腰椎间孔狭窄症的诊断与手术治疗

目的：讨论腰椎间孔狭窄症的病理解剖、临床特征、诊断和手术治疗。方法：对１９９１年至１９９８年间４２例腰椎间孔狭窄症病人的诊断与手术治疗进行了回顾性研究。结果：术后对其中的３８例病人进行了０．５～５．５年,平均３．５年的随访,手术优良率达９２．７％。结论：引起腰椎间孔狭窄并导致根本性卡压征的原因有腰椎间盘退变狭窄,小关节增生内聚,黄韧带肥厚内陷,椎间孔内间盘突出和腰椎滑脱等。诊断依赖于根性损害表现和可靠的腰椎ＣＴ扫描或ＭＲＩ检查。手术包括腰椎间孔的探查和减压,术中注意保护和重建脊柱稳定性,并防止神经结构误伤。     

Lumbar foraminal stenosis,the hidden stenosis including at L5/S1

In patients with lower back and leg pain, lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS) is one of the most important pathologies, especially for predominant radicular symptoms. LFS pathology can develop as a result of progressing spinal degeneration and is characterized by exacerbation with foraminal narrowing caused by lumbar extension (Kemp’s sign). However, there is a lack of critical clinical findings for LFS pathology. Therefore, patients with robust and persistent leg pain, which is exacerbated by lumbar extension, should be suspected of LFS. Radiological diagnosis is performed using multiple radiological modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, including plain examination and novel protocols such as diffusion tensor imaging, as well as dynamic X-ray, and computed tomography. Electrophysiological testing can also aid diagnosis. Treatment options include both conservative and surgical approaches. Conservative treatment includes medication, rehabilitation, and spinal nerve block. Surgery should be considered when the pathology is refractory to conservative treatment and requires direct decompression of the exiting nerve root, including the dorsal root ganglia. In cases with decreased intervertebral height and/or instability, fusion surgery should also be considered. Recent advancements in minimally invasive lumbar lateral interbody fusion procedures enable effective and less invasive foraminal enlargement compared with traditional fusion surgeries such as transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. The lumbosacral junction can cause L5 radiculopathy with greater incidence than other lumbar levels as a result of anatomical and epidemiological factors, which should be better addressed when treating clinical lower back pain.     

Combined intra-extracanal approach to lumbosacral disc herniations with bi-radicular involvement. Technical considerations from a surgical series of 15 cases

Large lumbosacral disc herniations effacing both the paramedian and the foraminal area often cause double radicular compression. Surgical management of these lesions may be difficult. A traditional interlaminar approach usually brings into view only the paramedian portion of the intervertebral disc, unless the lateral bone removal is considerably increased. Conversely, the numerous far-lateral approaches proposed for removing foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniations would decompress the exiting nerve root only. Overall, these approaches share the drawback of controlling the neuroforamen on one side alone. A combined intra-extraforaminal exposure is a useful yet rarely reported approach. Over a 3-year period, 15 patients with bi-radicular symptoms due to large disc herniations of the lumbar spine underwent surgery through a combined intra-extracanal approach. A standard medial exposure with an almost complete hemilaminectomy of the upper vertebra was combined with an extraforaminal exposure, achieved by minimal drilling of the inferior facet joint, the lateral border of the pars interarticularis and the inferior margin of the superior transverse process. The herniated discs were removed using key maneuvers made feasible by working simultaneously on both operative windows. In all cases the disc herniation could be completely removed, thus decompressing both nerve roots. Radicular pain was fully relieved without procedure-related morbidity. The intra-extraforaminal exposure was particularly useful in identifying the extraforaminal nerve root early. Early identification was especially advantageous when periradicular scar tissue hid the nerve root from view, as it did in patients who had undergone previous surgery at the same site or had long-standing radicular symptoms. Controlling the foramen on both sides also reduced the risk of leaving residual disc fragments. A curved probe was used to push the disc material outside the foramen. In conclusion, specific surgical maneuvers made feasible by a simultaneous extraspinal and intraspinal exposure allow quick, safe and complete removal of lumbosacral disc herniations with paramedian and foraminal extension.     

