乳腺癌乳房切除术后大分割与常规分割放疗的Meta分析

目的 比较乳腺癌乳房切除术后大分割放疗与常规放疗之间的疗效差异。方法 计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane图书馆、万方、维普、CNKI及中国生物医学等数据库,搜集有关乳腺癌乳房切除术后大分割放疗与常规放疗比较的临床对照研究资料,汇总数据采用RevMan5.3及Stata14.0软件进行分析。两组间差异采用优势比(OR)及95%可信区间(95%CI)描述。结果 根据纳入和排除标准,最终纳入19个包括2652例患者的临床对照资料。Meta分析结果显示,大分割组与常规分割组两组间无瘤生存率(OR=1.10,95%CI=0.78~1.56,P=0.59),总生存率(OR=1.18,95%CI=0.92~1.53,P=0.19)、局部区域复发率(OR=1.01,95%CI=0.68~1.51,P=0.96)、远处转移率(OR=1.14,95%CI=0.82~1.59,P=0.43)、皮肤不良反应(OR=1.01,95%CI=0.80~1.26,P=0.96)、心脏不良反应(OR=1.17,95%CI=0.71~1.93,P=0.53)及肺不良反应(OR=0.78,95%CI=0.44~1.37,P=0.38)均相近。结论 乳腺癌乳房切除术后大分割放疗与常规放疗疗效相近,均是安全有效的放疗分割模式,但还需大型随机临床试验进一步证实,并长期随访患者的晚期并发症。     

Single dose versus fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for recurrent high-grade gliomas

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas by comparing two different treatment regimens, single dose or fractionated radiotherapy.

Methods and Materials: Between April 1991 and January 1998, 71 patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas were treated with SRT. Forty-six patients (65%) were treated with single dose radiosurgery (SRS) and 25 patients (35%) with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT). For the SRS group, the median radiosurgical dose of 17 Gy was delivered to the median of 50% isodose surface (IDS) encompassing the target. For the FSRT group, the median dose of 37.5 Gy in 15 fractions was delivered to the median of 85% IDS.

Results: Actuarial median survival time was 11 months for the SRS group and 12 months for the FSRT group (p = 0.3, log-rank test). Variables predicting longer survival were younger age (p = 0.006), lower grade (p = 0.0006), higher Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) (p = 0.0005), and smaller tumor volume (p = 0.02). Patients in the SRS group had more favorable prognostic factors, with median age of 48 years, KPS of 70, and tumor volume of 10 ml versus median age of 53 years, KPS of 60, and tumor volume of 25 ml in the FSRT group. Late complications developed in 14 patients in the SRS group and 2 patients in the FSRT group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Given that FSRT patients had comparable survival to SRS patients, despite having poorer pretreatment prognostic factors and a lower risk of late complications, FSRT may be a better option for patients with larger tumors or tumors in eloquent structures. Since this is a nonrandomized study, further investigation is needed to confirm this and to determine an optimal dose/fractionation scheme.     

A review of hypofractionated palliative radiotherapy

Radiotherapy commonly is employed to address symptoms in patients with symptoms caused by cancer. For this article, the authors reviewed data supporting the use of hypofractionated palliative radiotherapy. In addition to single-fraction treatment for painful bony metastasis, the available literature suggested that courses of 2 to 14 external-beam fractions may provide equivalent relief to longer course treatment in patients with a poor prognosis who have primary cancers of the lung, rectum, bladder, prostate, head and neck, spleen, and gynecologic system. Hypofractionated treatment delivers palliation that is time efficient, cost effective, and minimally toxic. Evidence suggests that the reluctance of radiation oncologists to provide single-fraction treatment acts as a barrier to referrals from palliative care professionals. Collaboration in education, research, and patient advocacy will advance the common objectives of the 2 specialties and lead to an appropriate increase in the use of palliative hypofractionated radiotherapy.     

中高危局限期前列腺癌大分割及常规分割放疗疗效对比——Meta分析

目的 比较中高危局限期前列腺癌大分割放疗与常规分割放疗的疗效、不良反应的差异。方法 通过计算机检索国内外相关数据库,搜集有关中高危局限期前列腺癌大分割放疗及常规分割放疗比较的临床对照研究资料,采用Stata12.0软件进行分析。两组间差异采用HR和RR及95%CI描述。结果 根据纳入排除和标准,最终纳入5项包括1621例患者的临床对照研究资料。Meta分析结果显示两组OS率(HR=1.00,95%CI为0.85-1.17,P=0.980)和生化失败结果(RR=0.87,95%CI为0.68-1.12,P=0.274)均相似。与常规分割放疗比较,大分割放疗组≥2级急性胃肠反应发生率偏高(RR=1.94,95%CI为1.23-3.06,P=0.004)。两组≥2级急性泌尿系统不良反应(RR=1.03,95%CI为0.92-1.14,P=0.626),晚期≥2级胃肠(RR=1.17,95%CI为0.90-1.51,P=0.238)和泌尿系统(RR=1.11,95%CI为0.94-1.30,P=0.228)不良反应均相似(P值均>0.05)。结论 中高危局限期前列腺癌大分割放疗与常规分割放疗疗效相当,虽然大分割放疗组急性胃肠反应发生率略高于常规分割组,但两组晚期胃肠和泌尿系统反应并无差异,患者可耐受。     

