南京地区急性呼吸道感染儿童支原体、衣原体和常见呼吸道病毒病原学分析

目的：了解南京地区急性呼吸道感染（acute respiratory infection, ARI）儿童除细菌外的其他病原微生物感染情况,指导临床诊断和治疗。方法应用荧光定量PCR法检测肺炎支原体（MP）和沙眼衣原体（CT）,直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、腺病毒（ADV）、甲型和乙型流感病毒（IVA和IVB）、副流感病毒1、2、3型（PIV-1、2、3）、人偏肺病毒（hMPV）。结果1 592例标本中,MP和CT阳性率分别为25.7%、2.4%;总呼吸道病毒阳性率为40.9%,其中RSV最常见,占阳性病毒株的61.3%,其次为PIV-3、hMPV,分别为6.7%、4.9%。病原体的混合感染率为6.7%,混合感染主要发生在1岁以内婴儿,有68例,占混合感染的63.6%。结论病毒感染是南京地区婴幼儿ARI的主要原因,RSV是首要病毒病原,MP也是常见的ARI病原体,1岁以内婴儿混合感染率高。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（6）：450-454］     

Thoraco-abdominal enteric duplication with meningocele,skeletal anomalies and dextrocardia

We describe an infant with an enteric thoracoabdominal duplication arising in the proximal jejunum and associated with a dorsal meningocele, dextrocardia, agenesis of ribs and hypoplasia of the left arm. Diagnosis was reached post-operatively and the infant died of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis. Results of the postmortem examination are presented. Awareness of this rare malformation is require in norder to reach a timely diagnosis and to plan a suitable operative approach.     

Virological, Serological and Molecular Analysis of a Case with Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was isolated concurrently from an infant and her mother on the 2nd day after delivery. Restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis of viral DNAs revealed that these two CMVs were identical. Sera from the infant and mother were both positive for IgM specific to CMV and antibody against early antigen (EA). Thus, virological, serological and molecular analysis indicated the transmission of CMV from a mother to her fetus in utero.     

先天性巨结肠症术后小肠结肠炎发生与合并神经节细胞减少症的相关性分析

目的探讨先天性巨结肠症（HD）合并神经节细胞减少（HYP）与术后肠炎发生的相关性。方法对97例在我院行巨结肠根治术的患儿进行随访，随访时间1．5～8年，平均3．4年。分为两组：A组70例，为HD；B组27例，为HD合并HYP。对其排便功能与术后小肠结肠炎（EC）的发生情况进行分析比较。结果A组术后发生肠炎有8例（11．4%），B组发生肠炎有11例（40．7％），两组相比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．005）。按照李正的评分系统，A组排便功能评分为优者比率为85．7％，明显高于B组的62．9％（P〈0．05）。A组便秘复发率为2．9％（2／70），B组为14．8％（4／27），但两者之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论HD合并HYP患儿术后较HD更易发生小肠结肠炎，完全切除HYP肠管可降低EC的发生率，减轻肠炎发生的程度。     

Factor V Leiden and other hypercoagulable state mutations are not associated with osteonecrosis during or after treatment for pediatric malignancy

OBJECTIVE: Osteonecrosis (ON) is a debilitating complication of cancer treatment in children and is usually associated with systemic steroid therapy. Defects of coagulation may be important in the pathogenesis of ON. This study evaluated the prevalence of factor V Leiden (FVL, 1691G-->A), the most common inherited thrombophilic state, the prothrombin 20210G-->A polymorphism, and the thermolabile methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR, 677C-->T) variant in a group of children in whom ON developed during or after treatment for cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Children in whom ON developed during cancer treatment at St Jude Children's Research Hospital were studied (n = 24). Genomic DNA was isolated, and polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify the FVL, prothrombin 20210, and thermolabile MTHFR mutations. RESULTS: Sixteen of 24 patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The mean age at ON diagnosis was 14.4 +/- 3. 7 years. The mean interval between cancer diagnosis and ON diagnosis was 27 +/- 21 months. Twenty-two patients had received steroids for a mean duration of 24 +/- 15 weeks before having development of ON. No patient had a history of thrombosis. Five (21%) patients had a family history of thrombosis. Genetic analysis revealed 0 (0%) of 24 FVL, 1 (4.5%) of 22 prothrombin 20210, and 3 (13.6%) of 22 thermolabile MTHFR. None of these mutation frequencies was significantly different from our control frequencies or published values. CONCLUSIONS: Although procoagulant abnormalities in general and FVL in particular have been detected in a significant number of patients with ON of the jaw and Legg-Perthes disease, we did not identify an increased prevalence of FVL or other hypercoagulable state mutations in a cohort of children with ON that developed during or after treatment for a variety of cancers.     

Haplotypes of surfactant protein C are associated with common paediatric lung diseases

Surfactant protein C is part of the surfactant complex lining up the alveoles and thereby inhibiting collapse of the airways. In addition it is involved in innate immune responses. Rare polymorphisms within surfactant protein C have been linked to sporadic paediatric lung diseases, like proteinosis or interstitial lung diseases. One study in the Finnish population described association of common polymorphisms with neonatal respiratory syndrome. Other common lung diseases have not yet been investigated for association with this gene. The aim of this study was to test surfactant protein C for association with bronchial asthma and with severe respiratory syncytial virus associated diseases in infancy. The two common amino acid variants Asn138Thr and Asn186Ser were genotyped on 322 children with asthma, 131 children with severe respiratory syncytial virus associated diseases and 270 controls. Statistical analyses of single polymorphisms made use of the Armitage's trend test; haplotypes were calculated with FAMHAP and FASTEHPLUS. Polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and in tight linkage equilibrium in all populations. Single polymorphisms showed no association with the diseases, however, surfactant protein C haplotypes were associated with severe respiratory syncytial virus associated diseases (p = 0.013). Furthermore, an inverse haplotype distribution was found between children with asthma and respiratory syncytial virus infection (p = 0.00025). The results of our study might suggest opposing roles of surfactant Protein C in the genetic predisposition for respiratory syncytial virus associated diseases vs. asthma. The causal mechanism for this observation has still to be shown.     

Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in a child with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection presenting as fever of unknown origin and stunted growth

We report a 12-year old boy with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and cytomegalovirus-associated esophagitis, who presented with an indolent clinical course associated with fever of an unknown origin, failure to thrive and weight loss.     

Plasma lipid metabolites are associated with gestational age but not bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Aim: To test the hypothesis that plasma lipid metabolite levels in premature infants are associated with the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The studies also tested a secondary hypothesis that plasma lipid metabolite levels were correlated with gestational age. Methods: Infants born <32 weeks’ gestation were enrolled during the first 72 h of life. Plasma samples were obtained and lipid levels were measured by LC‐MS/MS. Clinical data were collected to determine infant outcomes and BPD diagnosis. Results: Following adjustment for confounders, lipid levels were not associated with BPD; however, levels of specific lipid metabolites were correlated with gestational age. Conclusion: Immature lipid metabolism pathways in premature infants may contribute to the pathogenesis of BPD and other diseases.     

B‐Cell lymphoproliferative disorder not associated with Epstein‐Barr Virus in a child with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) is described in only a few children receiving chemotherapy for cancer. In all of them, an association between LPD and EBV (Epstein‐Barr Virus) was found. We report on a patient who developed LPD not associated with EBV while receiving chemotherapy for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Despite discontinuation of chemotherapy, administration of intravenous immunoglobulins and surgery the patient died. Growing experience with this disorder may allow better treatment options in the future and will show whether LPD not associated with EBV requires different therapeutic strategies. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:13–17, © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Amino acid variants in Surfactant protein D are not associated with bronchial asthma

Surfactant protein D (SFTPD) belongs to the family of collectins and is part of the innate immune system. Thereby it plays an important role in the defense of various pathogens. Besides it is involved in the development of acute and chronic inflammation of the lung. Levels of SFTPD are elevated in serum and alveolar lavage of asthmatic patients. As SFTPD binds and neutralizes common allergens like house dust mites it is especially important in allergic asthma. Three common amino acid variants have been identified in SFTPD and association of the first variant has been described to severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus. Furthermore the functional impact of all three amino acid variants has been demonstrated. Due to its function SFTPD represents an ideal candidate gene for bronchial asthma and we were interested whether the polymorphisms were in association with asthma in children. The three polymorphisms leading to amino acid exchanges (Met11Thr, Ala160Thr, and Ser270 Thr) were typed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms in 322 asthmatic children and 270 controls. Association analyses were performed by Armitage's trend test. In addition haplotypes were calculated by FASTEHPLUS and FAMHAP. None of the polymorphisms was in association with bronchial asthma. Haplotype analyses revealed four major haplotypes all of which were evenly distributed between the populations. We conclude from our data that functional amino acid variants in SFTPD do not play a major role in the genetic pre-disposition to bronchial asthma in children.     

The opportunistic and bacterial infections associated with pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus disease

Opportunistic and bacterial infections remain the leading causes of death of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected children, despite recent advances in the diagnosis of HIV infection during early infancy; antiretroviral therapies; advances in the treatment of some infections; an improved understanding of the cellular immune systems during early childhood; and new strategies for the prevention of some infections. However, these advances appear to be changing the natural history of pediatric HIV infection, resulting in an improved and longer life for infected children. This article briefly reviews the epidemiology, predictors, and treatments of the most common infections associated with pediatric HIV disease, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, recurrent bacterial infections, candidiasis, herpes group viruses, mycobacterial disease and cryptosporidiosis.