中华成人智力量表老年常模的制定及信效度研究

目的:制定中华成人智力量表(Intelligence Scale for Chinese Adult,ISCA)老年常模并检验ISCA在老年人群中运用的信度、效度.方法:根据2000年全国第五次人口普查资料,对65岁以上老年人分年龄、性别、教育程度、兼顾职业和区域等变量按比率分层抽取了435人.建立量表的年龄常模,并结合重测、与脑梗死病理组对照等进行信度、效度检验.结果:制定了按年龄组的等值量表分、智商分数、指数分数和百分位常模;全量表智商的重测相关为0.96,各类智商平均分半信度是0.96～0.97,全量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.89,各分测验的平均标准测量误在0.85～1.97之间,评分者信度0.95～0.98;ISCA总分与老年成套神经心理测验总分相关系数0.49,P＜0.01;脑梗死患者的测试成绩明显低于常模样本(P＜0.01);验证性因素分析的结果显示,三因素模型拟合最佳.结论:建立了ISCA的65岁以上人群的常模,信度和效度检验符合心理测量学的要求.     

希-内学习能力测验中国3-7岁儿童常模修订

目的:对希-内学习能力测验中国听障儿童和健听儿童常模进行第二次的修订。方法:在全国六大行政区13个省进行抽样,常模年龄范围为3-7岁,每0.5岁为一个抽样单位,共计10个抽样单位;每省城市和农村各选一个点,共26个抽样点,每一抽样点60个儿童,样本人群中男女各半,城市农村各半。结果:参照新修订的听障儿童和健听儿童的常模,760例听障儿童的平均智商是100.69±21.24,776例健听儿童的平均智商是99.44±15.20;难度系数在0.30-0.70,鉴别指数在0.30以上;评分者信度在0.98以上,重测信度0.82(N=34),克朗巴赫系数=0.70,各分测验之间、各分测验和总智商之间相关系数均有统计学意义;该量表每个分测验在公因子的负荷值均大于0.4,公因子的累积方差贡献率在40%以上;健听儿童与听障儿童的测验结果与儿童神经心理诊断量表测验结果的相关系数分别是0.56和0.52。结论:修订的常模适应当今儿童智力发育的需要,量表难度适中,鉴别力良好,有良好的信度和效度。     

罪犯人格特征研究

目的用人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)调查罪犯群体人格障碍阳性率,探讨罪犯人群人格的特殊性。方法以PDQ-4+问卷为工具,按照整群随机抽样的原则调查罪犯群体378人。结果罪犯人群样本的PDQ-4+总分及各项分量表均分都显著高于大学生人群和普通人群,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.62~22.59,P0.01或P0.001);各分量表得分的百分位显示在P90、P95位的得分普遍高出原量表划界分;方差分析表明反社会型、边缘型、被动攻击型、表演型及P总分在年龄上差异有统计学意义(F=5.67,4.03,2.63,4.98,2.49;或P0.01),反社会型、边缘型、表演型、自恋型、回避型、依赖型、被动攻击型分量表分及量表总分在罪犯曾经的职业类型上差异均有统计学意义(F=11.77,3.09,2.87,3.33,3.49,3.86,3.87;P0.05或P0.01);t检验表明,罪犯PDQ-4+总分及分量表分在性别上差异有统计学意义(t=2.17~7.23,P0.05);分层聚类分析表明,罪犯群体人格可分为3种不同类型。结论罪犯人格障碍存在高阳性率,且受多种因素影响,以人格障碍测验为基础的三分类人格模型是一个有效的分类模型,有助于监狱对犯人开展分类矫治工作。     

西酞普兰对女性慢性精神分裂症患者临床症状和生活质量的影响

目的:探讨西酞普兰对女性慢性精神分裂症患者的疗效。方法:将52例女性慢性精神分裂症患者分为研究组和对照组,在原药物治疗基础上分别加用小剂量西酞普兰和安慰剂治疗12周,并用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI-74)、临床疗效总评量表(CGI-SI)进行评定。结果:治疗前两组各量表评分差异均无显著性(P>0.05),治疗后研究组PANSS阴性因子分、一般精神病理量表分、总分及反应缺乏因子、抑郁因子分较治疗前明显下降(20.0±4.2/27.6±4.6,30.1±2.6/37.1±6.3,62.7±7.3/76.6±10.7,9.4±1.9/12.2±1.7,7.7±1.0/10.2±1.3,t=4.21～7.72,P<0.01),研究组的生活质量综合评定问卷总分及各维度评分均高于对照组(如总分40.7±7.0/33.1±3.6,t=4.64,P<0.01)。结论:西酞普兰可能改善女性慢性精神分裂症患者的临床症状和生活质量。     

龚氏非文字智力量表汉族城市与农村儿童测验结果的比较

龚氏非文字智力量表原是为克服我国少数民族因测验时言语不通等困难而编制的一套跨文化智力量表[1] 。后又发展了城市汉族和懂汉语的部分其他民族儿童的常模[1- 2 ] ,但尚未制定全国性大样本的农村汉族儿童常模。本研究采用此量表对农村汉族8～ 12岁儿童的一个小样本进行测试 ,目的是编制一个区域性小样本的农村儿童常模 ,比较该测验在汉族城、乡儿童中应用的结果差异 ,在暂无该测验的农村常模而需要用该测验测试农村儿童智力时可供参考。本文总结了汉族城乡儿童在该测验结果中因文化背景不同的差异。1　对象和方法1.1　研究对象1.1.1　农村…     