Boron neutron capture enhanced fast neutron radiotherapy for malignant gliomas and other tumors

Both fast neutron radiotherapy and boron neutron capturetherapy have been investigated as new radiation treatmenttechniques for patients with malignant gliomas. While eachof these techniques individually has shown the potentialfor pathological eradication of malignant glioma, to dateneither has evolved into an accepted, improved methodof treatment. We have recently begun a researchprogram investigating the feasibility of combining the benefitsof both types of therapy. As a fastneutron beam penetrates tissue some of the particlesare degraded to thermal energies. These can becaptured by ¹⁰B or other suitable isotopes resultingin a highly-localized release of additional energy duringa course of fast neutron radiotherapy. In thisarticle we will review the rationale for suchan approach, and review the underlying physics aswell as in vitro, in vivo, and earlyhuman studies testing its feasibility. If appropriate carrieragents can be found that preferentially-localize in tumorcells, this approach cna be applied to manydifferent tumor systems.     

Altered therapy schedules in postoperative treatment of patients with malignant gliomas

Results of altered therapy schedules obtained in postoperative treatment of 294 patients with malignant gliomas over last 20 years are presented. During this period 135 patients received Conventional Irradiation and Chemotherapy (CICH), 61 patients received Conventional Irradiation (CI), 59 patients received Split Course High Fractional Dose Irradiation (SCHFDI), and 39 patients received Twice a Day Accelerated Irradiation (TDAI). Actuarial survival rates at 2, 3 and 5 years were 19%, 7%, 0% respectively for patients treated with CICH, and they were 21%, 10%, 0% for CI group, 24%, 12%, 0% for SCHFDI option and 15%, 8%, 0% for TDAI schedule. According to the Cox proportional hazard model, only age was significant factor in prognosis.     

A prospective study of short course radiotherapy in elderly patients with malignant glioma

Elderly patients with malignant glioma have a poorprognosis and the benefit of standard radical radiotherapyis equivocal. Twenty-two percent of the adult referralbase with malignant glioma at our centre isof age 70 years or greater. A phaseII study was undertaken to determine if ashorter course of therapy yields a comparable mediansurvival to radical radiotherapy and thus constitutes anappropriate investigational palliative regimen.25 patients were accrued between 1988–1995, all ofwhom had histologically proven malignant glioma, 23 glioblastomamultiforme and 2 anaplastic astrocytoma. The median agewas 73 (range 70–78) and median Karnofsky PerformanceStatus (KPS) was 70. 40% had a stereotacticbiopsy only for diagnosis. Radiotherapy was delivered tolimited fields to a dose of 37.5 Gyin 15 daily fractions over 3 weeks. Anintention-to-treat analysis was undertaken with survival determined fromdate of initial consultation. The median survival ofthe whole group was 8.0 months (95% CI4.8–9.6). Patients with good performance status (KPS >70) had a median survival of 10.4 months(95% CI 9.6–14.7).37.5 Gy in 15 daily fractions appears toyield comparable median survival to that of otherseries of radical radiotherapy. A phase III studyof this regimen is recommended in investigating optimalpalliation of elderly malignant glioma patients.     

恶性脑胶质瘤术后放疗联合替莫唑胺化疗的疗效观察

目的比较单纯放射治疗及放疗联合替莫唑胺治疗高级别胶质瘤的有效性以及不良反应。方法 86例术后病理证实间变性星形细胞瘤及胶质母细胞瘤随机分为单纯放疗（RT）以及放疗联合替莫唑胺治疗组,研究两组患者治疗有效率、生活质量和药物安全性。结果两组间各项临床病理特征相似,其中病灶未完全切除患者共62例。术后放疗联合替莫唑胺组（RT-TMZ）以及单纯放射治疗（RT）组的近期总有效率分别为87.5%和60.0%（P〈0.05）。RT-TMZ组中位生存期为16.2月,RT组仅10.7月（P〈0.05）。RT-TMZ组的1、2年生存率分别为74.4%和46.5%,明显高于单纯RT组（P〈0.05）。而RT-TMZ组患者对治疗的耐受性良好,常见不良反应是骨髓抑制和呕吐。结论术后放疗联合替莫唑胺化疗治疗高级别胶质瘤能有效提高治疗有效率及生活质量,提高患者无瘤生存期,且患者耐受性较好。     

