Effects and Mechanism of Action of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase on Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a key enzyme in regulating nitric oxide (NO) synthesis under stress, and NO has varying ability to regulate apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and possible mechanism of action of iNOS on neuronal apoptosis in a rat model of cerebral focal ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats treated with S‐methylisothiourea sulfate (SMT), a high‐selective inhibitor of iNOS. Seventy‐two male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) + vehicle, and MCAO + SMT groups. Neurobehavioral deficits, infarct zone size, and cortical neuron morphology were evaluated through the modified Garcia scores, 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), and Nissl staining, respectively. Brain tissues and serum samples were collected at 72 hr post‐reperfusion for immunohistochemical analysis, Western blotting, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin Nick End Labeling assay (TUNEL) staining, and enzyme assays. The study found that inhibition of iNOS significantly attenuated the severity of the pathological changes observed as a result of ischemia‐reperfusion injury: SMT reduced NO content as well as total nitric oxide synthase (tNOS) and iNOS activities in both ischemic cerebral hemisphere and serum, improved neurobehavioral scores, reduced mortality, reduced the infarct volume ratio, attenuated morphological changes in cortical neurons, decreased the rate of apoptosis (TUNEL and caspase‐3‐positive), and increased phospho (p)‐AKT expression in ischemic penumbra. These results suggested that inhibition of iNOS might reduce the severity of ischemia‐reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis via maintaining p‐AKT activity. Anat Rec, 299:246–255, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

黄芪对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 :研究中药黄芪注射液对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 :复制大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤模型 ,用药治疗 ,观察肾组织病理变化 ,测定血清和肾组织超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD )、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果 :肾缺血 1h灌注 15min后 ,肾组织出现明显病理改变 ;血清和肾组织SOD活性下降 ,MDA含量升高。应用黄芪注射液治疗后 ,血清和肾组织SOD活性升高 ,MDA含量下降 ,肾组织病理变化有所改善。结论 :黄芪注射液具有减轻脂质过氧化反应、清除自由基的作用 ,这可能是黄芪注射液减轻肾缺血再灌注损伤的作用机制之一。     

胰岛素对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤保护作用及机制研究

目的 探讨胰岛素对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用及其保护机制。方法 结扎SD大鼠左冠状动脉前降支（LAD）．建立大鼠缺血再灌注模型，将48只SD雄性大鼠随机分组为：缺血再灌注对照组（18只），假手术组（12只），胰岛素处理组（18只），分别给予生理盐水、冠脉穿线（不结扎）、胰岛素干预。在再灌注结束后，检测心肌组织中丙二醛（MDA）含量、血清中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性、心肌梗死范围（IS／AAR％）及心肌细胞凋亡指数（AI），并进行组间比较。结果 与缺血再灌注对照组相比，胰岛素处理组可明显降低MDA（P〈0．05）、LDH值（P〈0．01），减少心肌IS／AAR％和AI（P〈0．01）。结论 胰岛素对大鼠再灌注心肌损伤具有保护作用，其保护机制可能与抑制细胞凋亡及抗氧自由基作用有关。     

肝缺血／再灌注损伤对大鼠肺组织结构及leptin蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究肝缺血／再灌注损伤（I／R）对肺组织结构和leptin蛋白表达的影响，探讨leptln与肝I／R后肺损伤的联系。方法：建立大鼠70％肝I／R模型，设立假手术、缺血60min／再灌注60min（I60’R60’）、I60’R150’、I60’R240’、I60’R360’等实验组，每组9只大鼠。于相应时间点采集肺组织，分别用石蜡切片H．E．染色和免疫组化法观察肺组织结构和leptin蛋白表达的变化。结果：肝I／R对肺组织造成损害，随着再灌注时间的延长发生不同程度的改变。与假手术组肺leptin蛋白表达水平相比，四个损伤组均显著降低。四个损伤组之间leptin蛋白表达两两相比均有显著差异，以I60’R150’组最高，I60’R60’、I60’R360’、I60’R240’组依次递减。结论：肝I／R造成肺组织结构不同程度的损害，并直接抑制了肺leptin蛋白的表达，提示leptin与肝I／R后的肺损伤存在密切的联系。     