三种常见住院精神疾病患者述情特征的比较研究

目的:探讨住院精神分裂症、躁狂发作及抑郁发作患者述情障碍的特征.方法:采用自编一般情况问卷、多伦多述情量表(TAS).对320例住院的精神分裂症患者、120例躁狂发作患者、105例抑郁发作患者及120名健康志愿者(对照组)进行评定.结果:①除TAS因子Ⅱ,精神分裂症组TAS总分及各因子分均显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01).②躁狂发作组TAS总分及因子Ⅲ、Ⅳ显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01).③抑郁发作组TAS总分及各因子分均显著高于对照组(P<0.01).④抑郁发作组TAS Ⅰ分、TASⅡ分及TAS总分显著高于精神分裂症与躁狂发作组(P<0.05),而精神分裂症与躁狂发作组述情障碍得分差异无显著性(P>0.05).结论:抑郁发作、精神分裂症及躁狂发作患者均存在不同程度的述情障碍,抑郁发作患者更为严重.     

综合医院护理人员睡眠质量与抑郁焦虑状况的相关性

目的:了解综合医院护理人员睡眠质量与抑郁焦虑状况的关系,为改善护理人员的睡眠质量提供参考。方法:采用匹兹堡睡眠指数量表(PSQI)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)对109名综合医院护理人员进行测评。结果:本组护理人员PSQI总分及各因子分均高于正常人群(U=5.76~15.33,P0.01),且41.3%(45/109)护理人员PSQI总分大于7分,远高于正常人群(χ2=69.11,P0.001);本组护理人员的SDS总分和SAS总分均高于我国常模(U=12.12,12.39;P0.01);SAS总分和SDS总分均与PSQI总分呈正向相关(r=0.534,0.897;P0.01)。结论:综合医院护理人员的睡眠质量较差,改善其抑郁焦虑状况有助于睡眠质量的改善。     

293名大学生SARS流行期与流行期过后心理状况调查分析

目的　了解大学生在 SARS流行期与流行期过后的心理状况。方法　采用症状自评量表 ( SCL-90 ) ,对 2 93名大学生在 SARS流行期和 SARS疫情解除后 4个月两次进行测试 ,SARS流行期大学生 SCL-90各因子分与国内青年组常模及疫情解除后 4个月的测试结果进行比较。结果　 SARS流行期大学生 SCL-90各因子分均较国内常模高 ,除躯体化、人际关系 2个因子差异无显著性意义 ( P>0 .0 5 )外 ,其余各因子差异有显著性意义 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,与疫情解除后比较 ,除焦虑、恐怖 2个因子差异有显著性意义 ( P<0 .0 5 )外 ,其余各因子差异无显著性意义 ( P>0 .0 5 )。结论　随着疫情的解除 ,大学生的恐慌心理虽然逐渐减弱并消失 ,但大学生在 SARS过后仍保有的心理问题不容忽视 ,应给予心理干预。     

水兵职业能力倾向测验的建构、信度效度研究及常模制定

目的　为选拔安置水面舰艇士兵编制“水兵职业能力倾向测验”(简称 SVAT)。方法　通过依据相应的理论、借鉴相关的文献、工作分析等方法确定 SVAT的结构及内容 ;经实测后 ,进行结构及内容分析 ,并做信度和效度检验。结果　测验总体难度为 0 .60 3 ,试题的总区分度为 0 .441 ;各分量表间存在中、低度相关 ( 0 .2 1 1～ 0 .43 1 ) ,与总分的相关较高 ( 0 .80 3～0 .92 7) ;按 1 3个特质进行因素分析得 5个特征值 >1的因素即适应、承受、化解、支持、才能 5因素。 SVAT的 a系数为0 .889,分量表为 0 .80 6～ 0 .863 ;间隔 1个月 SVAT的重测相关为 0 .864,各分量表为 0 .80 1～ 0 .83 0。被试的 SVAT总分和所有分量表得分在高综合素质与低综合素质士兵之间存在显著性差异 ,被试的 SVAT总分及一些分量表得分在义务兵与专业军士之间也存在显著性差异。 SVAT总分高的士兵的工作业绩及实际能力优于 SVAT总分低的士兵 ;制定出了选拔安置水面舰艇专业军士 (含淘汰水面舰艇不合格现役义务兵 )的参考常模。结论　SVAT包含了水面舰艇水兵基本职业能力倾向的测量内容 ;量表的结构合理 ,内部一致性及稳定性较好 ,达到了心理测量学的基本要求 ;并且有选拔安置水面舰艇专业军士的参考常模 ,所以 SVAT量表可以作为选拔安置     

北京市新入监罪犯人格特点及心理卫生状况

目的:调查新入监罪犯的人格特点及心理卫生状况.方法:采用人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4 )、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和Zung氏抑郁自评量表(SDS)对1,511名新入监罪犯进行测试,并进行相关分析.结果:罪犯的PDQ-4 总分明显高于常模,暴力和财产犯罪者的反社会型和攻击型得分高于性犯罪者(P<0.01);暴力和性犯罪者的表演型得分高于财产犯罪者;而财产和性犯罪者的回避型、强迫型和被动攻击型的得分高于暴力犯罪者,差异均有统计学显著意义(P<0.05).所有罪犯的SCL-90总分和各因子分,SDS总分均明显高于正常人群.结论:新入监罪犯的心理问题较为严重,人格缺陷较为突出.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.