inoculated with 6.1 log10 TCID50/ml of JC virus, 100% (40/40) became disseminated infected and 95% (38/40) transmitted virus after 12 days of incubation. A midgut escape barrier was recognized as the major barrier to JC virus transmission in orally infected Ae. provocans.     

A serological survey of antibodies to selected enteroviruses

Sera from various population groups in Liberia, Colombia, Peru and Southern Louisiana, USA, have been studied for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to the following enteroviruses: poliovirus type 1, Coxsackie viruses B5 and A9, and ECHO viruses E6 and E9. The results obtained indicate that these viruses are world-wide in distribution and that infection (though not necessarily disease) occurs at an early age. Variations in antibody patterns occur, most notably with Coxsackie B5 virus. Environmental conditions apparently influence the spread of virus, but other factors, as yet unknown, may also play an important role in the dissemination of an organism. It is suggested that surveys such as these might be useful to indicate populations in need of particular vaccines.     

Synthesis of some novel thiourea derivatives obtained from 5-[(4-aminophenoxy)methyl]-4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and evaluation as antiviral/anti-HIV and anti-tuberculosis agents

As a continuation of our previous efforts on N-alkyl/aryl-N'-[4-(4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione-5-yl)phenyl]thioureas 1-19 and N-alkyl/aryl-N'-[4-(3-aralkylthio-4-alkyl/aryl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)phenyl]thioureas 20-22, a series of novel 5-[(4-aminophenoxy)methyl]-4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones 23-26 and several related thioureas, N-alkyl/aryl-N'-{4-[(4-alkyl/aryl-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methoxy]phenyl}thioureas 27-42 were synthesized for evaluation of their antiviral potency. Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the use of (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and HR-MS data. All compounds 1-42 were evaluated in vitro against HIV-1 (IIIB) and HIV-2 (ROD) strains in MT-4 cells, as well as other selected viruses such as HSV-1, HSV-2, Coxsackie virus B4, Sindbis virus and Varicella-zoster virus using HeLa, Vero, HEL and E6SM cell cultures, and anti-tuberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Compounds 4 and 5 showed weak activity against HSV-1, HSV-2 and TK(-) HSV, whereas eight compounds showed marginal activity against Coxsackie virus B4. The most active derivative in this series was compound 38 which showed moderate protection against Coxsackie virus B4 with an MIC value of 16 microg/ml and a selectivity index of 5. This compound was also active against thymidine kinase positive Varicella-zoster virus (TK(+) VZV, OKA strain) with an EC(50) value of 9.9 microg/ml. Compound 38 was the most active compound with 79% inhibition against M. tuberculosis H37Rv.     

Surveillance of influenza viruses isolated from travellers at Nagoya International Airport

In order to conduct a survey of influenza viruses entering Japan via travellers arriving by airplanes, gargle solutions were collected from passengers who reported to the quarantine station of Nagoya International Airport complaining of respiratory symptoms. From 504 samples collected between August 1996 and March 1999, 30 influenza virus strains were isolated. Twenty-eight of the isolates were influenza A (H3N2) viruses and two were influenza B viruses. No H1N1 virus was isolated. Among 28 isolates of H3N2 virus, 3 strains were obtained outside the influenza season. Nucleotide sequences of the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of these isolates along with those from domestic patients were analysed in order to determine the influence of imported influenza viruses by travellers on epidemics in Japan. From the phylogenetic and chronological aspects, the possibility was suggested in one case in 1997/8 and two in the 1998/9 season that imported virus by travellers may have influenced the domestic influenza epidemics.     

江苏省1996年～1999年急性弛缓性麻痹病例病原学研究

对江苏省1996年～1999年817例急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）病例进行了检测,分离出病毒152株,阳性分离率为18．60％,其中脊髓灰质炎（简称脊灰）病毒40株,分离率为4．90％,用PCR－RFLP分析法鉴定其型内待征,均为疫苗株。分离到非脊灰肠道病毒（NPEV）112株,分离率为13．70％,不同月份分离率不同,以夏季为高。不同年龄组,不同采便时间、不同地区间NPEV分离率无显著性差异。NPEV分离率达到了世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐的非脊灰肠道病毒分离率标准（10％）,AFP病例中存在3个血清型,全部为脊灰疫苗株,表明我省脊灰实验室监测系统是敏感的。