UCF‐101, A Novel Omi/HtrA2 Inhibitor,Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and neuroprotective mechanisms of UCF‐101, a novel Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor, following ischemia/reperfusion brain injury. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 hr of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. Animals were divided into 3 groups: sham, vehicle‐treated ischemia/reperfusion, and UCF‐101 treatment. In the UCF‐101 treatment group, rats were intraperitoneally administered UCF‐101 (1.5 μmol/kg) 10 min prior to reperfusion. The rats were evaluated for neurological deficits, and brain infarct volume was assessed by 2,3,5‐triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. TUNEL staining was utilized to evaluate the amount of apoptosis. In addition, expressions of protein caspase‐8, caspase‐3, FasL, and FLIP were examined by Western blot analysis. Results demonstrated that UCF‐101 treatment significantly decreased cerebral infarct size by about 16.27% (P < 0.05) and also improved neurological behavior. TUNEL staining revealed that UCF‐101 treatment significantly reduced TUNEL‐positive cells in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, the upregulation in the expression of FasL and the cleavage products of active caspase‐8 and caspase‐3 induced by ischemia was attenuated in mice treated with UCF‐101, whereas upregulation of FLIP levels was increased. The present results demonstrated that UCF‐101 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. UCF‐101 provided neuroprotection in vivo, and this was correlated with regulation of Fas‐mediated apoptotic proteins. Taken together, the use of UCF‐101 is a potent, neuroprotective factor for the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Anat Rec, 292:849–856, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

大鼠肝脏热缺血-再灌注损伤中HSP 72对肝细胞的保护作用

目的探讨应用亚砷酸钠（Sodium Arsenite，SA）诱导热休克蛋白72（HSP72）在大鼠肝脏热缺血-再灌注损伤中对肝细胞的保护作用。方法采用大鼠肝脏部分热缺血．再灌注模型，预先给予SA（6mg／ml），24h后阻断肝脏中、左叶血供90min，再灌注3、6h，分别用Western blot检测肝脏中的热休克蛋白72（HSP72）、核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）;外周血测定ALT、AST、LDH、TNF-α、CINC、MIP-2；组织学作HE染色、HSP72、NF-κB免疫组化。观察7d存活率。结果Western blot结果显示SA组均有HSP72表达，对照组则无表达。对照组有NF-κB表达，SA组则无表达。SA组血清ALT、AST、LDH、TNF-α、CINC、MIP-2均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。病理观察结果显示，对照组可见肝实质细胞浊肿、空泡样变性、肝窦内中性粒细胞浸润。SA组肝实质细胞无明显损伤。免疫组化结果显示，SA组肝细胞胞浆、核均有较显著的HSP72表达，对照组基本无表达。对照组肝实质细胞核内有较显著的NF-κB的表达，SA组则基本无表达。SA组7d生存率为87．5％（7／8），显著高于对照组的37．5％（3／8）（P〈0．05）。结论SA可诱导大鼠肝脏产生HSP 72，在肝脏热缺血-再灌注中抑制NF-κB的活性，减轻肝脏炎症反应，对肝实质细胞具有保护作用。     

川芎嗪对家兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

实验观察了川芎嗪对家兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤时心脏血流动力学、血清中和心肌组织中氧自由基和脂质过氧化物的影响。川芎嗪保护组与非保护组比较显示，①左室内压峰值（ＬＶＳＰ）明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）、左室内压上升最大速率（ＬＶ＋ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ）和左室内压下降最大速率（ＬＶ－ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ）均升高非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；②血清中丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶／脂质过氧化物（ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ／ＬＰＯ）升高非常明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）；③缺血再灌注损伤区心肌组织中ＭＤＡ显著降低，并伴随超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ／ＬＰＯ显著升高（均Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明川芎嗪可通过提高对氧自由基的清除及拮抗脂质过氧化反应而保护缺血再灌注损伤的心肌。     

