局部动脉内溶栓治疗大脑中动脉急性脑梗死

目的探讨局部动脉内溶栓对大脑中动脉（MCA）急性脑梗死的治疗效果。方法对67例MCA急性脑梗死患者应用尿激酶进行局部动脉内溶栓治疗，分析不同时间及阻塞部位血管再通和3个月后临床预后的关系。结果M1M2段阻塞41例（61．19％），M3M4段阻塞26例（38．81％）。溶栓后阻塞血管成功再通47例（70．15％），其中M1M2段28例（68．29％），M3M4段19例（73．08％），M3M4段阻塞再通率似高于M1M2段，但差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。溶栓时间在发病6h以内者13例（19．40％），阻塞血管再通10例（75．92％），预后良好9例（69．23％）。发病时间在6h以上者54例（80．60％），阻塞血管再通37例（68．51％），预后良好者30例（55．56％）。发病6h以内溶栓者的阻塞血管再通率和预后良好率较6h以上者为高，但差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。血管再通和预后明显相关（r=0．76）。6h以上溶栓易致颅内出血。结论MCA急性脑梗死动脉内溶栓疗效确切，早期溶栓效果较好，晚期溶栓易并发颅内出血。     

超早期动脉溶栓联合血管支架植入治疗急性颈内动脉闭塞

目的：探讨超早期动脉溶栓并联合血管支架植入治疗对颈动脉闭塞治疗的效果。方法回顾我科从2009年1月~2013年12月7例4.5 h内颈动脉闭塞患者,应用超早期动脉溶栓并联合血管支架植入治疗的并发症,注意事项,待解决的问题等。结果6例溶栓成功再通,1例未再通,无1例出现血管破裂。结论超早期动脉溶栓联合血管支架植入治疗急性缺血性卒中效果明显,后遗症少。     

下肢动脉血管再通修复重建对下肢动脉缺血导致创面修复的影响

目的 探讨下肢动脉血管再通修复重建对下肢动脉缺血导致创面修复的影响。方法 2003年6月至2007年5月对226例下肢动脉缺血导致创面的患者分为未行下肢动脉血管再通修复重建的患者118例和行下肢动脉血管再通修复重建的患者（包括经皮腔内血管成形修复及支架置入术、人工或自体血管搭桥动脉旁路移植术、动脉血管内膜硬化斑剥脱血管成型修复、动脉血管切开取栓和大网膜移植血流再通重建术）108例共两组，采用超声彩色多普勒和选择性血管造影进行检查是否存在下肢动脉的缺血，分析创面的愈合情况（包括创面愈合时间、截肢率和复发率等）。结果 （1）226例下肢动脉缺血形成的创面中足部感染或溃疡197例（87％，197／226），小腿皮肤慢性感染和溃疡29例（13％，29／226）。创面〈1cm者59例（26％，59／226），创面1～2cm者77例（34％，77／226），创面2～5cm者63例（28％，63／226），创面〉5cm者27例（12％，27／226）；（2）226例行超声彩色多普勒检查阳性结果201例（阳性率89％，201／226），其中完全闭塞者48例（24％，48／201），重度狭窄者71例（35％，71／201），中度狭窄者82例（41％，82／201）；（3）行选择性血管造影者192例，检测阳性结果为167例（87％，167／192），其中髂总动脉＋髂外动脉＋股动脉闭塞或狭窄者23例（14％，23／167），髂外动脉＋股动脉闭塞或狭窄者39例（23％，39／167），股动脉＋腘动脉闭塞或狭窄者58例（35％，58／167），腘动脉下动脉血管闭塞或狭窄者47例（28％，47／167）；（4）在108例下肢动脉血管再通修复重建的患者中，经皮腔内血管成形修复再通重建（PTA）及支架置入术32例（30％，32／108），人工或自体血管搭桥动脉旁路移植血管修复再通重建（髂-股动脉、髂-腘动脉、股-股动脉、股-腘动脉、股-胫前或后动脉）术36例（33％，36／108），动脉血管内膜硬化斑剥脱血管成型修复再通重建术25例（23％，25／108），动脉血管切开取栓再通术11例（10％，11／108），大网膜移植血流再通重建术4例（4％，4／108）；（5）行和未行下肢动脉血管再通修复重建的患者相比，创面愈合的天数平均缩短（25±3）天（P〈0．05），行下肢动脉血管再通修复重建的患者截肢率为7％（7／108），复发率为8％（8／108），未行下肢动脉血管再通修复重建的患者截肢率为14％（16／118），复发率为27％（32／118）。结论 在下肢动脉缺血导致下肢或足部创面的愈合的过程中，下肢动脉血管再通修复重建起非常关键的作用。     