Recommendations for the management of malignant gliomas in the elderly

According to epidemiological estimations, the elderly are going to constitute an increasing proportion of patients with gliomas in the near future. Predominantly glioblastoma histology with invariably fatal outcome, disabling comorbidities and presumed low tolerability of radiochemotherapeutic treatments are the main reasons why elderly patients have been under-represented in the majority of neuro-oncological clinical trials conducted so far. Some small retrospective studies have reported that patients with good performance status receiving surgery plus radiotherapy, and sometimes chemotherapy, may achieve a survival comparable with that of younger patients, however, in the absence of randomized studies, the balance of benefits and adverse effects of aggressive treatments remains controversial. Multidisciplinary evaluation of prognostic factors, such as performance status, cognitive functions, tumor operability and burden of comorbidities, appears to be mandatory in order to choose which patients must not be deprived of an integrated treatment with surgery, full-dose radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and which patients may reasonably be given a shorter radiotherapy plan, or even no treatment at all due to the rapidly fatal course of their disease. Peculiar features of malignant gliomas in the elderly and some practical recommendations of management will be presented and discussed in this review.     

大分割与常规分割3DCRT原发性肝癌合并门脉癌栓的临床观察

目的 观察大分割与常规分割3DCRT原发性肝癌合并门脉癌栓的疗效和不良反应。方法 回顾分析2008—2012年间对65例适合3DCRT的原发性肝癌患者资料,其中大分割组32例,常规分割组33例。大分割组3~4 Gy/次,3~5 次/周,总剂量45~55 Gy,常规分割组2 Gy/次,5 次/周,总剂量40~56 Gy。结果 随访率100%。大分割、常规分割3DCRT的近期有效率分别为72%、55%(P=0.034),1年局部控制率分别为72%、55%(P=0.034),1年OS分别为59%、45%(P=0.042),1~2级急性消化道反应分别为14、11例,肝功能下降分别为8、8例,放射性肝炎分别为1、0例(P=0.237)。结论 大剂量分割3DCRT原发性肝癌比常规分割更具优势。     

Survival and quality of life after hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for recurrent malignant glioma

Purpose To prospectively evaluate efficacy, side effects and quality of life in patients with recurrent malignant glioma after hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. Methods and materials From 1/2003 to 8/2005, 15 patients with recurrent malignant glioma were prospectively scheduled for hfSRT with 5 × 7 Gy (90%-isodose). Median gross tumor volume and planning target volume were 5.75 (range, 0.77–21.94) and 22.4 (range, 4.22–86.79) cc, respectively. Irradiation was performed with the dedicated stereotactic radiosurgery system Novalis™ (BrainLAB, Heimstetten, Germany). Results Rates of remission, no change and progressive disease were 27%, 33%, and 40%, respectively, after a median follow-up of 9 months. Progression-free survival rates at 6 and 12 months were 75% and 53% respectively. Quality of life, measured by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire scores could be kept stable in two thirds of the patients for a median time of 9 months, respectively. Conclusion: Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with 5 × 7 Gy of recurrent high grade glioma is an effective treatment that helps to maintain quality of life for an acceptable period, comparable to the results obtained with current chemotherapy schedules. Combined approaches of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other targeted therapies deserve further inverstigation.     

Intra arterial chemotherapy with ACNU and radiotherapy in inoperable malignant gliomas

Summary For the non-operable malignant glioma patients, prognosis remains poor, with a survival of 8 months for the glioblastomas (G), and 15 months for anaplastic astrocytomas (AA). 27 histologic proven malignant gliomas (17 AA and 10 G) were treated between April 1991 and June 1992. Median age was 48 years. The therapeutic protocol consisted of three courses of intra arterial chemotherapy (IAC) with ACNU, at intervals of six weeks, and a localised 60 Gy radiotherapy between the first and the second IAC course. 72 courses of IAC were delivered (2,4 per patient). Response rate was 51,8%. Median survival (MS) was 13 months, with a survival rate of 28% at 24 months. For the AA, MS was 21 months, with a survival rate of 37% at 24 months. For the G, median survival was 10 months. Responders were 65 % for AA, 30% for G. Non responders all died before 24 months had relapsed with a MS of 9 months. 54% of responding patients had a 2 years survival. Toxicity were acceptable with 7% of haematological toxicity and a partial loss of visual acuity in 11% of the cases. No chronic neurological sequellae were noted. We compare theses results with two previous trials, concerning inoperable patients, treated by an association of radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy. Survival seems to be equivalent with HeCNU and with this treatment, but toxicity decreases with ACNU. Early radiotherapy does not increase complications. This treatment can be used for patients with inoperable malignant gliomas.     