IL-8单抗保护兔肝脏免受中性粒细胞介导的再灌注损伤

通过建立新西兰家兔的肝缺血再灌注损伤模型 ,观察抗IL 8中和性单克隆抗体对缺血再灌注 (IR )损伤肝脏的保护作用。肝缺血再灌注 4h后 ,外周血中各种肝功能指标酶活性与假手术组相比显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,同时肝脏出现大量散点状中性粒细胞的浸润 ,此时肝细胞明显肿胀 ,细胞呈散乱状排列 ,细胞壁结构不完整并出现液化现象。而使用抗IL 8抗体后可明显阻断再灌注过程中中性粒细胞对肝脏的浸润 ,肝细胞虽仍有肿胀现象 ,但细胞呈正常的规则排列 ,细胞壁结构完整。其外周血肝功能指标酶活性与对照组相比无显著差别。该结果显示在肝再灌注损伤过程中 ,IL 8是趋化中性粒细胞浸润的关键因子 ,抗IL 8单克隆抗体对肝缺血再灌损伤肝脏有保护作用。     

注射用内给氧对缺血再灌注损伤兔肝脏SOD、GSH-PX活性和MDA含量的影响

目的 探讨注射用内给氧对缺血再灌注（ischemia／reperfusion，I／R）损伤兔肝脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。方法 48只健康新西兰长耳大白兔随机分为四组：假手术组（A组）、缺血再灌注组（B组）、缺血再灌注＋周围静脉注射用内给氧组（C组）、缺血再灌注＋肝动脉注射内给氧组（D组），每组12只。采用Pringle氏法建立肝脏I／R模型。比较四组大白兔缺血再灌注后1、2、24h肝组织的抗氧化能力（SOD、GSH-PX）、脂质过氧化产物丙二酮（MDA）含量。结果 与A组比较，B、C、D三组肝组织SOD、GSH．PX活力降低，MDA含量增高（P〈0．05）；与B组比较，C、D两组肝组织SOD、GSH-PX活力升高，MDA含量降低（P〈0．05）；C组与D组比较，各参数差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 注射用内给氧对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用，可降低MDA含量，提高SOD活力和GSH-PX活性。     

ATP-MgCl2对大鼠缺血再灌注肾脏损伤保护作用的研究

目的探讨三磷酸腺苷-氯化镁(ATP-MgCl2)对缺血再灌注(ischemic-reperfusion,I/R)损伤大鼠肾脏是否具有保护作用及对肾组织血管内皮生长因子-A(vascular endothelial growth factor-A,VEGF-A)和中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-asso-ciated lipocalin,NGAL)mRNA表达的影响。方法将42只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(S组)、模型组(M组)和ATP-MgCl2组(A组)。检测各组大鼠缺血再灌注后2、6、12h血清肌酐(Scr)和尿素氮(Bun)的水平,肾组织病理学变化以及肾组织VEGF-A和NGAL mRNA的表达。结果M组和A组大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注后各时间段的Scr、Bun水平均高于S组(P<0·05和P<0·01)。A组再灌注2、6、12h后的Scr、Bun水平明显低于M组(P<0·05)。与M组相比,A组再灌注后肾脏组织的NGAL mRNA表达下降,VEGF-A mRNA表达增高(P<0·05)。A组与M组相比肾脏组织的病理改变有明显改善(P<0·01)。结论ATP-MgCl2对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,并能影响VEGF-A和NGAL mRNA的表达,其机制可能与提高机体内ATP水平有关。     

PSGL‐1 and E/P‐selectins are essential for T‐cell rolling in inflamed CNS microvessels but dispensable for initiation of EAE