急性缺血性脑梗死的溶栓治疗

目的 评价缺血性脑梗死急性期溶栓治疗的疗效。方法 98例急性缺血性脑梗死患者，病程为2-7h。行脑血管造影明确栓塞血管及部位。尿激酶以1万U／min持续泵入，总量为100万u，辅助其它常规治疗。治疗14d后评价其临床疗效。结果 基本痊愈14例，显著进步30例、进步39例、无变化11例、死亡4例。有效率为84．7％。显效率为44．8％，血管再通率为73．5％，治疗后神经功能缺损评分较前显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论 急性缺血性脑梗死的溶栓治疗是一种安全有效的方法，可明显改善患者的生存质量。     

Solitaire支架机械取栓与选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效比较

目的比较Solitaire支架机械取栓与选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年5月遵义市第一人民医院神经科因大动脉狭窄或闭塞导致急性中重度脑梗死接受动脉溶栓或机械取栓的82例患者的临床资料,比较分析介入治疗后血管再通m TICI评级、治疗前后NIHSS评分、出血情况及90 d神经功能恢复情况。结果机械取栓42例(机械取栓组),动脉溶栓40例(动脉溶栓组),机械取栓组患者治疗后总有效率达到85.70%,动脉溶栓组总有效率62.50%,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与治疗前相比,2组治疗后NIHSS评分呈下降趋势,治疗后1周机械取栓组疗效优于动脉溶栓治疗组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);机械取栓相比动脉溶栓出血率较低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论支架机械取栓方法与动脉溶栓比较,时间窗可以适当放宽,溶栓效果、安全性及远期临床预后较好。     

急性脑梗塞静脉溶栓的临床护理

目的：早期静脉溶栓能有效解除血管闭塞，恢复脑血流灌注，从而挽救缺血半暗带脑组织，达到再灌注治疗目的，是脑梗死急性期治疗成功的前提和基础，做好静脉溶栓的观察和护理是其治疗效果的保证。方法选取符合静脉溶栓的患者15例，通过早期溶解血栓，解除血管闭塞，恢复脑血流灌注，从而挽救缺血半暗带脑组织，达到再灌注治疗目的。结果早期溶栓再通目前被认为是脑梗塞急性期的最佳治疗方案之一。溶栓治疗过程中，临床护理对于患者预后发挥着重要作用。结论急性脑梗死早期静脉溶栓治疗效果显著，院前院内溶栓绿色通道，医护密切配合，提高患者对溶栓治疗的认知度、依从性，同时充分发挥患者潜能、促使患者得到最大化的康复，提高了生活质量。     

