0．5％罗派卡因硬膜外麻醉乳腺癌根治术的临床观察

目的：探讨0．5％罗哌卡因用于高位硬膜外麻醉的安全性。方法：选择女性乳腺癌手术患者40例，分为两组：I组（罗哌卡因组），0．5％罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉；Ⅱ组（布比卡因组），0．375％布比卡因硬膜外麻醉。观察麻醉前后呼吸、血流动力学变化。结果：两组麻醉后均可引起HR、RR、SP、DP、SPO2下降（P＜0．01），Ⅱ且明显低于I组（P＜0．05）。观察期间无严重不良反应。结论：0．5％罗哌卡因用于高位硬膜外麻醉，效果良好，无明显不良反应，使用安全。     

罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼硬膜外麻醉行剖宫产术的临床效果

目的评价罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼应用于硬膜外麻醉行剖宫产术的临床效果及不良反应。方法选择ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级行剖宫产术患者200例,随机分成s组（0．75％罗哌卡因＋0．75ug/ml舒芬太尼）和R组（0．75％罗哌卡因）,每组各100例,取L2-3椎间隙行硬膜外穿刺术,头向置管3cm,分次注入局麻药至麻醉阻滞平面T4-T6,术中监测血压、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、心电图（ECG）。记录感觉阻滞起效时间、达最高阻滞平面的时间、感觉阻滞持续时间。评价麻醉效果,观察不良反应及对新生儿的影响。结果与R组比较,S组感觉阻滞起效时间[（4．5±1．2）min]及达最高阻滞平面的时间[（13±5）min]显著缩短（P〈0．05）,感觉阻滞持续时间[（402±150）min]明显延长（P〈0．05）;S组麻醉效果优于R组,恶心呕吐、胸闷和寒战的发生率均较R组低（P〈0．05）。两种麻醉对新生儿的影响差异无统计学意义。结论罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼应用于硬膜外麻醉行剖宫产术具有用量少、麻醉效果好和不良反应发生率低的优点。     

探讨罗哌卡因在临床麻醉及疼痛治疗中的应用分析

目的：探讨罗哌卡因在临床麻醉及疼痛治疗中的临床应用效果。方法：选择2012年4月到2013年4月在浙江省肿瘤医院接受手术治疗并适合硬膜外镇痛的653例肿瘤患者,患者术后采用不同浓度的罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼进行硬膜外自控镇痛,3ml／h,其中0．25％罗哌卡因组219例,0．2％罗哌卡因组216例,0．15％罗哌卡因组218例。采用Bromage评级评价运动阻滞情况,采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）评价患者术后镇痛效果。结果：0．15％罗哌卡因组在术后6、12、24及48h的VAS评分明显高于其他两组（P〈0．05）,0．25％罗哌卡因组Bromage评分明显高于其他两组（P〈0．05）。患者均无其他麻醉不良反应发生。结论：采用0．2％罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼对肿瘤术后患者进行硬膜外自控镇痛,镇痛效果明确,无严重的运动阻滞作用,值得在临床上广泛推广应用。     

甲磺酸罗哌卡因混合盐酸利多卡因在剖宫产硬膜外麻醉中的应用

目的评价甲磺酸罗哌卡因混合盐酸利多卡因在剖宫产患者硬膜外麻醉中应用的临床效果及安全性。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级硬膜外麻醉行剖宫产术患者60例，随机双盲分为三组，盐酸利多卡因组（L组，n=20），甲磺酸罗哌卡因混合盐酸利多卡因组（RL组，n=20）和甲磺酸罗哌卡因组（R组，n=20）。观察麻醉效应和维持时间，围术期的不良反应和新生儿Apgar评分。结果与R组比较，RL组起效时间和感觉恢复时间有显著统计学差异（P〈0.05），而RL组与L组比较，在感觉阻滞最高平面、术中腹肌松弛度、牵拉反应方面有显著统计学差异（P〈0．05）。新生儿1min、5min Apgar评分三组无显著统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论罗哌卡因混合盐酸利多卡因硬膜外麻醉效果好、产妇舒适、母婴安全、无明显毒性，是剖宫产术良好的麻醉用药。     

0.5%罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉乳腺癌根治术的临床观察

目的：探讨０． ５％罗哌卡因用于高位硬膜外麻醉的安全性。方法：住乳腺癌手术患者４０例，分为两 组：Ⅰ组（罗哌卡因组），０．５％罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉；Ⅱ组（布比卡因组），０． ３７５％布比卡因硬膜外麻醉。观察麻醉前后呼 吸、血流动力学变化。结果：两组麻醉后均可引起ＨＲ、ＲＲ、ＳＰ、ＤＰ、ＳＰＯ２下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅱ组明显低于Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。 观察期间无严重不良反应。结论：０．５％罗哌卡因用于高位硬膜外麻醉，效果良好，无明显不良反应，使用安全。     

