术中全麻唤醒下定位切除脑功能区病变(附5例报告)

目的 初步探讨全麻唤醒状态下定位切除脑功能区病变的方法，为深入研究脑功能区微创手术提供经验。方法 对5例脑功能区脑内占位病变病人进行喉罩插管、全麻下神经导航解剖定位开颅，术中麻醉唤醒，在清醒状态下，通过皮质诱发电位及皮质电刺激等方法进行脑功能区定位，在保护脑功能区的前题下切除脑内病变后再在全麻下关颅。结果 5例病人均顺利经过喉罩插管下全麻一术中唤醒一再全麻，其中3例安全经历术中拔管和再插管。唤醒后脑功能区经采用神经电生理技术得到定位，脑内病变得到最大程度切除，无术后神经功能障碍发生，术前神经功能障碍均明显恢复，其中3例功能完全恢复正常。无手术并发症，病人术后无痛苦回忆。1例术前频繁发作癫痫唤醒后出现癫痫发作。结论 全麻唤醒状态下进行皮质电刺激及皮质诱发电位定位脑功能区手术有助于最大程度地切除脑功能区病灶，提高病人术后生存质量。     

脑功能区胶质瘤的手术策略

目的探讨唤醒麻醉状态下切除脑功能区胶质瘤的手术方法及意义。方法13例脑功能区胶质瘤经神经导航病灶定位术中唤醒麻醉,皮层诱发电位及皮层电刺激定位脑功能区,在清醒状态下切除脑功能区病变。结果全部病例均在术中获得安全可靠的麻醉唤醒,清醒状态下脑功能区的定位和最大限度地肿瘤切除,其中6例获得皮层体感诱发电位检测确定中央沟;9例经皮质刺激术明确运动区;4例通过皮质刺激术基本确定语言运动中枢。肿瘤全切11例,次全切除2例。术后出现暂时性神经功能障碍或功能障碍加重有11例,神经功能完全恢复正常10例。1例术中出现癫痫发作,1例在唤醒过程中出现一过性脑肿胀;全部患者术后无痛苦回忆。结论对脑功能区胶质瘤运用唤醒麻醉,神经导航病灶定位,皮层电刺激和皮层诱发电位定位脑功能区技术能较为可靠地明确脑功能区与肿瘤切除范围的关系,在清醒状态下切除肿瘤实时监测脑功能状态,能够最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和最大程度地保护脑功能。     

唤醒麻醉和术中功能定位切除临近语言区致痫灶(附3例报告)

目的 探讨切除功能区致痫灶的手术策略及术后疗效.方法 在唤醒麻醉下应用术中皮层电刺激确定语言功能区,根据功能区边界选择处理致痫灶.评价患者的功能结果及癫痫控制程度.结果 3例患者术后随访,均未出现语言障碍,癫痫发作完全控制,符合Engel分级Ⅰ级.致痫灶全切2例,近全切+致痫皮层热灼1例.结论 借助唤醒麻醉进行术中皮质电刺激确定语言功能区准确、安全、可靠.唤醒麻醉下进行术中皮质电刺激结合影像学资料、借助颅内皮层电极的皮质电刺激进行功能区定位,能够最大可能地切除致痫灶而最小化功能区的损害.     

唤醒麻醉结合皮层电刺激下切除皮层语言区病变21例临床分析

目的探讨唤醒麻醉结合皮层电刺激开颅手术切除语言功能区病变的价值。方法回顾性分析21例唤醒麻醉结合皮层下电刺激开颅手术术前准备、术中过程、术后康复等临床资料,所有病变均位于或紧邻语言功能区,病人均实施唤醒麻醉,术中先用双极电刺激器确定语言功能区,在确定的语言功能区外1cm,最大范围切除病变。结果病变全切17例(80.95%),次全切4例(19.05%)。术后短期运动性失语1例(4.76%),术中癫痫1例(4.76%),术后颅内血肿1例(4.76%)。远期复发2例,均为胶质瘤次全切除病人(9.52%),余患者恢复良好。结论唤醒开颅结合皮层电刺激手术可最大范围切除语言功能区病变,保护患者言语功能。     

全程唤醒麻醉下脑功能区病变切除手术:技术方法及初步结果

目的探讨无人工气道全程唤醒麻醉下脑功能区病变切除手术方法及其临床意义。方法 47例脑功能区病变病人均在无人工气道全程唤醒麻醉下开颅,采用头皮神经阻滞、切口和硬脑膜浸润麻醉,经神经导航和(或)术中超声定位病灶,直接皮质电刺激(DES)定位脑功能区皮质和皮质下结构,进行最大范围安全切除病变。结果所有病人在手术过程中获得安全、可靠的监控麻醉,病变全切除30例(63.8%),次全切除11例(23.4%),部分切除6例(12.8%)。术后新发短暂性神经功能障碍28例(59.6%),其中术后1个月内恢复至术前水平26例,遗留严重神经功能障碍2例,1例因放射冠区梗死而引起严重瘫痪,1例因放疗后期脑积水、肿瘤脊髓转移而病情恶化。结论无人工气道全程唤醒麻醉开颅手术能够避免全麻-唤醒-全麻时在拔除喉罩过程中出现的颅内压增高等风险,能根据手术需要随时唤醒病人,较好地配合手术。应用全程唤醒麻醉手术可做到最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和保护脑功能,是脑功能区病变手术的一种唤醒麻醉新方法。     