膝以下动脉硬化闭塞症的介入治疗

目的：探讨膝以下动脉硬化闭塞症腔内治疗的方法、难点、并发症处理以及预后。方法：2008年1月至2011年12月,采用介入方法治疗膝以下动脉硬化闭塞症72例（84条肢体）。采取股总动脉顺行或逆行穿刺,下肢动脉造影,以导丝配合导管通过动脉狭窄段,或开通动脉闭塞段;开通失败者,尝试内膜下血管成形术;经导丝引入球囊进行扩张,扩张完毕后造影,如残余狭窄＞30％,则再次扩张;出现动脉夹层者,行药物洗脱支架植入。结果：84条肢体行介入治疗,82条肢体获得影像学成功,技术成功率为97．6％。术后16例间歇性跛行患者跛行距离平均增加500 m（50～2500 m）,43例静息痛者疼痛均减轻或消失,8例足趾溃疡者经换药3个月内溃疡全部愈合,1例足趾溃疡患者因介入术后支架内血栓形成而行股-腘动脉自体大隐静脉原位转流术。3例足趾坏疽者行截趾术,术后3个月内创口愈合。1例前半足坏疽者行膝下截肢。术后6个月、1年肢体通畅率分别为96．3％和95．0％,术后1年肢体保全率为95．0％。结论：对于膝以下动脉狭窄或闭塞性病变者行腔内治疗,成功率高、效果明显、并发症少、保肢率高、可重复治疗,是安全有效的治疗方法。     

基于颅脑CT灌注成像筛选的急性基底动脉闭塞性脑梗死的血管内再通治疗临床研究

目的 基于颅脑CT灌注成像(CTP)筛选的急性基底动脉闭塞性脑梗死血管内再通治疗的临床安全性及治疗效果.方法 选择发病12 h内、责任血管椎基底动脉完全闭塞且住院的急性后循环脑梗死患者60例,其中男性40例,女性20例;年龄39～94岁,平均年龄63.32岁.行一站式颅脑CT平扫和CTP检查.采用简单随机抽样法,分为2...     

急性椎基底动脉阻塞急诊血管内治疗20例分析

目的：评价血管内重建治疗急性椎基底动脉阻塞的疗效。方法：收集急性椎基底动脉阻塞20例,全脑造影后进行动脉溶栓和支架血管成形术等血管内重建治疗,比较手术前后NIHSS评分、TIMI血流等级及临床表现。结果：完全开通9例（45％）,部分开通9例（45％）,未开通2例（10％）,总开通率为（90％）;继发脑出血1例（5％）,死亡2例（10％）。术前、术后NIHSS评分分别为18．05±6．72、13．24±5．36（P〈0．01）,术后TIMI靶血流可达2～3级,术后18例（90％）临床症状好转。结论：血管内重建是治疗急性椎基底动脉阻塞的有效方法。     

静脉溶栓桥接支架取栓与直接支架取栓治疗颅内大血管急性闭塞效果分析

目的:比较分析静脉溶栓桥接支架取栓与单纯支架取栓对颅内大血管急性闭塞开通的安全性和有效性。方法:岳阳市一人民医院2016-01-2018-12治疗的29例急性颅内大血管闭塞患者,根据治疗方案的不同将其分为单纯支架取栓组(单纯取栓组,16例)和静脉溶栓桥接支架取栓组(桥接治疗组,13例)。通过改良脑梗死溶栓试验(mTICI)评估血管再通情况。统计分析两组平均血管开通时间、平均取栓次数、术后24h以及术后7天NIHSS评分和90天改良Rankin评分(mRS)、症状性出血及其它恶性并发症的发生情况。结果:两组患者经取栓治疗后血管开通情况良好,术后NIHSS评分改善无统计学差异(P0.05)。桥接取栓组平均血管开通时间为(95.00±15.00)min,平均取栓次数为(3.10±0.90)次,术后并发症发生率为30.77%,90天mRS评分0-2分患者占61. 54%(8/13)。单纯取栓组平均血管开通时间为(98.00±17.00)min,平均取栓次数为(3.30±1.10)次;术后并发症发生率为31.25%,90天mRS评分0-2分患者占37. 50%(6/16)。以上两组指标相比,单纯支架取栓组与静脉溶栓桥接取栓组血管再通时间、取栓次数以及手术并发症均无明显统计学差异,但二组在90天mRS评分0-2分者所占比例差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:静脉溶栓桥接支架取栓和单纯支架取栓均能快速开通颅内闭塞大动脉,但前者在改善患者临床预后方面优于后者。     

Rescue treatment with intra-arterial tirofiban infusion and emergent carotid stenting