盐酸氯普鲁卡因混合甲磺酸罗哌卡因硬膜外阻滞用于剖宫产的效果观察

目的盐酸氯普鲁卡因混合甲磺酸罗哌卡因卡因用于硬膜外麻醉剖宫产的阻滞效果。方法采用随机双盲法将120例择期剖宫产手术的产妇分为两组：2．5％盐酸氯普鲁卡因（A组）、1．5％盐酸氯普鲁卡因和0．595％甲磺酸罗哌卡因混合液（B组）各60例，记录硬膜外腔给药后各组产妇的麻醉效果、术后PCIA效果及不良反应。结果B组麻醉效果、术后PCIA效果都优于A组。差异有统计学意义，不良反应2组比较差异有统计学意义。结论1．5％盐酸氯普鲁卡因和0．595％甲磺酸罗哌卡因混合液硬膜外麻醉用于剖宫产可起到互补作用。对母婴都较安全。     

罗哌卡因腰一硬联合麻醉在前列腺等离子电切中的应用

目的：探讨罗哌卡因腰一硬联合麻醉应用于前列腺等离子电切术（PKRP）的效果,并与左旋布比卡因的麻醉效果进行比较。方法：将人选的68例行PKRP患者随机分为两组,每组各34例,I组行罗哌卡因腰一硬联合麻醉,Ⅱ组行左旋布比卡因腰一硬联合麻醉,比较两组患者的麻醉效果。结果：I组的麻醉阻滞起效时间慢于Ⅱ组（P．〈0．05）,I组最大运动阻滞时间明显长于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）,I组膀胱痉挛发生率明显低于Ⅱ组fP〈O．05）。结论：罗哌卡因腰一硬联合麻醉应用于PKRP安全性高,且有较好的麻醉效果,值得临床推广。     

三种局麻药对剖宫产患者硬膜外腔弥散效果

目的：探讨盐酸利多卡因、盐酸左布比卡因、甲磺酸罗哌卡因在剖宫产患者硬膜外腔的弥散效果。方法：择期拟行剖宫产手术的患者90例,年龄20—35岁,无连续硬膜外腔麻醉禁忌证,既往无椎管内麻醉史,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法分为三组（n=30）：2％利多卡因组（A组）、0．5％左布比卡因组（B组）、0．894％罗哌卡因组（C组）。三组均采用2％利多卡因3ml作为实验量,追加量3-5ml／次,间隔5min分次给予,阻滞范围达S3-5-T8-6时停止给药,开始手术。比较各组手术开始时局麻药用量,观察胎儿娩出后10min各组感觉平面阻滞范围,肌松程度、新生儿阿氏评分。结果：A组及C组手术开始时用药量均显著低于B组（P〈0．05）;胎儿娩出后10min,C组感觉平面阻滞范围显著高于B组（P〈0．05）,但与A组比较差异无统计学意义;术中肌松效果B、C组均显著优于A组（P〈0．05）,B组和C组比较差异无统计学意义;三组新生儿阿氏评分比较差异无统计学意义。结论：利多卡因与罗哌卡因在剖宫产患者硬膜外腔的弥散效果均优于左布比卡因,但罗哌卡因的肌松效果显著优于利多卡因,三种局麻药上述用量时对新生儿阿氏评分的影响无统计学差异。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因用于产科术后镇痛的观察

目的观察比较不同浓度甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于产科术后镇痛的镇痛效果、运动神经阻滞程度及不良反应。方法选择ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级剖宫产产妇90例,随机分成三组,每组各30例,比较术后A组O．25％罗哌卡因＋0．08mg／ml吗啡、B组0．225％3哌卡因＋0．08mg／ml吗啡、C组0．20％罗哌卡因＋0．08mg／ml吗啡,以2ml／h的速率持续硬膜外镇痛的镇痛效果、运动阻滞情况及并发症发生率。结果A、B组VAS评分显著低于C组（P〈0．05）。Bromage评分A组显著高于B、C组（P〈0．05）。三组并发症的发生率差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论0．25％哌卡因用于产科手术镇痛效果显著,但运动神经阻滞相对明显,产妇满意度不是最佳;而0．225％罗哌卡因和0．20％罗哌卡因用于产科术后镇痛均无明显的运动阻滞及不良反应,0．225％罗哌卡因比0．20％罗哌卡因术后镇痛效果更好,病人更满意舒适．所以0．225％罗哌卡因是产科术后镇痛最佳的浓度,更适用于产科术后镇痛。     

罗哌卡因复合小剂量舒芬太尼在剖宫产手术中的应用

目的评定剖宫产术中应用罗哌卡因复合小剂量舒芬太尼的麻醉效果。方法选择40例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的剖宫产患者，随机双盲分为R组（0．75％罗哌卡因13m1）和RS组（0．75％罗哌卡因13ml＋舒芬太尼10μg），每组20例。观察两组患者感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞的最高平面、感觉阻滞达到最高平面的时间、感觉阻滞的作用时间、运动阻滞的起效时间、不良反应及麻醉效果等。结果RS组的感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞的最高平面、感觉阻滞达到最高平面的时间、感觉阻滞的作用时间、运动阻滞的起效时间与R组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或〈0．01）；麻醉效果RS组明显好于R组。结论术中应用罗哌卡因复合小剂量舒芬太尼，其感觉、运动阻滞时间均缩短，且作用时间延长，麻醉效果优于单纯应用罗哌卡因，适合于剖宫产手术。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.