T‐cell migration across the blood‐brain barrier is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of EAE, an animal model for MS. Live cell imaging studies demonstrated that P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand‐1 (PSGL‐1) and its endothelial ligands E‐ and P‐selectin mediate the initial rolling of T cells in brain vessels during EAE. As functional absence of PSGL‐1 or E/P‐selectins does not result in ameliorated EAE, we speculated that T‐cell entry into the spinal cord is independent of PSGL‐1 and E/P‐selectin. Performing intravital microscopy, we observed the interaction of WT or PSGL‐1^?/? proteolipid protein‐specific T cells in inflamed spinal cord microvessels of WT or E/P‐selectin^?/? SJL/J mice during EAE. T‐cell rolling but not T‐cell capture was completely abrogated in the absence of either PSGL‐1 or E‐ and P‐selectin, resulting in a significantly reduced number of T cells able to firmly adhere in the inflamed spinal cord microvessels, but did not lead to reduced T‐cell invasion into the CNS parenchyma. Thus, PSGL‐1 interaction with E/P‐selectin is essential for T‐cell rolling in inflamed spinal cord microvessels during EAE. Taken together with previous observations, our findings show that T‐cell rolling is not required for successful T‐cell entry into the CNS and initiation of EAE.     

Candida Administration Worsens Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Mice: An Impact of Gut Fungi on Acute Kidney Injury

Because of gut-barrier defect (gut-leakage) after acute kidney injury (AKI) and higher abundance of Candida albicans in human intestines compared with mouse guts, Candida administration in renal ischemia reperfusion injury (I/R) mice possibly more closely resemble patients with AKI than non-Candida model. Fungi in feces were detectable only in mice with Candida administration. Candida renal-I/R mice, when compared with non-Candida I/R, demonstrated more profound injuries, including (i) gut-leakage; FITC-dextran assay and serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), (ii) systemic inflammation (serum cytokines), and (iii) neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs); gene expression of peptidyl arginase 4 (PAD4) and IL-1β, nuclear morphology staining by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and co-staining of myeloperoxidase (MPO) with neutrophil elastase (NE) in peripheral blood neutrophils. Although renal excretory function (serum creatinine) and renal histology score were nondifferent between renal-I/R mice with and without Candida, prominent renal NETs (PAD4 and IL-1β expression with MPO and NE co-staining) was demonstrated in Candida renal-I/R mice. Additionally, neutrophil activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus BG (LPS + BG), when compared with LPS alone, caused (i) NETs formation; dsDNA, DAPI-stained nuclear morphology and MPO with NE co-staining, (ii) inflammatory responses; Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and NFκB expression, and (iii) reduced cell energy status (maximal respiratory capacity using extracellular flux analysis). Also, LPS + BG-activated NETs formation was inhibited by a dectin-1 inhibitor, supporting an impact of BG signaling. In conclusion, Candida-renal I/R demonstrated more prominent serum BG and LPS from gut translocation that increased systemic inflammation and NETs through TLR-4 and dectin-1 activation. The influence of gut fungi in AKI should be concerned.     

大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤对脑微血管通透性的影响

目的 :探讨大鼠脑缺血 -再灌注后脑组织微血管通透性的变化规律 ,为进一步探讨脑缺血及再灌注损伤机制提供参考数据。方法 :应用荧光素钠 (分子量 3 86 ,Fl Na)和 FITC标记的右旋糖苷( FD4,分子量 40 0 0 )为荧光示踪剂 ,以单侧颈总动脉远心端及同侧颈静脉插管并连接二管造成颈总动脉向颈静脉的引流 ,同时用动脉夹夹闭对侧颈总动脉造成脑缺血模型。缺血 1h后松开动脉夹并中断引流造成再灌注模型。测量脑组织荧光强度反映脑微血管通透性的变化。结果 :单纯的脑缺血即可引起脑组织微血管通透性的增强 ,再灌注后对小分子量物质的通透性随再灌注时间的延长有增加的趋势 ,而对较大分子量物质的通透性基本维持在同一水平。结论 :即使是在再灌注损伤最严重时 ,脑微血管对较大分子量的物质通透仍不明显 ,说明血 -脑屏障的存在可以有效地防止有害物质通过微血管壁侵入脑组织 ,但一旦进入脑组织 ,将滞留于脑组织中不易清除。     

Enhancement of P‐Glycoprotein Expression by Hepatocyte Transplantation in Carbon Tetrachloride‐Induced Rat Liver