Rapid arterial rethrombosis is associated with high-grade residual stenosis and usually occurs at the site of the initial occlusion, resulting in reocclusion of the recanalized artery. Platelets may play an active role in such rethrombosis after thrombolytic-induced clot lysis. Given that glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers, like tirofiban, prevent thrombus formation by inhibiting the final common pathway of platelet aggregation, they may be helpful for treating rethrombosis after thrombolysis. A 64-year-old man presented with an acute ischemic stroke due to internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. The ICA was recanalized by intravenous thrombolysis but reoccluded shortly after recanalization. The reoccluded ICA was successfully recanalized using intra-arterial tirofiban. A carotid stent was subsequently inserted to relieve severe stenosis and to prevent recurrent stroke. Here, we report a case of rescue treatment of a successfully recanalized ICA by intra- arterial tirofiban. We suggest that rescue use of intra-arterial tirofiban may be effective and safe, especially in hemorrhage prone situations, due to the relatively lower dose of tirofiban compared with intravenous doses.     

Intra-arterial versus intra-venous thrombolysis within and after the first 3 hours of stroke onset

The NINDS trial demonstrated for the first time the effectiveness of intravenous thrombolysis in improving outcome after acute ischemic stroke. The absolute benefit of this intervention was 11–13% greater chance of being normal or near normal (MRS ≤ 1) at 3 months. However, if patients with severe stroke were considered (NIHSS ≥ 20), the absolute benefit dropped to 5–6%, indicating that IV thrombolysis may not be as effective for large vessel occlusion. This observation was further supported by TCD studies that clearly demonstrated that large artery occlusions had a recanalization rate of 13–18% with IV rt-PA. Intra-arterial thrombolysis achieves recanalization rates of 60–70%. Since tissue viability is clearly important, it is time to stop defining rigid time windows and if there is a large penumbra (20–50%) and the occlusion is in a large artery, there exists a logic and a growing evidence to consider either bridge therapy or direct intra-arterial therapy.     

Mechanical thrombectomy with solitaire stent retrieval for acute ischemic stroke in a Brazilian population

OBJECTIVE:

Large vessel occlusion in acute ischemic stroke is associated with low recanalization rates under intravenous thrombolysis. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the Solitaire AB stent in treating acute ischemic stroke.

METHODS:

Patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke were prospectively evaluated. The neurological outcomes were assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and the modified Rankin Scale. Time was recorded from the symptom onset to the recanalization and procedure time. Recanalization was assessed using the thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score.

RESULTS:

Twenty-one patients were evaluated. The mean patient age was 65, and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores ranged from 7 to 28 (average 17±6.36) at presentation. The vessel occlusions occurred in the middle cerebral artery (61.9%), distal internal carotid artery (14.3%), tandem carotid occlusion (14.3%), and basilar artery (9.5%). Primary thrombectomy, rescue treatment and a bridging approach represented 66.6%, 28.6%, and 4.8% of the performed procedures, respectively. The mean time from symptom onset to recanalization was 356.5±107.8 minutes (range, 80-586 minutes). The mean procedure time was 60.4±58.8 minutes (range, 14-240 minutes). The overall recanalization rate (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction scores of 3 or 2b) was 90.4%, and the symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rate was 14.2%. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores at discharge ranged from 0 to 25 (average 6.9±7). At three months, 61.9% of the patients had a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2, with an overall mortality rate of 9.5%.

CONCLUSIONS:

Intra-arterial thrombectomy with the Solitaire AB device appears to be safe and effective. Large randomized trials are necessary to confirm the benefits of this approach in acute ischemic stroke.     

Intra-arterial Thrombolysis for Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Two Cases Report

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) causes severe visual loss in affected eye and vision does not recover in more than 90% of the patients. It is believed that it occurs by occlusion of the central retinal artery with small emboli from atherosclerotic plaque of internal cerebral artery. Retina is a part of the brain, thus basically CRAO is corresponding to acute occlusion of intracerebral artery and retinal ischemia is to cerebral stroke. Therefore, intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) has been considered as a treatment method in CRAO. Recently, we treated 2 patients diagnosed as CRAO and could achieve complete recanalization on fundus fluorescein angiogram with IAT. Of them, one recovered visual acuity to 20/25. We report our 2 CRAO cases treated with IAT and discuss technical aspects for IAT and management of patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Korean report of IAT for CRAO.     