Prevention of malignant seeding at drain sites by hypofractionated radiotherapy in patients with pleural mesothelioma

Aim: Unlike most other malignancies, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has a tendency to recur along tracks of chest wall instrumentation. We investigated the efficiency of hypofractionated radiotherapy for prevention of malignant seeding. Methods: Twenty‐one (six female, 15 male) patients diagnosed with pleural mesothelioma who had chest wall instrumentation and were treated with prophylactic radiotherapy were investigated retrospectively. All patients underwent surgery or thoracoscopy and/or talc pleurodesis, for diagnosis, staging procedures or as a treatment. All were treated with electron (12 MeV) external beam radiation therapy (21 Gy in three fractions over 3 days), directed to the instrumentation pathway after the invasive procedure. After completion of radiotherapy, four of 21 patients had also undergone chemotherapy. Results: Nineteen of 21 patients were followed‐up for a median period of 13 months (1–24 months) and two patients were lost just after the first month of the follow‐up period. None of the followed patients had tumor progression in the treated area. Radiotherapy was well tolerated. The most common side‐effect was grade 1 erythema (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group [RTOG] scale), noted in 13 treated patients. Conclusion: Our experience showed that prophylactic radiotherapy to prevent malignant seeding in malignant mesothelioma at invasive procedure sites was effective and well tolerated in preventing malignant seeding, painful metastases after surgery or instrumentation in patients with pleural mesothelioma. Larger multicenter prospective trials are still needed to validate this treatment approach utility for it to be recommended routinely.     

Outcomes of accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy in stage i non-small-cell lung cancer

Purpose

Outcomes after treatment with accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy in stage i medically inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc) patients were determined.

Methods

Our single-institution retrospective review looked at medically inoperable patients with T1–2N0M0 nsclc treated with accelerated hypofractionated curative-intent radiotherapy between 1999 and 2009. Patients were staged mainly by computed tomography imaging of chest and abdomen, bone scan, and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging of brain. Positron-emission tomography (pet) staging was performed in 6 patients. Medical charts were reviewed to determine demographics, radiotherapy details, sites of failure, toxicity (as defined by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0) and vital status. The cumulative incidence of local and distant failure was calculated. Overall (os) and cause-specific (css) survival were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method.

Result

In the 60 patients treated during the study period, the dose regimens were 50 Gy in 20 fractions (n = 6), 55 Gy in 20 fractions (n = 8), 60 Gy in 20 fractions (n = 42), and 60 Gy in 25 fractions (n = 4). All patients were treated once daily. The median follow-up was 27 months (range: 4–94 months). The os rates at 2 and 5 years were 61% [95% confidence interval (ci): 50% to 75%] and 19% (95% ci: 10% to 34%) respectively. The css rates at 2 and 5 years were 79% (95% ci: 68% to 91%) and 39% (95% ci: 24% to 63%) respectively. The cumulative incidence of local failure was 20% at 5 years. The cumulative incidence of distant failure was 28% at 5 years. No patients experienced grade 3 or greater pneumonitis or esophagitis.

Conclusions

Accelerated hypofractionated regimens are well tolerated and provide good local control in medically inoperable patients with stage i nsclc. Such regimens may be a reasonable treatment alternative when stereotactic body radiation therapy is not feasible.     

Changes in glucose uptake by malignant gliomas: preliminary study of prognostic significance

Summary Sequential positron emission tomographic scans with [¹⁸F]-2-fluorodeoxyglucose (PET-FDG) were performed on 14 patients with malignant gliomas. All patients had prior brain irradiation. Five patients received adjuvant eight-drugs-in-one-day chemotherapy (experimental subjects) and 9 did not (control subjects). Ratios between the maximal tumor regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRGlu) and the contralateral white matter rCMRGlu, the glucose uptake ratio, were determined. Percent changes in the ratio 1 day after chemotherapy in experimental subjects, and 30 days after the baseline scan in controls, were of prognostic significance. In both groups, patients with the largest percent changes in rCMRGlu had the shortest survival. In contrast, the baseline glucose uptake ratio did not predict length of survival.     

恶性脑胶质瘤术后替莫唑胺化疗联合适形放疗的疗效观察

目的：观察替莫唑胺联合适形放疗治疗恶性脑胶质瘤术后病例的临床疗效。方法：30例恶性脑胶质瘤术后的患者，13例行替莫唑胺联合适形放射治疗（治疗组），另17例单纯适形放射治疗（对照组）。结果：治疗组与对照组的中位生存时期为16．5个月和12．7个月；其1、2年生存率分别为76．9％、46．2％和52．9％、17．6％（P〉0．05）。结论：替莫唑胺联合适形放射治疗恶性脑胶质瘤术后有提高生存率的趋势，并发症少。