The multidrug resistance protein P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is physiologically expressed at the bile canalicular membrane of the liver, where it participates in the biliary excretion of various lipophilic drugs. Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCI₄) is known to induce hepatic fibrosis resulting in hepatotoxicity. This study focuses on the effects of CCI₄ and hepatic transplantation (HT) on the P‐gp expressions in rat liver. Male SD rats were treated with CCI₄ to induce liver damage for 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively. Immunohistochemistry revealed that P‐gp was widely distributed in the liver and was spread from the cytoplasm to cell membrane of the rat liver. Western blot showed remarkable increase of P‐gp expression in 3 days CCI₄‐treated rats, whereas, a continuous decrease in the P‐gp expression was seen in 7, 14, 21, and 28 days CCI₄‐treated rats. After HT with cells from the normal rat liver, the level of P‐gp increased comparing with those from the sham operation. Blood biochemistry showed decreased levels of serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase and increased serum levels of triglyceride and total protein, which indicated the improved function of the liver damaged by CCI₄. These results illustrate the variation of the expression of P‐gp in CCI₄‐induced hepatic damage and an increase of P‐gp level after HT in the toxic liver induced by CCI₄. We hypothesized that P‐gp may play a protective role in the process of liver injury. HT can be beneficial to ameliorate the rat liver functional damage induced by CCI₄. Anat Rec 293:1167–1174, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

依达拉奉预给药对缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠心肌梗死范围及血中TNF-α、IL-1β的影响

目的观察依达拉奉对大鼠缺血-再灌注损伤心肌梗塞范围及血中自介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）的影响。方法实验共设5个组：假手术组、缺血再灌注组（I—R组）和依达拉奉高、中、低剂量组。采用结扎大鼠冠状动脉前降支30min开放120min建立心肌缺血-再灌注损伤（I—RI）模型，通过依达拉奉预处理，观察I—RI大鼠心肌梗死范围以及血中的IL-1β、TNF—α含量的变化。结果依达拉奉高、中两个剂量组梗塞程度明显减轻，梗塞区重占全心脏及左心室的百分比与模型组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．01～0．001），以依达拉奉中剂量组为优；依达拉奉给药后血中TNF—α、IL-1β有不同程度的下降，其中以高、中剂量组为优（P〈0．01）。结论依达拉奉能够减轻TNF-α、IL—1β对缺血-再灌注心肌的损伤。     

花姜酮对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨花姜酮对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法:70只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组(SO组,n=10);重症急性胰腺炎组(SAP组,n=40);花姜酮(ZER)预处理组(ZER组,n=10),ZER药物对照组(ZER-CON,n=10)。其中SAP组又分为造模1h、3h、6h、12h四个时间亚组(n均=10)。SAP组及ZER组大鼠采用胆胰管逆行注射5%硫磺胆酸钠(STC)溶液(1ml/100Kg)造模;SO组及ZER-CON组则向胆胰管注入等量生理盐水。ZER组及ZER-CON组于造模前30min由股静脉注射10mg/Kg的ZER溶液。比较各组大鼠于造模12h死亡情况、腹水量、血清淀粉酶(AMY)、磷脂酶(PLA2)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)水平以及胰腺肝脏组织病理学评分(分级)。结果:ZER-CON组大鼠死亡率、腹水量、AMY、PLA2、ALT、AST水平以及胰腺和肝脏组织病理学评分(分级)与SO组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。SAP组上述指标明显高于SO组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。ZER组上述指标与SAP组相比明显降低(均P0.05),但均高于SO组和ZER CON组(P0.05)。结论:ZER对SAP大鼠肝脏损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

Effect of Unfiltered Coffee on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Rats

To assess the role of unfiltered coffee upon carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. All rats were randomly divided into control group, CCl₄-treated, unfiltered coffee-treated and CCl₄/unfiltered coffee-treated. Hepatic damage was induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of CCl₄ every other day. Unfiltered coffee was given as drinking fluid for 8 days starting the day before CCl₄ administration. Liver enzymes, plasma and liver tissue malondialdehyde were analyzed. Histopathological evaluation of liver sections was performed. Serum aminotransferase level significantly increased in CCl₄/unfiltered coffee-treated group compared to CCl₄-treated group, as well as, lipid peroxidation products in the plasma and liver tissue. In addition, histopathological findings including inflammation and necrosis were significantly confirmed these findings. Unfiltered coffee potentiates acute liver injury in rats with CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity.     