Emergency Cervical Carotid Artery Stenting After Intravenous Thrombolysis in Patients With Hyperacute Ischemic Stroke

BackgroundIntravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rtPA) is the mainstay of treatment for acute ischemic stroke to recanalize thrombosed intracranial vessels within 4.5 hours. Emergency carotid artery stenting for the treatment of acute stroke due to steno-occlusion of the proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) can improve symptoms, prevent neurological deterioration, and reduce recurrent stroke risk. The feasibility and safety of the combination therapy of IV rtPA and urgent carotid artery stenting have not been established.MethodsFrom November 2005 to October 2020, we retrospectively assessed patients who had undergone emergent carotid artery stenting after IV rtPA for hyperacute ischemic stroke due to steno-occlusive proximal ICA lesion. Hemorrhagic transformation, successful recanalization, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days, and stent patency at 3 and 12 months or longer were evaluated. Favorable outcome was defined as a 90-days mRS score of ≤ 2.ResultsNineteen patients with hyperacute stroke had undergone emergent carotid artery stenting after IV rtPA therapy. Their median age was 70 (67.5–73.5) years (94.7% men). Among 15 patients with an additional intracranial occlusion after flow restoration in the proximal ICA, a modified TICI grade ≥ 2b was achieved in 11 patients (73.3%). Hemorrhagic transformation occurred in five patients (26.3%); mortality rate was 5.7%. Eleven patients (57.9%) had favorable outcomes at 90 days. Stent patients (94.1%) maintained stent patency for ≥ 12 months.ConclusionWe showed that emergent carotid artery stenting after IV rtPA therapy for hyperacute stroke caused by atherosclerotic proximal ICA steno-occlusion was feasible and safe.     

前循环串联病变的血管再通顺序对急性缺血性卒中短期预后的影响

目的:探讨前循环串联病变血管再通顺序对急性缺血性卒中(AIS)患者短期预后的影响。方法:回顾性队列研究。纳入2018年1月—2019年6月中国医科大学附属第四医院神经内科因前循环串联病变导致AIS并行血管内介入治疗的40例患者的临床资料,其中男36例、女4例,年龄39～78岁。根据不同的再通顺序将患者分为2组：A组26...     

Clinical comparison of intravenous thrombolysis and bridging artery thrombectomy in hyperacute ischemic stroke with unknown time of onset

IntroductionThe aim of the study was to explore the clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis and bridging artery thrombectomy for hyperacute ischemic stroke with unknown onset time.MethodsOne hundred and twenty-eight patients with hyperacute cerebral infarction and without a clear time of onset were randomly divided into intravenous thrombolysis (n = 66) and bridging artery thrombectomy groups (n = 62).ResultsIn the intravenous thrombolysis group, 37 patients’ vessels had recanalization, 32 patients’ 24-hour National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score improved, and 42 patients’ 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was good. In the bridging artery thrombectomy group, 62 patients’ vessels had recanalization, 28 patients’ 24-hour NIHSS score improved, and 38 patients’ 90-day mRS score was good.ConclusionsThe benefits and adverse events between intravenous thrombolysis and bridging artery thrombectomy for ischemic stroke with unknown time of onset are similar.     