肌间隙入路单侧钉棒内固定加椎间融合治疗腰椎间盘突出伴不稳

目的：探讨采用手术新入路利用单侧钉棒内固定加椎间融合治疗腰椎间盘突出伴不稳的综合疗效。方法25例腰椎间盘突出伴不稳患者采用肌间隙入路,保护脊柱后方韧带复合体,利用TLIF术式辅助单侧钉棒固定及椎间融合治疗。分别于术前、术后对患者的腰腿痛情况进行VAS评分,同时评价术后腰椎融合率。结果25例患者术后功能明显恢复正常,腰腿痛症状基本消失,1例残留轻度腰痛症状,经对症治疗后缓解,腰椎融合率100%。结论具有单侧神经根症状的腰椎间盘突出伴不稳患者,采用肌间隙入路并进行单侧钉棒固定及融合,术中保留了后方韧带复合体,显露充分,出血少,创伤小,侧隐窝减压彻底,临床效果好,值得临床推广应用。     

腰椎手术失败综合征的原因分析及再手术治疗

目的探讨腰椎手术失败综合征的主要原因及再手术治疗效果。方法下腰椎术后综合征患者24例，单侧椎板开窗髓核切除10例，全椎板切除髓核切除14例，其中椎弓根内固定3例，均再次手术。再手术术式包括：半椎板或全椎板减压，髓核切除，椎管神经根管彻底减压，椎弓根内固定，椎间融合或后外侧植骨融合。结果腰椎手术失败综合征原因为同一节段椎间盘突出复发或相邻节段椎间盘退变突出，原手术节段或相邻节段椎管狭窄，手术定位错误，内固定失败。24例获2个月～3年随访，再手术后均获得满意效果。临床改善率为80．2％。优18例，良6例。结论下腰椎手术失败后，积极、合理地再手术治疗，仍能获得满意疗效。     

Biomechanical analysis of the disc adjacent to posterolateral fusion with laminectomy in lumbar spine

OBJECTIVES: After posterolateral fusion with laminectomy for the degenerative lumbar spine, accelerated degeneration of the disc adjacent to the fusion mass has been clinically observed. Previous studies used a finite element model (FEM) to calculate the stress of the adjacent disc in the fused lumbar spine with spinal fixator and bone graft. However, little emphasis was placed on the simultaneous spinal fusion and decompression procedure. To investigate if the spinal decompression procedure in posterolateral fusion would increase stress significantly, the FEM was employed to estimate the stress concentration of the disc above the fusion mass in posterolateral fusion with laminectomy and hemilaminectomy. METHODS: Three FEMs of the lumbar spine were established: intact spine, posterolateral fusion with total laminectomy, and posterolateral fusion with hemilaminectomy (preserved partial lamina, spinous process, and supraspinous and interspinous ligaments). The posterolateral fusion added spinal fixator and bone graft between the transverse process. The L1 vertebral body was subjected to 10-Nm flexion, extension, torsion, and lateral bending. The bottom of the L5 vertebral body was fixed. RESULTS: In flexion, the stress on the adjacent disc in posterolateral fusion with laminectomy and hemilaminectomy respectively increased 90% and 21% over that of the intact spine. In posterolateral fusion with hemilaminectomy, the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments shared some external forces to alleviate the stress concentration of the adjacent disc. However, in extension, torsion, and lateral bending, these two fusion models had almost no change in range of motion and stress of adjacent disc. CONCLUSION: Posterolateral fusion with hemilaminectomy (preserved partial lamina, spinous process, and supraspinous and interspinous ligaments) was able to alleviate the stress concentration of the disc above the fusion mass in flexion.     

椎板间开窗潜行扩大减压术治疗腰椎间盘突出合并侧隐窝狭窄

目的 探讨椎板间开窗潜行扩大减压治疗腰椎间盘突出合并侧隐窝狭窄的手术方法与疗效。方法 椎板间开窗潜行扩大侧隐窝,摘除椎间盘,彻底松解神经根。结果 42例患者经术后平均2.1年随访,优良率92.9%。结论 该手术操作简捷、安全,对神经根减压彻底,骨性结构破坏少,利于患者术后康复及脊柱稳定。     