Differential regulation and impact of fucosyltransferase VII and core 2 β1,6‐N‐acetyl‐glycosaminyltransferase for generation of E‐selectin and P‐selectin ligands in murine CD4+ T cells

Ligands for E‐selectin and P‐selectin (E‐lig and P‐lig) are induced on CD4⁺ T cells upon differentiation into effector T cells. Glycosyltransferases, especially α 1,3‐fucosyltransferase VII (FucT‐VII) and core 2 β1,6‐N‐acetyl‐glycosaminyltransferase I (C2GlcNAcT‐I), are critical for their synthesis. We here analysed the signals that control the expression of E‐lig, P‐lig and mRNA coding for FucT‐VII and C2GlcNAcT‐I. In line with previous reports, we found that P‐lig expression correlates with the regulation of C2GlcNAcT‐I, whereas E‐lig expression can occur at low levels of C2GlcNAcT‐I mRNA but requires high FucT‐VII mRNA expression. Interestingly, the two enzymes are regulated by different signals. Activation‐induced C2GlcNAcT‐I up‐regulation under permissive (T helper type 1) conditions was strongly reduced by cyclosporin A (CsA), suggesting the involvement of T‐cell receptor‐dependent, calcineurin/NFAT‐dependent signals in combination with interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) ‐mediated signals in the regulation of C2GlcNAcT‐I. In contrast, expression of FucT‐VII mRNA was not significantly inhibited by CsA. Interleukin‐4 inhibited the expression of FucT‐VII but IL‐2 and IL‐7 were found to support induction of FucT‐VII and E‐lig. E‐selectin, P‐selectin and their ligands initially appeared to have rather overlapping functions. These findings however, unravel striking differences in the regulation of E‐lig and P‐lig expression, dictated by the dominance of FucT‐VII and C2GlcNAcT‐I, respectively, and their dependency on signals from either promiscuous or homeostatic cytokines (FucT‐VII) or a strong T‐cell receptor signal in combination with inflammatory cytokines in case of C2GlcNAcT‐I.     

肝酶和透明质酸变化作为供肝缺血/再灌注损伤的敏感指标研究

为了探讨肝移植术中,患者血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GLD)和透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA)的变化规律及此变化与供肝缺血保存/再灌注损伤的关系,对20例行原位肝移植术的病人进行手术期ALT、AST、GLD、HA的连续监测,即从门静脉阻断至术毕每半小时一次连续测定ALT、AST、GLD、HA的浓度.其中8例供肝植入前常规进行组织病理学检查提示供肝植入前病理有轻度器官保存性损伤.血清HA在门静脉阻断后呈明显的上升,无肝期结束前达最高峰(945±455μg/L),当供肝血流开放后,立即逐步下降;受体血清肝酶(ALT、AST、GLD)浓度在无肝期结束前都无明显的变化,直至供肝植入血流开放后出现明显上升.血清HA的水平与肝酶的水平呈负相关.肝移植术中,在供肝植入后,患者血清肝酶的上升反映了供肝细胞的缺血/再灌注损伤程度,而HA下降的变化反映了供肝窦状内皮细胞冷缺血/再灌注损伤的程度.     

人参皂甙对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时纤溶活性变化的影响

本文应用Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆｆ无作功循环式离体心脏灌流技术、结扎左冠脉前降支造成急性心肌梗塞模型，以冠脉流出液和血浆为标本，观察人参皂甙对缺血再灌注损伤时纤溶活性变化的影响。结果显示，离体心脏停灌４５ｍｉｎ或再灌１５ｍｉｎ后，组织型纤溶酶原活化物（ｔ－ＰＡ）活性呈明显降低（与正常灌注相比Ｐ分别＜０．０５，０．０１），预灌注人参皂甙后，ｔ－ＰＡ活性可恢复到缺血以前的水平。人参皂甙２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ一次