Efficacy of sonothrombolysis in a rat model of embolic ischemic stroke

The key goal in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke is fast vessel recanalization. Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is efficient in humans but mean time for recanalization is within hours. Ultrasound bio-effects has been shown to facilitate rt-PA mediated thrombolysis in peripheral arteries. We used an embolic stroke model in the rat. In all rats we induced an ischemic stroke by a selective occlusion of the middle cerebral artery with whole blood clots. From an entire collective of 54 rats 47 completed the protocol (n = 7 died early). Four different groups (no treatment n = 6; full dose rt-PA treatment only [10 mg/kg per body weight] n = 14, half dose rt-PA treatment plus ultrasound n = 10, and full dose rt-PA treatment plus ultrasound n = 17) were investigated. We found a significant reduction of absolute as well as relative infarct volume in the full dose rt-PA plus ultrasound group (81+/-72 mm(3); P< 0.05) in comparison to untreated rats (253+/-159 mm(3); P < 0.05) as well as in comparison to rats treated with full dose rt-PA only (167+/-91 mm(3); P < 0.05). There were five intracranial bleedings giving a bleeding rate of 9.3%. In summary: ultrasound treatment in addition to rt-PA is more effective than single rt-PA treatment in reducing infarct volume and safe with regard to bleeding.     

The use of antithrombotic drugs in artery disease

Evaluating the use of antithrombotic drugs in artery disease has been a long and difficult process, which is far from complete. The aims of treatment have ranged from the primary prevention of myocardial infarction or stroke, through the restoration of blood flow to ischaemic organs in order to salvage threatened tissue, to the prevention of recurrent vascular occlusion. Drugs studied in depth by clinical trial include the oral anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs (especially aspirin), and thrombolytic agents. Their results are considered under the headings of coronary artery disease, cerebral ischaemia, and peripheral vascular disease. Aspirin, with or without dipyridamole, prevents progression of unstable angina to myocardial infarction or death, probably reduces long-term mortality after myocardial infarction, and prevents aortocoronary bypass graft occlusion. It decreases the risks of stroke or death in patients with transient cerebral ischaemia, diminishes cardiovascular morbidity after a thrombotic stroke, and may improve the outcome after some kinds of surgery for peripheral vascular disease. The benefits of oral anticoagulant treatment to prevent artery occlusion remain poorly defined. Oral anticoagulants prevent systemic embolism in many groups of high-risk patients, and probably reduce the risk of recurrence after embolism has occurred. Whether their long-term use to prevent reinfarction in patients with a previous myocardial infarct can be justified remains uncertain. They are of little or no proven value in patients with transient cerebral ischaemia or thrombotic stroke. On the other hand, there is increasing support for early thrombolytic treatment after myocardial infarction, especially since two multicentre trials have now shown reduced mortality in patients treated with intracoronary streptokinase within 4-6 hours of infarction and a further large multicentre study also demonstrated reduced mortality in patients treated with early intravenous streptokinase. In addition, the local infusion of streptokinase leads to recanalization in a high proportion of patients with a recent peripheral artery occlusion who are poor candidates for surgery.     

兔经股动脉插管自体血栓大脑中动脉栓塞模型

目的经股动脉途径行选择性颈内动脉插管建立兔大脑中动脉（MCA）血栓栓塞模型,并评价其技术可行性及模型的稳定性。方法新西兰大白兔30只,雌雄不限,平均兔龄14个月,体质量4.1kg。对照组10只,实验组20只。经股动脉途径行选择性颈内动脉数字减影血管造影（DSA）,实验组向颈内动脉内注射1~5枚血栓,对照组仅注射造影剂。行DSA,观察脑血管闭塞情况,用改良Bederson评分法评价神经功能缺损,CT灌注成像观察脑血流灌注,磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）、2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑（TTC）染色观察脑梗塞情况。结果实验组17只兔（85%）脑缺血模型建立成功,表现为手术侧MCA主干闭塞,神经功能缺损,MCA供血区血流灌注异常,DWI信号、TTC染色异常。3只脑缺血模型建立失败,其中2只为颈内动脉栓塞,1只闭塞的MCA再通。对照组影像学及病理学均无异常。两组CT灌注参数差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论经股动脉途径行选择性颈内动脉插管建立兔MCA血栓栓塞模型具有创伤小、易存活等优点。选择合适的血栓及熟悉兔颈内动脉系统解剖及变异能提高局灶性脑缺血模型的稳定性及可重复性。