腰椎间盘突出症再手术原因分析和手术方式探讨

目的:探讨腰椎间盘突出症再手术的原因及手术方式。方法:对39例腰椎间盘突出症术后症状无改善或缓解一段时间后复发需再手术的患者进行分析和总结。再手术方式:椎板间开窗或经原椎板间扩大开窗、椎间盘切除8例;半椎板切除减压、椎间盘切除3例;全椎板切除减压、椎间盘切除27例(其中23例行后路椎弓根内固定加横突间植骨融合,2例同时行椎间cage置入融合);经左前外侧入路腹膜外椎间盘切除、椎间植骨融合1例。结果:再手术原因包括复发性腰椎间盘突出20例、相邻节段腰椎间盘突出7例、腰椎节段性不稳定8例和腰椎间盘未彻底去除4例,其中合并继发性腰椎管狭窄8例,硬膜外瘢痕形成4例。术中发生脑脊液漏4例,均行硬膜修补,术后恢复良好。随访1年6个月～5年7个月,其中31例患者症状明显改善,7例症状部分改善,1例无改善,优良率为79.5%。再手术前JOA评分平均11.8分,再手术后末次随访时平均25.6分,有显著性差异(P<0.05),恢复率为80.2%。23例行椎弓根内固定加横突间植骨融合患者末次随访时植骨融合率为70%,1例行椎间植骨融合患者末次随访时植骨融合。结论:腰椎间盘突出症再手术的主要原因为复发性腰椎间盘突出、相邻节段腰椎间盘突出、腰椎节段性不稳定和腰椎间盘未彻底去除等,正确分析再手术原因并选择合理的手术方式,仍可以取得较为满意的疗效。     

Operative treatment for degenerative lumbar spinal canal stenosis

The authors have made a retrospective study of a cohort of patients who underwent surgery for spinal stenosis. A total of 85 patients were surgically treated for spinal stenosis between 1993 and 1997, and 79 patients were available for re-evaluation. The average time of follow-up was 79 months. Twenty patients with monosegmental stenosis underwent fenestration and undercutting, 16 patients had a hemilaminectomy or laminectomy and 43 patients had an instrumented fusion after decompression. The severity of the clinical complaints, the degree of stenosis and the extent of the instability determined the method of operation used. Results were more variable when extensive decompression (hemilaminectomy or more) was needed and segmental stability was reduced by resection of large portions of the facet joints. Instability clearly worsened the results. The overall results clearly show that limited decompression is an ideal operative method, provided the indication is correct. Fusion cannot be avoided if segmental instability is present. This retrospective study shows that satisfactory long-term results can be achieved in lumbar spinal stenosis with surgery adapted to the degree of instability and the degree of stenosis.     

后路椎间盘镜在治疗腰椎管狭窄症中的应用

目的：探讨后路椎间盘镜在治疗腰椎管狭窄症中的应用。方法：2000年2月--2001年12月退行性腰椎管狭窄症142例行后路椎间盘镜下椎管有限减压、全椎板或半椎板切除减压、开窗减压术。结果：应用后路椎间盘镜行椎管有限减压87例，减压松解充分。82例随访平均18月，优良率92．7％(优58例，良18例)。无并发症。结论：单纯腰椎间盘膨出或突出、黄韧带肥厚和小关节增生引起的退行性腰椎管狭窄症是后路椎间盘镜下椎管有限减压的适应证。满意的手术效果取决于：病人选择适当，术中操作精细，减压彻底。     

Clinical applications of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar foraminal nerve root entrapment

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can provide valuable structural information about tissues that may be useful for clinical applications in evaluating lumbar foraminal nerve root entrapment. Our purpose was to visualize the lumbar nerve root and to analyze its morphology, and to measure its apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in healthy volunteers and patients with lumbar foraminal stenosis using 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging. Fourteen patients with lumbar foraminal stenosis and 14 healthy volunteers were studied. Regions of interest were placed at the fourth and fifth lumbar root at dorsal root ganglia and distal spinal nerves (at L4 and L5) and the first sacral root and distal spinal nerve (S1) on DWI to quantify mean ADC values. The anatomic parameters of the spinal nerve roots can also be determined by neurography. In patients, mean ADC values were significantly higher in entrapped roots and distal spinal nerve than in intact ones. Neurography also showed abnormalities such as nerve indentation, swelling and running transversely in their course through the foramen. In all patients, leg pain was ameliorated after selective decompression (n = 9) or nerve block (n = 5). We demonstrated the first use of DWI and neurography of human lumbar nerves to visualize and quantitatively evaluate lumbar nerve entrapment with foraminal stenosis. We believe that DWI is a potential tool for diagnosis of lumbar nerve entrapment.     

椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的 比较三种没术式在椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症治疗中的优、缺点,探讨各自的最佳适应证。方法对本院１９９２年８月－１９９８年４月间手术治疗的３４例椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症病例进行随访,了解其术后症状改善情况,并同时摄Ｘ线片观察手术对局部稳定性的影响,平均随访２９个月。结果 经峡部外缘入路手术１９例,手术时间平均６２分钟,平均出血量５８ｍｌ,手术总优良率９３％。经椎板、峡部关节突切除途径５     

腰骶椎椎体后缘离断症的手术治疗

目的:探讨腰骶椎椎体后缘离断症的临床治疗方法及疗效。方法:2004年2月～2010年6月共收治腰骶椎椎体后缘离断患者34例,行X线、CT、MRI检查确诊。均行游离骨块及相应节段椎间盘切除。先行椎间盘切除,扩大椎间隙,构建与离断骨块相适应的沟槽,采用咬、刮、凿等技术切除骨块。Takata分型中13例Ⅲ型离断患者行扩大开窗或半椎板切除。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型离断患者,单侧出现神经根症状者行患侧扩大开窗或半椎板切除11例;双侧出现神经根损害者行双侧开窗5例;椎管狭窄明显、伴有椎体滑脱行全椎板切除5例。若离断骨块较大,侧隐窝狭窄,脊柱不稳患者同时行后路腰椎椎体间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)11例。随访时摄正侧位X线片观察植骨融合情况,应用腰椎JOA评分系统评价近期疗效。结果:随访11个月～4.6年,平均2.7年,术前JOA评分平均12.4分,末次随访时平均27.2分,除1例Ⅱ型、1例Ⅲ型离断患者外,其他患者均获得满意疗效,优良率94%。未出现术中术后并发症,植骨均融合。结论:椎体后缘离断症经保守治疗无效者应尽早手术治疗。正确的术前诊断及对离断骨块类型、位置的准确掌握及切除是外科手术成功的关键。     

多间隙腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗探讨

目的：探讨多间隙腰椎间盘突出症手术治疗的基本原则。方法：167例多间隙腰椎间盘突出症患者,87例行单纯椎板间开窗减压术,54例行半椎板切除加椎板间开窗减压术,17例行单纯全椎板切除减压术,9例行全椎板切除加内同定植骨融合术,287个“责任”椎间盘予髓核摘除,56个“非责任”椎间盘未予处理。结果：随访7个月～9年,原位椎间盘突出复发6例,术后继发椎管狭窄9例,腰椎不稳4例,内同定断裂1例。按改良Macnab法评定术后疗效,本组优93例,良44例,可29例,差1例,优良率为82％。结论：有效减压、维持脊柱的稳定性、避免并发症的发生是手术治疗多间隙腰椎间盘突出症应遵守的基本原则。     

Foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation: diagnosis and treatment

During a 1-year period from December 1, 1984, through November 30, 1985, a total of 174 patients underwent lumbar discectomy for herniated nucleus pulposus. Eighteen (10.3%) were diagnosed as having foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniations. Sixteen patients are included in this study. All patients were evaluated with computed tomography, metrizamide myelography, discography, and discography-enhanced computed tomography (disco-CT). Accurate diagnosis of foraminal or extraforaminal herniation was made with disco-CT in 15 of 16 cases (93.8%), compared with discography alone (37.5%), computed tomography alone, and/or myelography-enhanced computed tomography (50%) and myelography alone (12.5%). Surgical treatment with bilateral hemilaminectomy, partial medial facetectomy, and partial internal foraminotomy, if needed, followed by discectomy is very effective and the favored surgical management for nerve root decompression in most all cases.     

应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的总结应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法1999年2月至2002年12月,采用METRx椎间盘镜行髓核摘除术,治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症14例,均为单间隙突出,其中男性10例、女性4例,年龄41-55岁,平均49岁。突出间隙：L4,5 6例、L5-S1 8例。突出类型：椎间孔突出型6例,椎间孔外侧突出型8例。结果14例随访12—46个月,平均26．5个月。疗效：优10例、良3例、可1例。术后4例遗留感觉障碍,无神经根损伤、椎问盘炎、硬膜囊撕裂、椎间盘突出复发等并发症。结论应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,手术创伤小、神经根减压彻底和术后恢复快,适用于极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗,选择正确的手术入路和术中仔细的操作是手术成功的关键．     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊治分析

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症（FLLDH）的诊治特点和术式选择。方法23例FLLDH患者中,其中椎间孔型14例,椎间孔外型9例。23例患者中腰痛8例（占31％）,下肢痛21例（占91％）,直腿抬高试验10例（43％）,CT或MRI可清楚地显示位于椎间孔或孔外缘突出的椎间盘。分别采用经后正中入路椎板扩大开窗术,椎间孔切开和椎弓根内固定植骨融合术,或经肌间隙入路髓核摘除术。疗效按Macnab标准评估。结果22例患者经平均3．6年随访,优15例,良4例,可3例,无差,优良率达86％。在可的3例中,其中1例为经旁正中入路手术,另2例为椎间孔型FLLDH,周缘钙化。结论症状和体征表现常以较高神经节段受损为主,下肢痛是主要症状,CT或MRI是诊断的主要依据。对椎间孔型FLLDH可采用椎板间扩大开窗术;对椎间孔外型FLLDH则需行经椎间孔切开术并辅以经椎弓根内固定植骨融合,亦可采用经肌间隙入路髓核摘除术。     

Anterior lumbar interbody fusion in comparison with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: implications for the restoration of foraminal height, local disc angle, lumbar lordosis, and sagittal balance

OBJECT: A primary consideration of all spinal fusion procedures is restoration of normal anatomy, including disc height, lumbar lordosis, foraminal decompression, and sagittal balance. To the authors' knowledge, there has been no direct comparison of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) concerning their capacity to alter those parameters. The authors conducted a retrospective radiographic analysis directly comparing ALIF with TLIF in their capacity to alter foraminal height, local disc angle, and lumbar lordosis. METHODS: The medical records and radiographs of 32 patients undergoing ALIF and 25 patients undergoing TLIF from between 2000 and 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data and radiographic measurements, including preoperative and postoperative foraminal height, local disc angle, and lumbar lordosis, were obtained. Statistical analyses included mean values, 95% confidence intervals, and intraobserver/interobserver reliability for the measurements that were performed. RESULTS: Our results indicate that ALIF is superior to TLIF in its capacity to restore foraminal height, local disc angle, and lumbar lordosis. The ALIF procedure increased foraminal height by 18.5%, whereas TLIF decreased it by 0.4%. In addition, ALIF increased the local disc angle by 8.3 degrees and lumbar lordosis by 6.2 degrees, whereas TLIF decreased the local disc angle by 0.1 degree and lumbar lordosis by 2.1 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: The ALIF procedure is superior to TLIF in its capacity to restore foraminal height, local disc angle, and lumbar lordosis. The improved radiographic outcomes may be an indication of improved sagittal balance correction, which may lead to better long-term outcomes as shown by other studies. Our data, however, demonstrated no difference in clinical outcome between the two groups at the 2-year follow-up.     

选择性神经根阻滞术在老年人多节段腰椎椎管狭窄症诊断中的应用

目的 探讨选择性神经根阻滞术对多节段腰椎椎管狭窄症的诊断意义及临床价值.方法 回顾分析2008年5月～2011年2月收治的多节段腰椎椎管狭窄症患者42例,所有患者均采用选择性神经根阻滞术明确责任节段.根据责任节段行相应的选择性椎板开窗减压、椎间盘摘除、椎弓根螺钉内固定、后路腰椎椎体间植骨融合术.随访并比较患者术前及术后3个月、6个月、末次随访时日本骨科学会（Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA）及疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分,并依据Nakai分级标准对手术效果进行评价.结果 术后随访12～36个月,平均19个月,选择性神经根阻滞术明确单节段责任节段32例,双节段9例,有1例在神经根阻滞后症状缓解＜30％,未再行手术治疗.41例手术均顺利完成,均未发生神经损伤等并发症.患者术后3个月、术后6个月及末次随访时VAS评分、JOA评分较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.按照Nakai分级标准评定：本组41患者中,优22例、良14例、可5例,总优良率为87.8％.结论 在多节段腰椎椎管狭窄症的定位诊断中,选择性神经根阻滞术是明确责任节段准确而有效的方法,具有良好的临床应用价值.     

Diagnosis and therapy of the narrow lumbar spinal canal

In 30%-40% of the patients who are operated on for herniation of lumbar discs, osseous stenosis plays a certain role. However, only in one-third of them are special operative measures such as laminectomy necessary with or without additional lumbar fusion. When spondylodesis is carried out after laminectomy it is often combined with metal implant, which can drastically reduce the time a patient requires perioperative treatment. In younger patients showing typical signs of nerve root compression due to osseous stenosis of lateral recess, only segmental decompression in the form of foraminotomy is done. On the other hand, in cases of narrow spinal canal, which is found in elderly patients, neurogenic intermittent claudication is the predominant clinical picture. Kyphosis, scoliosis, and vertebral displacement can lead to local spinal stenosis. On addition, local pressure and tension on unstabile segments in combination with secondary fibrosis can lead to compression of the neural structures. The diagnosis is based on the clinical history and myelography. Computed tomography helps reveal the presence of herniation of a lumbar disc, which should be simultaneously operated upon. For the operative treatment there is no age limit. All in all, the operative results are so good that one is inclined to decide in favour of operation.