唤醒麻醉下皮层电刺激在脑功能区病变切除术中的应用

目的 探讨唤醒麻醉下皮层电刺激在脑功能区病变切除术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析15例行脑功能区病变切除患者的临床资料,所有病例均在唤醒麻醉下行皮层电刺激,准确定位脑功能区后最大程度切除病变。结果 15例患者均顺利完成术中唤醒及功能区病变切除,术后10例患者无功能区损伤表现,仅5例患者早期出现轻度功能障碍,但均在手术2周后恢复正常。结论 在功能区病变切除术中运用唤醒麻醉下皮层电刺激,可尽可能保留功能区功能,提高患者术后生存质量。     

唤醒麻醉下脑功能区深部海绵状血管畸形的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨脑功能区深部海绵状血管畸形(CM)的显微手术治疗和疗效。方法 回顾性分析25例脑功能区深部CM病人的临床资料,均采用术中唤醒麻醉、B超、神经导航、皮质电生理监测及皮质电刺激显微手术全切除病灶。结果 术后72 h内MRI显示:CM全切除25例(100%);无术后再出血及颅内感染病例,无死亡病例。术后3个月MRI复查未见复发。术后1年m RS评分:0分21例,1分2例,2分1例,3分1例;无永久性手术相关并发症及副损伤。结论 脑功能区深部CM采用术中唤醒麻醉、B超、神经导航、皮质电生理监测、皮质电刺激,结合显微神经外科技术,能达到满意切除,并最大限度保护脑功能和改善病人症状。     

全麻唤醒和术中电刺激在脑功能区病灶性癫痫手术中的应用

目的 探讨全麻唤醒和术中电刺激在脑功能区病灶性癫痫手术中的应用及意义.方法 对11例涉及脑功能区病灶性癫痫患者术前行MRI和头皮视频脑电图检查,其中6例行fMRI检查.全麻下手术,其中7例行食道咽腔导管插管全麻唤醒.术中皮层脑电图定位痫样放电皮层,皮层电刺激定位皮质功能区,根据病灶、致痫皮层和皮层功能区关系选择相应手术方式,在切除病灶时作皮层电刺激以保护皮质下功能传导束.结果 10例病灶全切除,1例次全切除.术后2例暂时性偏瘫.随访6～24月,患者无神经功能障碍,Kamofsky评分平均100分,使用1种抗癫痫药物,癫痫控制满意.结论 食道咽腔导管插管全麻唤醒屉一种安全、简便的麻醉唤醒方法;术中电刺激监测能够最大限度切除病灶,妥善处理致痫皮层,有效保护脑功能区,改善患者的生活质量.     

术中皮质电刺激联合皮质脑电图治疗功能区肿瘤继发性癫(癎)

目的 总结术中唤醒麻醉下,皮质电刺激(CS)联合皮质脑电图(ECoG)监测治疗功能区肿瘤继发癫(癎)的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析功能区28例胶质瘤及13例脑膜瘤继发癫(癎)病人的临床资料,采用唤醒麻醉下开颅,通过CS定位感觉、运动及语言区,ECoG定位致(癎)区,显微手术切除肿瘤及处理致(癎)灶.结果 术中CS定位功能区33例,阴性8例;ECoG发现致(癎)灶29例,无异常12例.胶质瘤全切21例,次全切7例;脑膜瘤全切12例,次全切1例.术后暂时性神经功能障碍加重或新发障碍25例,均于1个月内恢复.随访41例,时间6个月～5.5年.癫(癎)发作消失29例,明显减少12例.结论 唤醒麻醉下联合CS、ECoG治疗功能区肿瘤继发性癫(癎),能最大限度保护脑功能,安全处理致(癎)灶.     

胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤继发癫(痫)的外科治疗

目的总结胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤(DNT)继发癫癎的外科治疗经验。方法回顾性分析4例DNT的临床资料,根据脑磁图大体确定功能区范围,在唤醒麻醉下应用术中皮质电刺激刺激相应区域皮质,明确功能区、致癎灶和DNT边界。显微镜下切除DNT及致癎灶。结果 DNT全切除3例,大部分切除1例;致癎灶全切除1例,大部分切除3例。术后随访16～21个月,未出现癫癎发作3例,偶尔出现单纯部分性发作1例;视频脑电图复查均未见棘波放电。结论联合应用脑磁图与术中唤醒技术显微手术切除DNT、致癎灶是治疗继发癫癎的DNT安全、有效方法。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -